昆明市太阳辐射变化特征及影响因子分析

根据1993—2016年昆明市24 a太阳辐射及其他相关资料,采用回归分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验、小波分析和灰色关联度等方法,分析昆明市地面太阳辐射变化特征,并对其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,近24 a来昆明市地面接收年太阳辐射量在4620.21~6221.65 MJ/m ²之间变化,最大值出现在2016年,最小值出现在2008年,平均每年的太阳辐射为5598.06 MJ/m ²,且整体上呈现波动式上升趋势。昆明市干湿季分明,干季(11月—次年4月)地面得到的太阳辐射量较多,为2825.22 MJ/m ²,雨季(5—10月)较少,为2774.41 MJ/m ²;一年中地面接收太阳辐射量最多月份在4月,其值为604.75 MJ/m ²,最少的是12月,其值为361.01 MJ/m ²,相差243.74 MJ/m ²。地面接收的太阳辐射有一个突变点为2014年,但不明显。年小波分析表明,近24 a昆明市各年地面接收的太阳辐射量主周期为15 a;季节小波分析发现,干季比雨季振幅大,其主周期都为19 d。近24 a昆明市地面太阳辐射受自然和人为因子共同影响,其中自然因子对太阳辐射影响最大的是降水量,人为因子中对太阳辐射影响最大的是工业总产值,且自然因子的作用大于人为因子。     

基于地形的福建省太阳辐射模拟计算及评估

取分布式模拟方法,利用福建省69个气象站1971—2007年日照资料及100 m×100 m分辨率的高程数据,计算了福建省范围内历年1—12月的太阳辐射量.结果表明,福建省年太阳总辐射主要在3 800~5 300 MJ/m2之间,年太阳直接辐射在1 800~2 800 MJ/m2之间;月太阳辐射介于230~590 MJ/m2之间,其中6—9月为一年中辐射较高的4个月份.太阳辐射的高值区主要位于福建东南部的莆田、泉州、厦门、漳州4市的沿海一带,年太阳总辐射超过4 500 MJ/m2,年太阳直接辐射超过2 100 MJ/m2.此外,受地形及地表特征的影响,位于福建北部的南平市的部分地区太阳辐射也相对较高.     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林林区太阳辐射特征

利用中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园哀牢山森林生态系统研究站林外自动气象站2005-02到2007-12的辐射观测数据,对哀牢山北部山顶亚热带常绿阔叶林林区的太阳辐射平衡各分量的年、季节和日变化特征进行了分析,得出哀牢山林区太阳辐射年总辐射为5 146.4 MJ/(m2·a),干季的太阳总辐射量(2 764.7 MJ/m2)占全年总量的53.7%,雨季的太阳总辐射量(2 381.7 MJ/m2)占全年总量的46.3%.各辐射分量年值占总辐射年值的百分率为净辐射41.3%,反射辐射21.O%,有效辐射37.7%.太阳辐射各分量占太阳总辐射的比率在不同的季节由于天气状况和大气中含水量的不同存在一定的差异,反射辐射和有效辐射的分配率均是干季大于雨季,净辐射的分配率则是雨季大于干季.从全年来看,净辐射分配率的变幅最大(31.1%～51.9%),有效辐射次之(28.6%～48.6%),反射辐射最小(18.4%~24.2%);从分配率的日变化可知,反射辐射和有效辐射均是清晨和傍晚较高,昼间较小,净辐射则相反,各辐射分量分配率在昼间的变化均较小.不同季节各辐射分量占总辐射的比重不同,干季有效辐射所占比重最大,其次是净辐射,反射辐射最小;雨季净辐射所占比例最大,其次是有效辐射,反射辐射最小.与相近纬度的鼎湖山和鹤山林区相比,哀牢山林区总辐射量高于两地,而年均气温(热量)低于两地,由此可以认为哀牢山林区在较低的气温条件下能分布大面积的中山湿性常绿阔叶林,且生长繁茂、发育良好,较强的太阳辐射应是其重要原因之一.     

西北地区太阳辐射量变化的研究

根据西北地区１５个日射甲种站观测的近３０年来到达地面的太阳辐射量观测资料，经方差分析表明：太阳散射辐射量有２／５的地区在增加，２／５的地区在减少，还有１／５的地区太阳散射、直接辐射量在时间变化上差异都不明显；太阳直接辐射量有４／５的地区在显著减减少；太阳总辐射量几乎各地都在减少，这种减少趋势大致从１９７８年开始，并且用太阳辐射倾向率的形式概括出３种太阳辐射量季节变化类型。     

我国地面太阳辐射量的时空变化研究

在分析我国到达地面太阳辐射量（１９５７￣１９９２年）时空变化分布规律基础上，阐述了火山爆发产生的气溶胶和城市发展带来的人工气溶胶对太阳辐射量变化的影响，以及大气中气溶胶增加和地面太阳总辐射量的减少在环境研究中的问题。     

巴尔喀什湖水位变化及其原因

巴尔喀什湖位于哈萨克斯坦东南部,东经73°20′～79°11′,北纬45°00′～46°44′之间。萨雷伊希科特劳半岛把巴尔喀什湖分为东西两部分,西部称西巴尔喀什湖,东部称东巴尔喀什湖,其形态特征见表1。巴尔喀什湖地区光热资源充足,气温变幅大,蒸发能力强,降水稀少,属于极端干旱的大陆性气候。多年平均太阳辐射总量(578-611)×10~3J/cm~2,7月辐射量82.9×10~3/cm~2,12月辐射量(15.1-17.6)×10~3/Cm~2。多年平均气温西部为7.0℃,东部5.3℃。7月平均气温24℃～25℃,1月平均气温-13℃～-16℃。哈萨克斯坦地理研究所根据湖边水文气象站的实测资料     

秦巴山区地表太阳辐射的时空动态及农业气候区划研究

运用GIS空间分析，研究了秦巴山区1960—2015年地表太阳辐射的时空动态。结果表明：① 秦巴山区地表太阳辐射量年平均值为4 482.77 MJ/m²，呈现由南向东北、西北递增的态势；年际变异系数为8.85%，呈现由西南向东北递减的态势。② 地表太阳辐射量年际变化呈明显下降趋势，年平均递减率为?10.17 MJ/m²，1970—1992年下降尤为明显；空间上呈现西北局部不显著的微增和东部普遍显著性的减少。③ 年内地表太阳辐射量呈单峰型，最大值在7月，最小值在12月，空间上由南向西北、东北递增；7月年递减率为?0.49 MJ/m²，以西南剑阁县、北川县和东南保康县递减明显；12月年递减率为?0.715 MJ/m²，以汉滨区递减最快；④ 结合降水量和≥10℃积温，将秦巴山区分为5个农业气候区。秦巴山区地表太阳辐射量呈“北高南低的纬向变化，高纬东西分异”，年内递减区表现为“夏季纬向变化，冬季涡旋状”的空间差异。因此，区域内部地表太阳辐射量空间差异大，利用光能资源助力农业扶贫，应体现区域差异。     

玛纳斯河流域山前平原地下水资源分析及合理开发利用研究

以玛纳斯河流域山前平原为例 ,论述我国西北内陆盆地地下水资源特点和组成 ,即地表水 -地下水联系密切、转化频繁。在已建立的研究区地下水流数值模拟模型的基础上 ,进行地下水均衡分析 ,得出研究区多年地下水补给资源量为 5 9816× 10 4 m3/a、可开采资源量为 396 90× 10 4 m3/a、地下水可利用量为 44 6 90× 10 4 m3/a。给出了不同水文地质分带的地表水 -地下水转化关系和转化量 ,预测需水量以每年 1.5 6 %～ 2 .17%的速度增长情况下 ,到 2 0 2 0洪积扇的中上部地下水位下降幅 2～ 5m ,而在溢出带以下下降小于 2m ,含水层的贮存量累计减少了6 85 0 0 .88× 10 4 m3。提出了地下水的合理开发利用模式 ,并将研究区分为 4个水资源开发利用分区 :冲洪积扇上部地表水利用区、中部地下水集中开采区、冲积扇缘井泉灌区和冲积平原井渠并灌区。     

33年生福建柏人工林碳库与碳吸存

通过对福建三明33 a生福建柏和杉木人工林生态系统碳库和碳吸存的研究,结果表明,福建柏人工林碳库总量为 236.317 t/hm~2,低于杉木林(244.008 t/hm~2),其中地上部分和地下部分碳贮量分别占碳库总量 55.92％和44.08％。杉木人工林的林下植被和枯枝落叶层碳贮量分别是福建柏人工林的1.19倍和1.20倍。福建柏人工林乔木层有机碳年均积累量 11～20 a阶段达最大值,为 5.576t/hm~2·a~(-1),而杉木人工林最大值(5.817t/hm~2·a~(-1)较早出现于6～10 a阶段。福建柏人工林乔木层32至33 a碳净固定量为9.907 t/hm~2·a~(-1),折算成 CO2为36.326 t/hm~2·a~(-1),是杉木人工林的1.54倍,其中凋落物和死细根碳当年归还量分别为3.769 t/hm~2·a~(-1)和1.647 t/hm~2·a~(-1),分别是杉木人工林的1.75倍和1.31倍。     

MTCLIM模型系列研究报告(3):辐射估算方法在我国亚热带山地的有效性验证

以已有的数据、理论和模型为基础,在南方亚热带山地对MTCLIM模型的辐射估算方法进行了验证。通过研究得到以下结论:辐射子模型在该区域内模拟效果不佳。用空间外延温度估算的日总辐射的MAE普遍高于4 6MJ/m2·d-1,与实测值相关性极低。但用各自的最高温和最低温及降雨量来估计日总辐射的总MAE为3 86MJ/m2·d-1,相关系数R2在0 51～0 71间;水汽压的估算误差对辐射子模型几乎没有影响,在有水汽压驱动下所有站点的日总辐射与实测值之间的MAE为3 811MJ/m2·d-1,相关系数R2在0 55～0 73间,与不输入水汽压时的估计结果非常接近,但模型对弱辐射估计过于偏高,对强辐射估计过于偏低。     

Radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above two alpine ecosystems in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Understanding the energy balance on the Tibetan Plateau is important for better prediction of global climate change. To characterize the energy balance on the Plateau, we examined the radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above an alpine meadow and an alpine wetland surfaces in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, using 2014 data. Although our two sites belong to the same climatic background, and are close geographically, the annual incident solar radiation at the alpine meadow site(6,447 MJ/(m2·a)) was about 1.1 times that at the alpine wetland site(6,012 MJ/(m2·a)),due to differences in the cloudiness between our two sites. The alpine meadow and the alpine wetland emitted about 38%and 42%, respectively, of annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of net longwave radiation; and they reflected about 22% and 18%, respectively, of the annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of shortwave radiation. The annual net radiation was 2,648 and 2,544 MJ/(m2·a) for the alpine meadow site and the alpine wetland site, respectively, accounting for only about 40% of the annual incident solar radiation, significantly lower than the global mean. At 30-min scales, surface albedo exponentially decreases with the increase of the solar elevation angle; and it linearly decreases with the increase of soil-water content for our two sites. But those relationships are significantly influenced by cloudiness and are site-specific.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠不同下垫面太阳总辐射比较

本文运用统计学方法,分析并比较了塔克拉玛干沙漠绿洲-沙漠过渡带（肖塘、哈德）与沙漠腹地（塔中）总辐射的气候学特征。结果表明：沙漠腹地（塔中）总辐射年总量高于绿洲-沙漠过渡带（肖塘、哈德）,塔中、肖塘和哈德年总量分别为6 515.0 MJ·m^-2、5 666.4 MJ·m^-2和5 774.5 MJ·m^-2。春、夏、秋、冬四季变化幅度,塔中高于肖塘和哈德,肖塘与哈德相近;3个观测点均为夏季最大、冬季最小、春季高于秋季。塔中月总量最大值出现时间（6月）早于肖塘和哈德（7月）,最小值均在12月;塔中月总量最大值比肖塘和哈德分别高99.4 MJ·m^-2和81.9 MJ·m^-2。平均日变化表现为早晚小、正午12：00最大。沙尘暴天气下总辐射被明显削弱,日变化波动大。肖塘、哈德和塔中沙尘暴日的峰值分别减少40.3%、56.2%和53.0%;日总量分别减少41.6%、57.8%和61.2%。沙尘暴日的后续天气仍受到沙尘的明显影响,只有当整个沙尘天气过程结束其日变化曲线才恢复。沙尘天气日,小时平均值>500 W·m^-2的总辐射明显被削弱,主要向低值区集中,分布在高值区的概率减少。总辐射与太阳高度角的变化一致,相同太阳高度角下晴天总辐射高于沙尘天。     

近50 a西安太阳辐射变化特征及相关影响因子分析

 根据常规气象观测资料以及MODIS卫星气溶胶产品,分析了西安近50 a总辐射变化特征及其相关影响因子。结果表明：西安地区1961-2005年总辐射变化经历了“持续”、“变暗”、“变亮”、“再变暗”4个阶段,西安总辐射的变化幅度较全国平均变化幅度大,其“变亮”过程开始于1985年,较全国平均时间略早;西安4个季节总辐射总体均呈现出下降趋势,其变化幅度存在一定差异。通过对云量、气溶胶、水汽压、相对湿度等影响因子的分析,水汽压和相对湿度对总辐射变化影响不明显,总云量和气溶胶的变化对西安总辐射的变化存在较显著的影响,春、夏季总辐射的变化主要受云量和气溶胶直接辐射强迫的共同影响,其中总云量的变化在一定程度上决定了总辐射变化的振幅,城市发展所导致的气溶胶增加所产生的直接辐射强迫作用可能决定了总辐射的总体下降趋势;秋、冬季节的总辐射下降趋势主要与气溶胶的直接辐射强迫有关。     

Evaluation of annual radiation and windiness over a playa: possibility of harvesting the solar and wind energies

We set up an automatic weather station over a playa (the flat floor of an undrained desert basin that becomes at times a shallow lake), approximately 65 km east–west by 130 km north–south, located at the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground (40°08′N, 113°27′W, 1124 m above mean sea level) in north-western Utah, U.S.A., in 1999. This station measured the incoming (R_si) and outgoing (R_so) solar or shortwave radiation using two CM21 Kipp & Zonen pyranometers (one inverted), the incoming (R_li or atmospheric) and outgoing (R_lo or terrestrial) longwave radiation, using two CG1 KippZonen pyrgeometers (one inverted), and the net (R_n) radiation using a Q*7 net radiometer (Radiation Energy Balance System, REBS). We also measured the 10-m wind speed (U₁₀) and direction (R.M. Young wind monitor) and precipitation (Campbell Sci., Inc.). The measurements were taken every 2 s, averaged into 20-min, continuously, throughout the year. The annual (August 1999 – August 2000) comparisons of global or solar radiation and windiness with two other stations in central (Hunter) and northern (Logan) Utah, indicate higher solar radiation (R_si,Dugway=7797 MJ m⁻² period⁻¹vs. R_{si, Hunter}=7021 MJ m⁻² period⁻¹ and R_{si, Logan}=6865 MJ m⁻² period⁻¹) and much higher annual mean windiness (U_Dugway=387 km day⁻¹vs. U_Hunter=275 km day⁻¹ and U_Logan=174 km day⁻¹) throughout the period over the playa. These data reveal the possibility of simultaneously harvesting these two sources of clean energies at this vast and uniform playa.     

Present status and variations in the Arctic energy balance

The total solar irradiance (TSI, or solar constant) acquired a new value: 1361 W m^?2 instead of 1365 W m^?2. However a long-term variation of TSI was not detected. The solar irradiance at the earth's surface is considerably smaller (170 W m^?2) than previously believed (e.g. 198 W m^?2 of IPCC AR4). The previous overestimation is due to the underestimation of the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. The absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere at about 90 W m^?2, or 25–28% of the primary solar radiation from space. The global mean atmospheric downward terrestrial radiation is much larger (345 W m^?2) than previously assumed (325 W m^?2 of IPCC AR4). The Arctic has regions of negative annual net radiation, a very rare phenomenon on the globe. These regions are the Central Arctic Ocean with its multi-year ice coverage and the accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet. The energy balance of these regions is presented. Long-wave incoming radiation has been increasing in the Arctic at a rate of 4–5 W m^?2/Decade. The Greenland ice sheet exhibits a large vertical difference in net radiation from the ablation area to the dry snow zone in summer. It ranges from 80 W m^?2 in the ablation area to 20 W m^?2 at the equilibrium line and to 10 W m^?2 in the dry snow zone. This gradient determines the melt gradient on the ice sheet, and is mainly caused by the altitude variation in atmospheric long-wave radiation, seconded by the albedo variation. The effect of albedo in summer for various surfaces is discussed. Simulation capabilities of radiation for many GCMs are investigated.     

1961—2000年中国太阳辐射区域特征的初步研究

利用中国122个辐射观测站1961—2000年的逐日地面辐射资料,同期729个气象站的逐日云量资料,分析了总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射年代际距平分布和变化。按照中国地理气候区域的特征并考虑年总辐射,将中国划分为5个不同的辐射区域。分析了各区近40 a来总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射的年际变化。结果表明:①总辐射和直接辐射年曝辐量在1961—1990年之间呈下降趋势,在20世纪80年代达到最低值,以青藏高原西南部地区降幅最明显;在1991—2000年总辐射和直接辐射年曝辐量有回升趋势,其中青藏高原地区回升最显著,但均未达到历史最高水平。5区总辐射近40 a来下降率为:-1.24%/10a,-1.66%/10a,-1.60%/10a,-1.89%/10a和-1.93%/10a。②近40 a来散射辐射年曝辐量除东北无明显变化外,南疆和青藏高原有降低趋势,而南方有略微增加趋势;通过对云量的分析发现西北地区低云量略增加,而其他地区低云量和总云量都有不同程度的下降趋势,5区总云量近40 a来下降率为:-2.99%/10a,-1.68%/10a,-3.10%/10a,-1.17%/10a和-1.01%/10a,低云量变化率为:-1.51%/10a,4.46%/10a,-1.47%/10a,-0.89%/10a和-0.75%/10a。最后对造成辐射长期变化的原因作了初步讨论。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of solar radiation in China from 1957 to 2016

Solar energy is clean and renewable energy that plays an important role in mitigating impacts of environmental problems and climate change.Solar radiation received on the earth's surface determines the efficiency of power generation and the location and layout of photovoltaic arrays.In this paper,the average daily solar radiation of 77 stations in China from 1957 to 2016 was analyzed in terms of spatial and temporal characteristics.The results indicate that Xinjiang,the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,North,Central and East China show a decreasing trend with an average of 2.54×10^?3MJ/(m²?10a),while Northwest and Northeast China are basically stabilized,and Southwest China shows a clear increasing trend with an average increase of 1.79×10^?3MJ/(m²?10a).The average daily solar radiation in summer and winter in China from 1957 to 2016 was 18.74 MJ/m²and 9.09 MJ/m²,respectively.Except for spring in Northwest,East and South China,and summer in northeast China,the average daily solar radiation in all other regions show a downward trend.A critical point for the change is 1983 in the average daily solar radiation.Meanwhile,large-scale(25?30 years)oscillation changes are more obvious,while small-scale(5?10 years)changes are stable and have a global scope.The average daily solar radiation shows an increasing-decreasing gradient from west to east,which can be divided into three areas west of 80°E,80°E?100°E and east of 100°E.The average daily solar radiation was 2.07 MJ/m²in the 1980s,and that in 1990s lower than that in the 1960s and the 1970s.The average daily solar radiation has rebounded in the 21st century,but overall it is still lower than the average daily solar radiation from 1957 to 2016(13.87 MJ/m²).     

近50年中国光合有效辐射的时空变化(英文)

Based on long-term measurement data of weather/ecological stations over China,this paper calculated and produced annually-and seasonally-averaged Photosynthetically Active Radiation(PAR) spatial data from 1961 to 2007,using climatological calculations and spatialization techniques.The spatio-temporal variation characteristics of annually-and seasonally-averaged PAR spatial data over China in recent 50 years were analyzed with Mann-Kendall trend analysis method and GIS spatial analysis techniques.The results show that:(1) As a whole,the spatial distribution of PAR is complex and inhomogeneous across China,with lower PAR in the eastern and southern parts of China and higher PAR in the western part.Mean annual PAR over China ranges from 17.7 mol m-2 d-1 to 39.5 mol m-2 d-1.(2) Annually-and seasonally-averaged PAR of each pixel over China are averaged as a whole and the mean values decline visibly with fluctuant processes,and the changing rate of annually-averaged PAR is-0.138 mol m-2 d-1/10a.The changing amplitudes among four seasons are different,with maximum dropping in summer,and the descending speed of PAR is faster before the 1990s,after which the speed slows down.(3) The analysis by each pixel shows that PAR declines significantly(α=0.05) in most parts of China.Summer and winter play more important roles in the interannual variability of PAR.North China is always a decreasing zone in four seasons,while the northwest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau turns to be an increasing zone in four seasons.(4) The spatial distributions of the interannual variability of PAR vary among different periods.The interannual variabilities of PAR in a certain region are different not only among four seasons,but also among different periods.