沙生濒危物种霸王的高频植株再生研究

实验选用霸王无菌苗的茎尖、子叶、下胚轴和胚根作为材料,研究霸王不同外植体的离体培养技术。结果表明,霸王茎尖是诱导丛生芽的良好外植体,而子叶、下胚轴和胚根是诱导愈伤组织的良好外植体;霸王茎尖的最适增殖培养基是:MS+6-BA 5.0 mg·L-1+NAA 1.0 mg·L-1;最适生根培养基是:MS+IAA 1.5 mg·L-1;最适愈伤组织诱导培养基是:MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1或MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1。沙质基质为霸王组培苗过渡的最佳基质。     

氯吡苯脲对红砂愈伤组织诱导和增殖的影响及响应面法优化

以红砂的一年生苗嫩茎为外植体,添加不同浓度的氯吡苯脲（CPPU）、6-BA和NAA,进行愈伤组织诱导试验,得出红砂愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为1/2MS+CPPU 0.1 mg·L-1+NAA1 mg·L-1。利用响应面分析法,设计CCD中心组合试验,对CPPU和NAA两个因素进行优化,得出愈伤组织最佳继代培养基为1/2MS+CPPU 0.1195 mg·L-1+NAA1.1 mg·L-1,在此条件下,实际增殖率可达到4.7414,为理论预测值的99.15%,愈伤组织的最适继代周期为30 d左右。利用响应面分析法可优化红砂愈伤组织继代培养基,得到理论最佳配方,验证结果表明该方法科学、高效。     

珍稀泌盐植物长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)愈伤组织诱导及增殖

以珍稀泌盐植物长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)成熟种子和不同发育阶段幼苗的不同部位为外植体,对其愈伤组织诱导和增殖进行了系统研究。结果表明:在添加3.0mg·L-12,4-D、1.0mg·L-1 NAA、0.5mg·L-1 6-BA、30g·L-1蔗糖和6.0g·L-1琼脂,pH为5.8的MSO培养基中,出愈率达70%以上,生长量高于其他培养基,是该植物愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养体系;7d下胚轴和25d的幼苗较适合愈伤组织诱导,可形成淡黄色疏松愈伤组织,且褐化程度相对较低;适宜的继代周期为30~40d,随着传代次数增加,愈伤组织颜色变淡,生长速度加快;NaCl浓度为50mmol·L-1和100mmol·L-1时促进愈伤组织生长,盐浓度过高则导致其生长受抑,甚至死亡。     

红砂愈伤组织适应盐胁迫的渗透调节机制研究

测定在不同盐胁迫下红砂愈伤组织中几种渗透调节物质的累积量,研究盐胁迫下红砂的渗透调节机制。研究结果表明, 在盐胁迫下,红砂愈伤组织的相对生长率随着盐浓度的增加先升高后降低。红砂愈伤组织具有很强的耐盐能力,低于100 mM NaCl处理可促进红砂的生长,大于100 mM NaCl处理,则会抑制红砂生长。红砂愈伤组织中脯氨酸、甘氨酸甜菜碱、类黄酮和海藻糖在盐胁迫下大量累积,是红砂渗透调节能力改善的积极反应,也是红砂耐盐性强的体现和重要原因。     

根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的马铃薯高效遗传转化体系筛选及优化

马铃薯是重要的块茎类作物,根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的遗传转化方法是马铃薯基因工程育种的重要技术,研究其遗传转化体系和转化效率有助于提高分子育种效率。针对利用根癌农杆菌介导的2种外植体遗传转化马铃薯普通栽培品种,通过筛选获得最佳转化体系和转化率。以4种马铃薯普通栽培品种(Favorita、Shepody、Atlantic、甘农薯2号)的茎段和试管薯薄片为受体材料,对根癌农杆菌介导的不同遗传转化体系的分化率和转化率进行分析。结果表明:Favorita、甘农薯2号和Atlantic茎段经S2(MS;6-BA 2.5mg·L~(-1),2,4-D0.6mg·L~(-1),Carb 400mg·L~(-1),Kan 50mg·L~(-1))和M2(MS;6-BA 2.5mg·L~(-1),IAA 0.25 mg·L~(-1),2,4-D0.25mg·L~(~(-1)),Carb 400mg·L~(-1),Kan 50mg·L~(-1))培养后获得的转化率显著高于其他培养基。Favorita茎段最大转化率显著高于试管薯薄片转化率;甘农薯2号和Shepody试管薯薄片转化率显著高于茎段转化率。茎段转化体系的最佳诱导愈伤培养基为S2,最佳分化培养为基为M2。Favorita适合采用茎段转化体系,甘农薯2号和Shepody适合采用试管薯薄片转化体系。不同品种的愈伤组织诱导培养基和分化培养基的差别主要是由基因型差异引起的,在提高遗传转化效率中应该针对品种进行转化体系的筛选。     

NaCl胁迫下红砂愈伤组织中主要离子累积特征的研究

盐胁迫下植物对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-的选择性吸收代表了植物对盐胁迫的适应性。以荒漠植物红砂为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对红砂愈伤组织Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下红砂组织相对生长率随着盐浓度的增加先增加后下降, 100 mM处理时达到最大;K+、Ca2+含量下降,Na+和Cl-含量升高,变化幅度随NaCl浓度的增加而增大。红砂愈伤组织具有很强的耐盐能力,低浓度NaCl处理可促进愈伤组织的生长,对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-的吸收选择性提高,有利于避免离子代谢紊乱,减轻NaCl胁迫的伤害;在较高浓度下盐胁迫会对植物的生长造成一定的抑制。可见,离子平衡是红砂组织耐盐性的重要机理之一。     

利用响应面法优化野生白刺(Nitraria sibirica)茎段增殖培养基

为了提高野生白刺(Nitraria sibirica)组培过程中的增殖系数,以野生白刺的无菌苗幼嫩茎段为外植体,利用响应面法对白刺茎段增殖诱导试验进行优化。在添加不同激素浓度NAA、IBA、IAA与6-BA组合的单因素增殖诱导试验基础上,根据CCD中心组合试验设计原理,采用2因素5水平的响应面法,对挑选出的6-BA和IBA两个因素浓度进行优化,得出增殖诱导最佳培养基为MS+6-BA(0.22mg·L-1)+IBA(0.55mg·L-1)。在此条件下,实际增殖系数可达到3.90。优化后的培养基使得增殖系数从之前单因素实验所得最高增殖系数3.63提高到了3.90。为野生白刺组培方面稳定增殖以及后续在组培环境下与锁阳接种研究提供了保障。     

强抗旱胡麻新品种陇亚11号组织培养技术优化研究

针对胡麻组织培养中胚状体诱导率低、植株再生和生根困难等问题,以强抗旱胡麻优良新品种陇亚11号为实验材料,从培养基配置、外植体筛选、生根培养等方面开展系统研究,并进行相关技术优化,为胡麻组织培养技术提供一套更加适用的优化方案。结果表明,NAA与6-BA互作,诱导的愈伤组织深绿、致密、团状性好,玻璃化和疏松透明现象较少,二者浓度的变化对胚状体的诱导率平均值和最大值以及成苗率平均值等均高于优化前,其中MS+NAA（1.0 mg·L-1）+6-BA（0.5 mg·L-1)的培养基胚状体诱导率、成苗率均为所有处理中最高;NAA与PP333互作,生根率、平均生根数、平均根长均有明显的提高,其中1/2MS+AC(0.05%)+NAA(0.5 mg·L-1) +PP333（0.001 mg·L-1）的培养基生根效果最好,该培养基上培养的试管苗,根上发生较多的侧根和不定根,有利于幼苗吸收土壤中的水分和无机盐,提高移栽成活率。虽然优化后的培养基使胚状体的诱导率和成苗率均有明显增加,但通过胚状体分化的植株比率仍然偏低,与实际生产中的要求还有一定差距,不利于大量的繁殖移栽,仍需进一步探索研究。     

科尔沁沙地不同生境土壤氮矿化/硝化作用研究

利用顶盖埋管原位培育法测定了科尔沁沙地不同生境（丘间低地、固定、半固定、半流动和流动沙丘）土壤氮素矿化/硝化速率的月际动态及净矿化/硝化量。结果表明：①沙地土壤无机氮主要以NO^-₃-N的形式存在,各类生境土壤NH⁺₄-N平均含量比NO^-₃-N低58.2%~79.7%;②土壤氮素矿化/硝化速率随植被与土壤条件的恶化呈现递减的趋势,从丘间低地到流动沙丘,净矿化速率分别为61.0、43.4、29.1、5.3 mg·m^-2·d^-1和2.7 mg·m^-2·d^-1,净硝化速率分别为61.8、46.2、30.1、6.2 mg·m^-2·d^-1和3.4 mg·m-2·d-1;③从丘间低地到固定、半固定、半流动和流动沙丘,矿化氮总量分别减少28.8%、52.3%、91.4%和95.5%,硝化总量分别减少25.3%、51.3%、90.0%和94.5%;④不同类型生境土壤净硝化氮占净矿化氮的比例都为100%,表明沙地土壤中植物可利用氮素易于淋溶或氨挥发损失。     

盐胁迫下红砂愈伤组织的抗氧化能力与耐盐性研究

通过测定不同梯度盐胁迫下红砂愈伤组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,以及丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性,探讨了红砂抗氧化能力与耐盐性的关系。结果显示:随着盐胁迫浓度增加,红砂愈伤组织中MDA 含量比对照增加0.84%~51.03%,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别比对照提高9.83%~51.98%、26.4%~140.2%和44.74%~216.34%。表明红砂可以通过上调SOD、POD和CAT等保护酶的活性来响应盐胁迫,并以此降低盐胁迫诱导的膜脂过氧化程度,从而提高其耐盐性。     

1960-2007年中国地表潜在蒸散发敏感性的时空变化(英文)

Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that "pan evaporation paradox" commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing trends.     

Chemical weathering and CO2 consumption in the Xijiang River basin, South China

Monthly samples of riverine water were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of major ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻), dissolved silicon, and total dissolved solids (TDS) at Wuzhou hydrological station located between the middle and lower reaches of the Xijiang River (XJR) from March 2005 to April 2006. More frequent sampling and analysis were carried out during the catastrophic flooding in June 2005. Stoichiometric analysis was applied for tracing sources of major ions and estimating CO₂ consumption from the chemical weathering of rocks. The results demonstrate that the chemical weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks within the drainage basin is the main source of the dissolved chemical substances in the XJR. Some 81.20% of the riverine cations originated from the chemical weathering processes induced by carbonic acid, 11.32% by sulfuric acid, and the other 7.48% from the dissolution of gypsum and precipitates of sea salts within the drainage basin. The CO₂ flux consumed by the rock chemical weathering within the XJR basin is 2.37 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1, of which 0.64 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1 results from silicate rock chemical weathering, and 1.73 × 10¹¹ mol y^− 1 results from carbonate rock chemical weathering. The CO₂ consumption comprises 0.38 × 10¹¹ mol during the 9-d catastrophic flooding. The CO₂ consumption from rock chemical weathering in humid subtropical zones regulates atmospheric CO₂ level and constitutes a significant part of the global carbon budget. The carbon sink potential of rock chemical weathering processes in the humid subtropical zones deserves extra attention.     

TITLES OF THESES

Books reviewed in this article:

Antarctica in the lnternational Geophysical Year

Visibility in Some Forest Stands of the United States

The Coast of Maine

What Price Israel?

Animal Diseases

Violent Truce: A Military Observer Looks at the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Bibliography on Snow, Ice and Permafrost

Status of Aerial Photography in the United States

U. S. Geological Survey: Paleotectonic Maps of the Iurassic System

La Enseñanza de la Geografía en México

Natural Resources, Food and Population in Inter-Tropical Africa Report of a Symposium Held at Makerere College. September 1955

Recent Study and Exploration of the Central Arctic

Population Distribution Urban and Rural: 1950

Frequency of Cold-Wet Climatic Conditions in the United States

The Daytime Influence of Irrigation Upon Desert Humidities

Report of the Special Committee on the Federal Loyalty-Security Program of the Bar Association of the City of New York     

Comparative study of nitrogenase activity in different types of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,Northwestern China

Biological soil crusts cover large areas of the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwestern China where they make a significant contribution to soil stability and fertility. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential nitrogen-fixing activity (NA) of different types of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The results suggest that NA (nmol C₂H₄ m^?2 h^?1) for each type of crusts was highly variable. Seasonal variation was also important, with all three types of crusts responding in a similar way to changes in environmental conditions. From March to May, NA was relatively low for all crust types. During this season, NA was 2.26 × 10³ for cyanobacterial crust followed by lichen crust (6.54 × 10²) and moss crust (6.38 × 10²). From June to October, all crust types reached their highest level of NA, especially lichen crust and moss crust (p < 0.01). The NA of cyanobacterial crust (9.81 × 10³) was higher than that of lichen crust (9.06 × 10³) and moss crust (2.03 × 10³). From November to February, when temperatures were consistently low (<0 °C), NA was at its lowest level, especially in cyanobacterial crust (4.18 × 10²) and moss crust (5.43 × 10²) (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that species composition is critical when estimating N inputs in desert ecosystems. In addition, all three types of crusts generally responded in a similar way to environmental conditions. The presence of N fixation activity in all crusts may contribute to the maintenance of fertility in sparsely vegetated areas and provide surrounding vascular plant with fixed nitrogen.     

Synergic effect of salinity and light-chilling on photosystem II photochemistry of the halophyte,Sarcocornia fruticosa

Laboratory experiments were conduced to assess the synergic effect of chilling and light on photosystem II photochemistry of the halophyte, Sarcocornia fruticosa, grown at different salinity concentrations (0, 170, 340, 510 and 1030 mM). Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured after chilling (at 5 °C in darkness) and light-chilling (at 5 °C and 700 μmol m^?2 s^?1) treatments, and after 24 h of recovery (at 20 °C and 75 μmol m^?2 s^?1). At 5 °C and 700 μmol m^?2 s^?1, plants grown with 0 and 170 mM NaCl showed the lowest F_v/F_m values, whereas quantum efficiency of PSII (Φ_PSII) was higher for plants grown at 170 and 340 mM NaCl, these results being consistent after two exposures to chilling treatments. Susceptibility to photoinhibition decreases when low temperature and high light are combined with high salinity. Therefore, populations of S. fruticosa that occur in arid environments with salinities c. 340 mM could show a higher tolerance to light-chilling.     

Oxygen isotope fractionation in three freshwater ostracod species from early Holocene lacustrine tufa in northern Estonia

We quantified differences in oxygen isotope fractionation among three biostratigraphically important subfossil ostracod species (Metacypris cordata, Pseudocandona rostrata and Candonopsis kingsleii) from an early Holocene freshwater tufa layer in northern Estonia. Estimated mean δ¹⁸O values are −10.05‰ for M. cordata, −9.34‰ for C. kingsleii and −8.75‰ for P. rostrata. All three species exhibit positive offset from the weighted mean annual δ¹⁸O of contemporary precipitation (−10.7‰ in δ¹⁸O_V-PDB) and from the mean δ¹⁸O value of authigenic tufa carbonate (−10.64‰) in the ostracod-bearing layer. Assuming that the known oxygen isotope fractionation in P. rostrata (+2.5‰) and M. cordata (+1.5‰) has remained constant over time, the theoretical δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW of the early Holocene lake water was calculated to have been between −11.52 and −11.92‰, slightly less negative than the local Ordovician groundwater (−11.7 to −12.2‰). δ¹⁸O values of the tufa carbonate differ by +0.6 to +1.0‰ from the calculated theoretical isotope composition (δ¹⁸O_V-PDB) of lake water, indicating that the tufa also did not precipitate in isotopic equilibrium with ambient waters. Results show that the greater the δ¹⁸O offset from the calculated, theoretical isotope composition of lake water for an ostracod species, the lower is its preferred mean July temperature. Both our data and earlier published results on δ¹⁸O values in Holocene lacustrine carbonates and ostracods from north-eastern Europe, display pronounced decreases in δ¹⁸O with an increase in latitude of the study site. This suggests that temperature-dependent, and therefore latitude-dependent isotopic composition of meteoric waters controlled the δ¹⁸O values in lacustrine tufa and ostracods throughout the Holocene.     

四元体系Li2SO4+Na2SO4+K2SO4+H2O298.2 K相平衡研究

为了获取锂钠钾共存硫酸盐体系298.2 K下各盐结晶形式,采用等温溶解平衡法研究了298.2 K下四元体系Li₂SO₄₊Na₂SO₄₊K₂SO₄₊H₂O的相平衡关系,测定了该体系的溶解度和密度,采用X-ray粉晶衍射法测定了平衡固相组成,并绘制了相应的稳定相图和多温对比图。研究表明,298.2 K下该四元体系为复杂四元体系,有复盐2Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄·K₂SO₄、Li₂SO₄·3Na₂SO₄·12H₂O、LiKSO₄、Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄生成。其稳定相图由6个四元共饱点、12条单变量曲线以及7个结晶区组成。其中,复盐Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄结晶区最大,表明其在该体系中最易结晶析出;Li₂SO₄·H₂O结晶区最小。对比273.2 K、288.2 K、298.2 K、323.2 K、373.2 K四元体系多温相图可知,273.2 K时未发现复盐Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄和2Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄·K₂SO₄结晶形式;Na₂SO₄·10H₂O和Li₂SO₄·3Na₂SO₄·12H₂O结晶形式在323.2 K和373.2 K时转变为Na₂SO₄和Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄。288.2~373.2 K时随温度升高,K₂SO₄和Na₂SO₄·10H₂O结晶相区减小,Li₂SO₄·H₂O、Na₂SO₄、LiKSO₄和Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄结晶相区增大;Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄结晶相区先增大后减小,在298.2 K时结晶相区最大;2Li₂SO₄·Na₂SO₄·K₂SO₄结晶相区先减小后增大,298.2 K时结晶相区最小。     

Lead pollution history from 256 BC to AD 2005 inferred from the Pb isotope ratio (<Superscript>206</Superscript>Pb/<Superscript>207</Superscript>Pb) in a varve record of Lake Korttajärvi in Finland

The lead pollution history, based on the accumulation rate of total Pb and ratio of stable isotopes (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb), was studied in the annually laminated sediment of a small lake in Finland (62°20′ N; 25°41′ E). The sediment chronology based on varve counting provided a unique opportunity to explore and date signals of Pb emissions, including the ancient metallurgical activities of the Roman Empire at the beginning of the Current Era. Changes in the ratio of stable isotopes gave a pronounced signal of the atmospheric Pb fallout in AD 32–392, although this was not distinguishable in the accumulation rate of total Pb, as it was observed in previous work. Calculated accumulations of the ancient pollution Pb were low, the highest values being 0.2–0.3 mg m² a⁻¹ in AD 144–392, corresponding 14–21% of the accumulation of total Pb. The accumulation of pollution Pb collapsed in the fifth century and remained at or close to the background level up to the eleventh century. After this, the accumulation rate of pollution Pb began to increase and reached 1.2 mg m² a⁻¹ in AD 1420–1439, corresponding to 44% of the total Pb accumulation. During five centuries, from AD 1420–1895, the average accumulation of pollution Pb was 2.6 mg m² a⁻¹, the variation being from 0.8 to 4.8 mg m² a⁻¹. The accumulation of Pb started to increase exponentially in the early twentieth century, and the highest accumulations of pollution Pb (11–22 mg m² a⁻¹, corresponding 50–76% of the annual accumulation of total Pb) were dated to AD 1926–1985. The banning of the use of leaded fuel has led to a pronounced decrease in the accumulation of pollution Pb since the 1980s, and the present accumulation rate represents the level that prevailed 80–120 years ago.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bosmina</Emphasis> remains in lake sediment as indicators of zooplankton community composition

We measured Bosmina spp. mucro and antennule lengths in surface sediment samples from Wisconsin lakes to test whether such measures could be used to reconstruct zooplankton community composition and size structure in paleolimnological studies. Our data set included 58 lakes of various depths, water chemistry, trophic state, macrophyte cover, and zooplankton community composition. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMS) and simple correlation analysis to assess whether mucro and antennule measurements reflect the zooplankton community size structure. Bosmina mucro length (r = 0.727, p < 0.05) and antennule length (r = 0.360, p < 0.05) correlated with the NMS axis, which essentially represents zooplankton community size structure. Bosmina mucro length correlated positively with the abundance of the large-bodied zooplankter Epischura lacustris (r = 0.364, p < 0.01), as well as Diacyclops thomasi (r = 0.256, p < 0.05), and Leptodiaptomus minutus (r = 0.578, p ≤ 0.001), but correlated negatively with the abundance of the small-bodied zooplankter Tropocyclops prasinus (r = −0.385, p < 0.01). Bosmina antennule length correlated positively with the abundance of L. minutus (r = 0.344, p < 0.01) and negatively with T. prasinus (r = −0.258, p < 0.05). This broad, spatial scale assessment supports the use of Bosmina mucro and antennule lengths as a proxy for zooplankton community size structure. Mucro length is a stronger indicator of zooplankton community size structure as seen in its strong correlation with the NMS axis 1 and the significant correlations with abundance of predatory copepods.