植被破坏对黄土高原加速侵蚀及土壤退化过程的影响

如何评价黄土高原自然侵蚀与人为加速侵蚀作用，恢复与重建植被的可能性和必要性等是近年来治理黄河的热点问题。通过定位试验和野外调查，研究了黄土高原子午岭林区植被破坏对土壤理化特性以及土壤侵蚀过程演变的影响；分析了人为破坏植被耕垦后坡面土壤侵蚀特征与土壤退化过程。表明：植被是影响土壤侵蚀最敏感的因子；人为破坏植被造成的加速侵蚀，是导致土壤退化和生态环境恶化的主要原因；恢复和重建植被，应为黄土高原加速治理和减少入黄泥沙的根本措施。     

元谋干热河谷区水土流失现状及治理对策

元谋干热河谷区气候炎热干燥、植被稀疏、生态环境脆弱,加之人类活动的干扰,水土流失严重,流失面积1080.79km^2,占总面积的53．5％。通过对水土流失特征、危害、水土保持存在问题的分析,提出了该区水土流失的治理措施和建议。     

岳西县土壤侵蚀空间分布与环境因子的关系

以岳西县2004年TM影像为数据源,通过目视解译的方法,得到2004年土壤侵蚀强度矢量图。利用Arc-GIS软件,将土壤侵蚀图与不同的环境因子图进行叠加分析,探讨了岳西县2004年土壤侵蚀空间分布与环境因子的关系。结果表明:从土壤侵蚀与土壤类型的关系看,土壤侵蚀主要发生在麻石黄棕壤、黄棕壤性麻石土及麻石棕壤上。从不同土地利用方式看,侵蚀土壤主要发生在有林地、灌木林、水田、高覆盖草地地区。从土壤侵蚀与坡度的关系看,土壤侵蚀主要发生在3°～25°的坡度上,尤其在8°～25°坡度上居多。从土壤侵蚀与坡向的关系看,山地的北坡、西南坡、西坡及西北坡容易发生土壤侵蚀。从土壤侵蚀与海拔的关系看,200～1000 m地区土壤侵蚀比较显著,尤其500～1000 m的地区土壤侵蚀发生量多。     

ACCELERATED EROSION ON THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL PLAIN

The Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States has long been considered to have negligible soil erosion owing to low relief and permeable soils. Several recent studies point to a need for reassessment. Post-settlement erosion on the North Carolina Coastal Plain was estimated at the regional scale based on soil-profile truncation of a representative upland soil (Norfolk series). Apparent post-settlement soil-profile truncation ranges from 2.5 to 30 cm (mean 14.5 cm), implying a minimum regional average rate of 0.55 mm/yr since the region was settled in the 1700s. This amounts to a conservative estimated average rate of 9.3 t/ha/yr, a rate of the same general magnitude as estimated erosion rates in the North Carolina Piedmont, long recognized as a problem erosion area. Results imply accelerated water erosion despite the low slopes and permeable soils, and suggest the possibility of significant eolian erosion in the region. This rapid erosion in an area noted for its geological stability is a testament to the importance of vegetation cover and human agency in landscape evolution in the Coastal Plain. [Key words: accelerated erosion, soil profile, geomorphology, coastal plain, North Carolina.]     

福建省长汀县河田镇的水蚀荒漠化及其治理

福建省长汀县河田镇的水蚀荒漠化是我国南方花岗岩丘陵地区的一个典型代表,严重的水蚀荒漠化主要由两个因素造成：在自然因素方面,一方面由于地表物质主要由风化强烈的花岗岩组成,为水蚀荒漠化的发展提供了物质基础,另一方面丰沛且集中的降水增加了水蚀荒漠化的强度;在社会因素方面,人口剧增加大了对土地的压力,几次大规模乱砍滥伐又使植被大量破坏。中华人民共和国成立以来,采取了科学试验研究与群众治理实践相结合的方针,开展了水蚀荒漠化的防治工作,使治理区生态环境得到明显改善。     

我国土壤侵蚀与地理环境的关系

本文论述我国土壤侵蚀类型与自然地带性和非地带性因素的关系,分析影响侵蚀强度时空分布和侵蚀泥沙输移的环境因素及流域条件。     

南方红壤区林下水土流失的遥感判别——以福建省长汀县为例

针对林下水土流失缺乏有效判别方法的问题,提出了一种遥感判别方法。该方法以植被覆盖度、植被健康度、土壤裸露度和坡度为判别因子,采用规则法来建立林下水土流失遥感判别模型,并将其应用于福建省长汀县。结果发现,长汀县有311.66 km²的林地发生不同程度的林下水土流失,其中有13.35%的土壤侵蚀强度达到中度。通过遥感方法识别出的林下水土流失区的空间分布位置可为该县今后深入治理水土流失提供目标靶区。     

"三元剥蚀"与路南石林发育

石林是一种稀有的喀斯特地貌景观,其发育演化有其独特的过程。本文提出了石林发育的"三元剥蚀"机制,通过对土下溶蚀速率、表土剥蚀速率与(石)柱顶剥蚀速率三者不同组合的分析,讨论了石林发育的方向与趋势,并对当前路南石林发育的阶段和方向进行了具体研究。研究表明,作为石林增长拔高源动力的土下溶蚀强度的影响范围是有限的,其下限约在土下10m处,而真正能促使石林快速发育的深度是在土下2m以内。在现代自然条件下,路南石林顶部的剥蚀降低速度为10.4mm/ka,土下的溶蚀加深速度为26.17 mm/ka,石林的实际高度仍以15.77mm/ka的速度在拔高;表土剥蚀速度为650mm/ka,石林的可见高度现正以639.6mm/ka的速度增加,土壤正以623.83mm/ka的速度快速变薄,表明虽然目前石林的可见高度仍在增加,但其发育的最佳时期已经过去。     

Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

基于RUSLE的广东南岭土壤侵蚀敏感性研究

基于修正的通用水土流失方程RUSLE和GIS技术,分析了影响土壤侵蚀敏感性的降雨侵蚀力因子、土壤可蚀性因子、坡度坡长因子以及植被覆盖与管理因子,并生成单要素敏感性评价图,在此基础上,评价研究区土壤侵蚀敏感性,探讨不同土壤侵蚀敏感性的分布规律及其主导因子的空间分异特征。结果表明：降雨侵蚀力因子的变化范围为8 181.52~14 621.56（MJ·mm）/（hm2·h·a）,土壤可蚀性因子为0.146~0.238（t·hm2·h）/（hm2·MJ·mm）,坡度坡长因子为0~612.615,植被覆盖与管理因子为0.101~1.183,土壤侵蚀的最大值和平均值分别为7 016.44和137.69 t/（km2·a）,土壤侵蚀敏感性以低度敏感和较低敏感为主,不同影响因子在敏感性分区的变化范围不同,其中地形因子和植被覆盖与管理因子对土壤侵蚀最为敏感。     

试论土地侵蚀

建议用“土地侵蚀”一词取代“水土流失”这个术语．土地侵蚀是地球陆地表面的固体组成物质（岩土体）在内外营力和人为作用下，发生的风化、运移和堆积过程．按土地利用实情，土地侵蚀分为土壤侵蚀、矿山侵蚀、道路侵蚀、城镇侵蚀、岸坡侵蚀和本利用地侵蚀等．     

山东省聊城市水土流失现状及防治对策

聊城市位于华北平原的西北部，历史上黄河多次决口、改道泛滥冲积，上游携带物质在境内决口扇形地和沙质河槽地处大量沉积。土壤质地均为沙质土，结构疏松，春季常随风飘扬滚动，雨季在地表径流的冲蚀下，水土流失和土地沙化十分严重。针对聊城市的自然环境特点、水土流失和土地沙化现状，提出了以生物措施为主、工程措施为辅，同时结合农业现代技术等综合治理的措施，因害设防，形成水土流失综合防治体系。树立人与自然和谐相处的指导思想，发挥生态的自然修复能力，加快水土流失防治速度。     

我国南方土地侵蚀特点

境内土地侵蚀严重，以水蚀为主，其面积６８３３２０ｋｍ２，占全国水蚀面积的３８％．讨论了：滑坡、泥石流侵蚀；碳酸盐岩、花岗岩和红层各具特色的侵蚀；土地侵蚀的危害严重，石化面积在扩大，中小河道淤高；塘库、湖泊遭淤，容积缩小；南方土地侵蚀泥沙输移比较小．     

基于遥感技术的土壤侵蚀研究现状及实例分析

通过介绍卫星和传感器在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用情况,讨论了用遥感图像探测土壤侵蚀特征、土壤侵蚀区域和土壤侵蚀沉积的很多应用实例,然后利用甘肃河西走廊黑河上游1987年的TM数据和1999年的ETM数据,计算出了两个时期的植被盖度,同时结合DEM数据得出的坡度值,然后根据水利部的土壤侵蚀分级标准,获得了两个时期的土壤侵蚀图,对比分析了1987年和1999年两个时期的不同等级侵蚀强度区域的面积变化.研究结果显示,甘肃河西走廊黑河上游存在中度侵蚀的区域位于坡度大于15°的地方,这些地方也是我国西部退耕还林还草的重点区域.     

渭北矿区土壤侵蚀评估及驱动因素分析

陕西省渭北矿区地处黄土高原，受到自然环境和煤炭开采等人类活动的双重影响，该地区土壤侵蚀更为严重，生态环境更加脆弱。以渭北矿区为研究对象，基于RUSLE模型对渭北矿区土壤侵蚀进行了评估，并综合植被覆盖度、多年平均降水量、坡度、土地利用类型和煤炭年产量等影响因子，应用地理探测器方法对渭北矿区土壤侵蚀进行定量归因。研究结果对矿区水土流失防治具有一定参考价值。结果表明：（1）渭北矿区土壤侵蚀以微度和轻度侵蚀为主，土壤侵蚀严重的区域主要位于研究区西南部、中部和东南部。（2）植被覆盖度和多年平均降水量是造成研究区土壤侵蚀的主导因子，坡度介于20°~25°的地区、植被覆盖度小于0.3的区域和裸地是发生土壤侵蚀的高风险区。（3）渭北矿区各因子协同作用对土壤侵蚀的解释力均大于单因子解释力，因此多个因子共同作用会对土壤侵蚀造成显著影响。     

论长江与珠江流域的水灾、水土流失及植被生态恢复工程

系统总结了长江和珠江流域近百年来的洪涝灾害和水土流失的危害程度和发生规律,深刻分析了洪灾和水土流失日趋严重的根源,提出了治理“两江”流域水土流失的根本性措施———植被生态工程,并呼吁将传统的植树造林改为植树种草,将乔、灌、草、藤有机搭配,形成多层配置,并大力发展草业,最终在“两江”流域实现以草业为枢纽的可持续发展生态大农业。     

Simulation of soil erosion dynamics in grassland ecosystem of semi-arid China using the CENTURY model

1 IntroductionAmong the natural disasters frequently occur in local and regional scales, soil erosion causes a serious impact on global natural resources and eco-environment. In China, the soil eroded area covers 38.26% of the total country's area, of which water erosion is 48.77%, wind erosion accounts for 51.22% and annual soil erosion amount totals five billion tons, accounting for 10 % of the whole world. Of the factors cause soil erosion and disasters such as floods, windstorms, landform,…     

HUMAN IMPACT ON SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN NORTHERN SHAANXI, CHINA

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黄土高原侵蚀环境与侵蚀速率的初步研究

黄土高原的侵蚀是一个地质过程.晚更新世以前高原已经过三个大的侵蚀堆积旋迥,主要沟谷系统和黄土地貌的塬梁峁格局已经形成.全新世以来黄土的堆积逐渐减缓,而侵蚀则进入新的发展时期.在自然因素和人类活动的共同作用下,土壤侵蚀加剧.根据侵蚀一堆积相关原理,利用黄河下游不同时期发育的冲积扇沉积模式,估算了全新世以来自然侵蚀速牵为7.9%,由于人类活动而引起的加速侵蚀的速率逐渐递增,至今已达到25%.