广东深圳大鹏半岛海岸地貌特征

大鹏半岛位于广东省深圳市东部,海岸地貌类型多样,可分为基岩海岸、堆积海岸和生物海岸3大类型。文章根据野外调查和室内实验分析的结果论述了大鹏半岛海岸地貌类型、分布和成因,并在前人的研究基础上讨论了大鹏半岛海岸地貌演化过程：由于大鹏半岛处在构造隆升区,海岸类型以基岩海岸为主。多处基岩海岸保留了完好的海蚀崖、海蚀平台、海蚀槽穴、海蚀柱等各类典型的海蚀地貌。该半岛的堆积海岸主要发育于岩石岬角间的海湾内,在有河流流入的海湾处形成岬湾沙坝―澙湖海岸,在无河流的海岸处则形成湾顶海滩。半岛中段狭窄的呈哑铃状腰部的东岸,因深入内凹、波浪减弱,有淤泥质海岸发育;红树林发育于淤泥质海岸以及各澙湖内,而半岛周边浅海区有珊瑚群落生长。大鹏半岛以及邻近地区海岸地貌特征和海岸沉积物年代数据显示：1）地质构造与海平面升降是塑造该半岛海岸地貌的主要因素;2）该半岛的海岸地貌是在中全新世早期以后才开始发育的;3）该半岛全新世以来不存在强烈的地壳抬升;4）该半岛海岸中全新世出现过高于现代海平面的高海面。     

烟台附近海岸风沙地貌的初步研究

在野外调查基础上,对烟台附近海岸风沙分布、风沙地貌类型及地貌发育过程进行了探讨。指出全新世海岸变迁是海岸风沙地貌发育的基础,6000aB.P.以来有5个风沙堆积期,前4个风沙堆积期与4个海平面下降期一致,第5风沙堆积期与小冰期一致。     

火山海岸与环境反馈——以海南岛火山海岸为例

海南岛火山海岸以沿小火山口形成的海蚀地貌以及全新世火山爆发使局部海湾抬升为海岸阶地、河口堵流并形成深切海湾以及促进了珊瑚礁发育为特征，火山活动改变了海岸带的地势、坡度、动力条件、沉积特征以及海岸演变趋势，海岸发育具有构造内动力、波浪、水流等外动力以及生物活动等多项作用影响。火山岩岩性与时代反映出北部湾湾底现代拉张构造活动。夏威夷火山造陆与板块移动形成岛链，近期熔岩流喷溢改变地貌与大气质量等为其特征     

海坛岛风沙地貌类型与形成发育

海坛岛风沙地貌类型与形成发育张文开，李祖光，汪榕光（福建师范大学地理系）海坛岛是福建省第一大岛。自晚全新世以来，岛屿东部期间带沙在向岸ＮＮＥ风的作用下，不断自岸向陆运移堆积，发育形成各种风沙地貌。岛上风沙地面积达８６８５公倾，占土地总面积的２７．０％...     

关于绿岛湾高能海岸成因的研究

绿岛湾位于黄岛金沙滩东北部、胶州湾湾口附近,为砂砾质高能海岸。基岩类型主要为白垩系青山群的火山岩,由于该处海岸受外海涨落潮、季风、胶州湾涨落潮的影响,水动力条件复杂多变,砂砾质高能海岸沉积体系发育。在实习过程中,从绿岛湾砾石海岸的沉积特征入手,并结合绿岛湾周围水动力地质条件,对绿岛湾高能砾石海岸的成因进行了分析。认为基岩类型、胶州湾涨落潮、海岸带的地形条件三个要素决定了绿岛湾砂砾质高能海岸的沉积体系。     

世界所有大河都有埋藏古河道

世界所有受冰期低海平面控制的外流性大河,普遍发育了一期古河流相沉积。该河流切入末次冰期间冰阶地层中,为冰期鼎盛期和早全新世砂砾石充填,被中全新世海相或湖沼相地层掩埋,形成了埋藏古河道,这些埋藏古河道在世界各个地区普遍发育,并可相互对比,具有全球性质。其形成原因与机制是海平面升降与气候冷暧变化而引起的河流溯源侵蚀和堆积。     

珠江三角洲三水盆地早全新世以来 孢粉分析与古环境重建

为了深入探讨珠江三角洲的沉积古环境和古气候历史,在三水市区获取了2个高取芯率的钻孔岩芯,进行了12个AMS 14C测年,并结合孢粉、硅藻等分析结果探讨三水地区全新世的海平面与河流水动力变化,以及古植被演替过程。结果表明：钻孔所在区域全新世沉积总体从9 000 cal. a B.P.左右开始,呈现河流相―河湾相―河口湾相―潮坪相―河口湾相―河漫滩相的演变过程。三水区的早全新世沉积阶段年代最早为9 000 cal. a B.P.左右,表现为河口湾相的淤泥质粉砂沉积,硅藻以淡水种类为主,最高沉积速率为1.6 cm/a。海侵初始时间为8 700 cal. a B.P.左右,最高海平面时间为7 600 cal. a B.P.左右,此时海岸带发育红树林,丘陵山地发育较茂盛的亚常绿热带常绿阔叶林;中―晚全新世阶段（6 500―2 200 cal. a B.P.）,以泥炭粉砂沉积为主,沉积速率为0.2~0.5 cm/a,河口区高潮线附近及河流弯道低洼滩地在5 000 cal. a B.P.前后形成淡水沼泽、河口三角洲边缘区洼地水松林发育。在晚全新世（2 200 cal. a B.P.左右）以来,陆相黏土质沉积指示河口泥沙快速堆积,三角洲平原迅速扩大,沉积速率高达1.7 cm/a。孢粉结果显示次生的芒箕孢子剧增,陆地植被稀疏,人类活动显著增强。     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛周围海岸地貌研究

本文对南设得兰群岛乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛周围现代和上升海岸地貌进行了研究。认为现代海岸地貌有三类:碎屑海岸、基岩海岸和冰崖海岸。对碎屑海岸受负载浮冰的波浪作用造成的各种现象进行了成因和类型研究。系统研究上升海岸之后得出结论,该区上升海岸地貌以海拔20米为界,上下分别属较老组和较新组。海岸平均上升速度为10毫米/年。     

华南海岸沙丘岩形成与全新世环境变化的关系

海岸沙丘岩是热带亚热带地区由碳酸盐胶结的海岸风成堆积,其成岩过程的各个阶段需要特定的水热和地貌条件。对华南海岸沙丘岩的形成年代、堆积高度、出露地点进行统计分析,将其特征与全新世环境变化事件作对比, 结果显示华南沿海沙丘岩的形成过程与全新世气候变化及海平面变化等事件有很好的对应关系, 能很好地解释我国沙丘岩研究中一些尚未解决的问题：华南沿海缺少5000a BP以前沙丘岩是因为当时的沙丘岩形成于低海面,后来因海面上升而被淹没;3000a BP前后海岸风沙大规模堆积是大暖期结束后气温下降的结果;华南沿海沙丘岩的胶结主要发生在中世纪暖期;华南沿海缺少年代小于1000aBP沙丘岩是因为近千年来气候条件下,不适合沙丘岩的胶结。     

中国热带气候地貌几个问题的讨论

中国热带气候长期热湿,气候地貌的基本特征表现为强烈风化和持续剥蚀夷平,缺乏地貌的世代演替,所谓"双重风化"和"双重夷平"的经典概念,未必切合中国热带的实际情况.中国热带第四纪气候波动不明显,但是这种波动在气候地貌上仍有反映.红土砾石台地代表中更新世冷湿(砾石堆积)转热干(红土化)的气候地貌.老红砂台地代表晚更新世至全新世热干(风积)转热湿(红土化、古土壤)的气候地貌.海岸贝壳堤反映中全新世风暴潮增强的气候波动.广东、海南的所谓"冰臼群"实乃河流地貌的瓯穴.中国热带末次冰期的冰川遗迹仅见于台湾岛中央山脉.     

全新世中期以来山东半岛东北岸相对海面变化与海积地貌发育

山东半岛东北岸发育有许多大型海积地貌体,其中尤以龙口屺岛连岛沙坝、烟台芝罘岛连岛沙坝和荣成石岛湾口沙坝规模最大,形态最典型。这三个形成于不同自然地理条件下的沙坝之间,既有成因、沉积结构、泥沙来源等方面的显着差异性,又有地貌与沉积方面的的可比性。对这些差异性、可比性的深入分析表明,全新世中期以来短时间尺度、小幅度的相对海面变化,对海积地貌发育有着深刻的控制作用。这种控制作用包括海面升降引起的海岸横剖面调整和入海河流河床纵剖面调整,进而对沿岸纵向泥沙流强度和沙坝发育产生深刻影响。     

广东沿海赤潮发生与城市发展的关系

Red tides are one of the main coastal catastrophic events in Guangdong Province of southern China. The comparison between the number of red tide events and the development indexes of cities along the coasts of the province shows that the regional differences in red tide outbreaks has close relations with the coastal urban developments. The cause for an initiation of red tide blooms may be natural factors, while wastewater caused by the fast development of population, industry and aquiculture of the coastal cities enhanced the blooms. It may explain why the two periods of frequent outbreaks of the red tides over the last two decades matched the urban developments in the coastal areas of Guangdong not only spatially but also temporally. The red tides in the first period were restricted only to the coasts of middle Guangdong, where urbanization process was at a higher speed than the other coastal areas of the province. In the second period, fast development of the coastal cities in eastern Guangdong led to an increase in the occurrence of red tides in local sea areas of the same coasts.     

A relationship between red tide outbreaks and urban development along the coasts of Guangdong Province

Red tides are one of the main coastal catastrophic events in Guangdong Province of southern China. The comparison between the number of red tide events and the development indexes of cities along the coasts of the province shows that the regional differences in red tide outbreaks has close relations with the coastal urban developments. The cause for an initiation of red tide blooms may be natural factors, while wastewater caused by the fast development of population, industry and aquiculture of the coastal cities enhanced the blooms. It may explain why the two periods of frequent outbreaks of the red tides over the last two decades matched the urban developments in the coastal areas of Guangdong not only spatially but also temporally. The red tides in the first period were restricted only to the coasts of middle Guangdong, where urbanization process was at a higher speed than the other coastal areas of the province. In the second period, fast development of the coastal cities in eastern Guangdong led to an increase in the occurrence of red tides in local sea areas of the same coasts.     

Sequence morphodynamics at an emergent barrier island, middle Atlantic coast of North America

The southern Delmarva Peninsula is located along the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States. The axial highland of the peninsula formed in four stages of Pleistocene spit progradation. The landward shoreline of the peninsula is on the Chesapeake Bay. The seaside shoreline of the peninsula is on the Atlantic Ocean. The coast of the peninsula is composed of five landscape sections described as a headland, a left-hand spit, a right-hand spit, a wave-dominated barrier island, and tide-dominated barrier islands.Fisherman Island is a barrier island located at the southern end of the southern Delmarva Peninsula. The landscape features on Fisherman Island do not illustrate a direct linkage to (1) the sediment dispersion from the Delaware headland or (2) the influence of local antecedent topography. The island has a bipolar progradational history that is normal to the axis of the southerly sediment dispersion pattern from the Delmarva headlands.During the late Holocene, sea-level rise flooded the low-elevation land at the distal end of the southern Delmarva Peninsula. The submerged area formed a shallow platform in the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. Two sediment dispersion tracts affected the development of this area. On the ocean side of the peninsula, sediment moved southward along the lower shoreface to the Chesapeake Bay entrance. On the west side of the peninsula, southerly moving bay currents also dispersed sediment to the entrance of the bay. The two tracts converged on the northern side of the bay entrance forming a broad sand shoal. Wave diffraction and refraction around the margins of the shoal “swept” sediment into linear sand bars that migrated back toward the peninsula.By the middle of the 19th century, the fusion of sand bars on the shoal surface produced a permanent nucleus for island development. Wave refraction caused wave crests to “wrap around” the island core producing separate easterly and westerly components of shore aggradation. The westerly aggradational history is recorded in closely spaced sets of beach ridges. The easterly aggradational history is recorded in broadly spaced hammocks.     

Quaternary inheritance of coastal landforms,Cobourg Peninsula,northern territory

In contrast to the abundant evidence of former shorelines on the sea floor of the Sahul Shelf in northern Australia, little evidence has been reported for late Pleistocene coastal landforms along the modern coast of north Australia. Using radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and uranium/thorium dating techniques, however, it can be shown that the present coastal morphology on the Cobourg Peninsula is partly inherited from features both deposited and eroded during the late Quaternary. Shore platforms, in particular, are veneered with ferricretes, some of which can be U/Th dated. In places bedforms are preserved within the ferricrete, suggesting that the platform existed at, and was modified during, the Last Interglacial, and probably formed during earlier interglacials. TL dating indicates that sands around Cape Don were deposited when sea level was lower, but may have been reworked during a Holocene high stand. A sequence of beach ridges at Smith Point indicates Holocene progradation over an earlier planation surface, and also provides support for slight Holocene emergence.     

中国海岸侵蚀述要

中国近代海岸侵蚀自50年代末期日渐明显,70年代末期加剧。目前约有70％的沙质海岸和大部分开敞的粉砂淤泥质海岸遭受侵蚀。人工挖沙和河流输沙减少是侵蚀发生的主要原因。海岸侵蚀已危及沿岸房舍、道路、海岸工程、旅游资源。     

南极洲维斯特福尔德丘陵与菲尔德斯半岛冰缘地貌的比较研究

东南极大陆沿岸的维斯特福尔德丘陵(68°22'～68°40'S,77°55'～78°30'E)和西南极乔治王岛南端的菲尔德斯半岛(62°08'～62°20'S,58°45'～58°58'W)的气候条件不同。前者属于极地大陆性气候,气温低,冬季严寒,干燥、风大,夏季较短;后者属于极地海洋性气候,气温不很低,湿润、风小,夏季较长。因此,两地的冰缘地貌的组合类型及其发育过程存在明显的差异。前者冰缘地貌单一,发展速度较慢;后者冰缘地貌复杂多样,发展速度较快。 本文根据实地观测资料,对极地大陆型和极地海洋型两类冰缘地貌作一些比较,并且提出,年冻融日数是决定冰缘作用强弱的最重要指标。     

中国东部淤泥质海岸盐沼植被藜科花粉数量研究

选取中国东部江苏盐城和辽宁盘锦两地淤泥质海岸盐沼植被带,经植被调查和表土孢粉分析,讨论藜科(Chenopodiaceae)花粉数量与沿岸潮上带密布的碱蓬属(Suaeda. sp)植物群落的数量关系,论证藜科花粉含量与淤泥质岸线位置的关系。研究认为,当沿海古淤泥质地层中的孢粉组合,藜科花粉超过30%,可以判定为古海岸线潮上带。如果藜科花粉为20%~30%,多见禾本科(Poaceae/Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)的花粉,表明为海滨盐沼植被景观,古海岸线潮上带离之不远。第四纪古岸线变化研究,验证了藜科花粉数量可以作为判定淤泥质古岸线的代用指标。     

下辽河平原和辽东半岛海岸带晚更新世以来的海侵

本文根据钻孔资料、¹⁴C测年数据、微体古生物及孢粉组合特征,讨论了研究区晚更新世以来海侵的次数、规模、时间以及岸线变化。     

中国陆地海岸线尺度效应研究(英文)

Spatial scale is a fundamental problem in Geography. Scale effect caused by fractal characteristic of coastline becomes a common focus of coastal zone managers and researchers. In this study, based on DEM and remote sensing images, multi-scale continental coastlines of China were extracted and the fractal characteristic was analyzed. The results are shown as follows. (1) The continental coastline of China fits the fractal model, and the fractal dimension is 1.195. (2) The scale effects with fractal dimensions of coastline have significant differences according to uplift and subsidence segments along the continental coastlines of China. (3) The fractal dimension of coastline has significant spatial heterogeneity according to the coastline types. The fractal dimension of sandy coastline located in Luanhe River plain is 1.109. The dimension of muddy coastline located in northern Jiangsu Plain is 1.059, while that of rocky coastline along southeastern Fujian is 1.293. (4) The length of rocky coastline is affected by scale more than that of muddy and sandy coastline. Since coastline is the conjunction of sea, land and air surface, the study of coastline scale effect is one of the scientific bases for the researches on air-sea-land interaction in multi-scales.