气流中颗粒阻力系数和升力系数讨论

对于颗粒在气流中处于跃移状态时的受力问题,许多学者已作过论述。但是,不同学者在建立跃移模型时所选取的力并不完全相同。而且在力的计算方面见解不一,突出表现在阻力和升力的确定上。鉴于此,文章以阻力、阻力系数和升力、升力系数为出发点论述了阻力系数和升力系数的来源与本质,并针对当前广泛使用的阻力和升力公式进行评价,指出这些公式在应用中的缺陷。建议采用阻力系数和升力系数参数,通过实验测量来确定阻力和升力系数,以精确计算颗粒所受的阻力和升力。并对这种方法的合理性进行了讨论。     

高速摄影技术在风沙颗粒测速中的应用研究

通过相邻图像减法获得了清晰的沙粒运动图像。在此基础上,分别提出了通过人工目视解译与计算机追踪相结合进行跃移颗粒数字轨迹追踪的多帧图像匹配算法以及更适用于计算跃移沙粒群运动瞬时速度场的两帧图像匹配算法。结果表明：与前人研究采用的单纯的人工匹配计算相比,多帧图像匹配算法在保证数据准确性的同时,极大的提高了工作效率。两帧图像匹配算法克服了传统的PTV匹配算法对流场内粒子群运动特征的要求,更加适宜于跃移沙粒群的速度测量,不仅拥有较高的匹配率,而且全过程实现全自动计算,具有较高的计算速度,能够为跃移相整体运动特性研究提供具有代表性的数据。因此,此方法有助于高速摄影技术在研究跃移沙粒运动中的优势更加明显。     

稳态风沙流中沙粒体积浓度的模型分析

本文建立了一个简单有效的稳态风沙流中沙粒体积浓度的数学模型,包括3个部分:稳态风沙流的风速廓线描述、跃移沙粒轨迹的计算、床面沙粒起跳速度分布的描述。利用已知实验的风速廓线作为气流速度场输入参数,跃移沙粒轨迹的计算主要考虑重力和拖曳力,基于体积观点的床面起跳沙粒的水平速度和垂直速度概率密度分布函数分别采用正态分布和指数分布函数来描述。根据稳态风沙流中运动沙粒的动态平衡特征可推导计算沙粒体积浓度。计算的沙粒体积浓度与风洞实验结果基本一致,说明本模型有较好的预测能力。     

颗粒运动及其数理简析

根据大量的野外观测和沙(雪)颗粒运动动态摄影的资料,分析地球表面上气流带动的各种固体颗粒的主要运动形式——振动、滚动、滑移、跃移和悬移的物理图象中力的作用,给出其主要运动参数的表达式,建立各自简单的数学模型。特别对跃移运动还给出模拟轨迹方程。该模型与实际拍摄的轨迹相对比表明,较之以前风沙物理研究者模拟的跃移轨迹要好。文中首次提出的滑移概念,即振动、滚动和滑移三种颗粒运动形式代替以往分类的蠕移、跃移和悬移运动形式更准确和清晰。文中还明确回答了第一颗砂粒是怎样起跳的这一关键问题。     

非均匀沙的跃移计算

 为研究更加接近实际情况的风沙运动,并为实验研究提供一些理论分析和数值资料,本研究用数值计算的方法模拟了几种不同粒径分布方式相应的风沙跃移运动。分别计算了沙粒为单一粒径,以及粒径数学期望为该值时的伪随机分布和均匀分布共7种情况下的风沙跃移运动。计算结果表明,对于相同风速,气流对单一粒径组成的均匀沙的携带能力较弱,而对由多粒径组成的非均匀沙的携带能力较强。同时,因沙粒粒径组成的改变导致当跃移运动达到饱和时,风沙流饱和层的高度和沙粒的跃移长度、高度均有所变化。     

沙粒跃移运动的高速摄影研究

在沙漠所沙风洞中用HS-16型高速电影摄影机以500幅/S片速对平均粒径为0.2mm的石英沙进行了拍摄。共摄得57颗沙粒跃移运动的部份轨迹。计算了各沙粒的速度和加速度水平、垂直分量表明: 1.沙粒运动中存在着巨大的脉动, 最大加速度脉动值可达重力加速度的30倍, 这说明湍流脉动的粘性力在跃移运动中起着重要作用。2。加速度脉动具有各向同性, 其平均值并不大; 加速度水平分量的平均值在各运动阶段中始终为正值, 说明不断受到风力的拖曳; 加速度垂直分量始终为负值, 说明除重力作用外, 再无其它稳定持久的非接触力作用于跃移的沙粒上; 因此跃移沙粒起跳的原因必然是在离开地面之前受到三种接触力之中的一种作用, 三者必居其一。考虑到沙粒在飞行过程中带有高速旋转, 因而排除了振功起跳和冲击起动的可能。沙粒起跳最大可能的原因是斜面飞升力。     

基于起跳初速度分布的沙颗粒浓度廓线的数值模拟

跃移层内沙颗粒浓度分布是风沙两相流相互作用的结果,准确的沙颗粒浓度分布有助于弄清风沙互馈机制及沙颗粒间相互作用机制。由于沙颗粒浓度分布与沙颗粒起跳初速度分布以及气流运动密切相关,本文基于特定的沙颗粒起跳初速度分布函数,通过构建的沙颗粒在气流中运动的物理模型,并利用四阶精度的Adams-Bashforth-Moulton方法对所构建运动模型进行求解,统计分析稳定状态下两相流中沙颗粒运动轨迹的分布,分析其浓度廓线的垂向分布规律。计算结果表明跃移层内沙颗粒浓度分布廓线与高程呈负指数或伽马分布关系;高度一定时沙颗粒浓度廓线随摩阻风速的增大而减小,随颗粒直径的增大而增大。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘风沙跃移运动研究——以策勒为例

 利用Sensit传感器、BSNE集沙仪、全方位跃移集沙仪结合2 m气象塔,于2010年7月5日至8月24日在策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带开展了风沙跃移运动强化观测试验,分析了该区域风沙跃移运动的部分特征。结果表明:①试验点2 m高度临界跃移起动1 h平均风速为5.0 m·s-1;跃移颗粒数与风速呈现较好的幂函数关系;②跃移输沙量的方向分布以偏西方向为主,主要集中在SW、WSW、W、WNW、NW5个方位,共计占到80.9%;③跃移运动在一日之内的任何时间段都可能发生,发生频率较高的时段集中在白天的11:00—19:00;④观测期间0～40 cm高度范围的跃移输沙通量为199.4 kg·m-1。     

沙粒跃移轨迹参数的统计研究

高速频闪摄影从实验技术上加强了对沙粒跃移运动及其参数的研究,但因拍摄沙粒的成像点不完整又存在局限性,用曲线拟合高速频闪摄影的跃移沙粒轨迹可以补足缺失的成像点。本文对高速摄影的沙粒轨迹进行曲线拟合,从拟合曲线反求出沙粒的起跳角θ₀、上升段跃高H₁、上升段跃距L₁、沉降角θ_t、下降段跃高H₂、下降段跃距L₂,并对各参数进行统计分析,得出各参数间的函数关系式,为进一步研究颗粒跃移运动过程提供基础。     

脉动风场下风沙流结构的数值模拟

 基于野外观测实验和Langevin方程对风场脉动的描述, 研究了脉动风场下沙粒的跃移运动以及风沙流结构特征。结果表明,脉动风场对沙粒的跃移运动有着显著的影响,沙粒粒径越小,脉动风场对跃移运动轨迹的影响越大;考虑风场脉动时给出的风沙流结构具有明显的分层特征,并与实验测量结果吻合得更好。     

三维空间中沙粒旋转对其跃移轨迹的影响

风沙流中沙粒旋转通常具有明显的三维旋转特性。本文通过数值建模考察了三维空间中不同沙粒旋转状态所产生的Magnus力对其跃移运动轨迹特征的影响。在三维坐标系中,X、Y、Z轴分别表示水平、垂直和横向方向,气流沿X方向流动,沙粒起跳时位于XY平面内。结果表明,跃移沙粒仅绕Z轴旋转起跳时,初始起跳角速度的增大会导致在XY平面内的跃移高度和跃移距离减小而降落角增大,但Z方向没有运动发生。跃移沙粒仅绕X轴或Y轴旋转起跳时,绕X轴或Y轴的初始起跳角速度的变化对在XY平面内的跃移轨迹特征量没有显著影响,但沙粒偏离XY平面的偏离距离和偏离角的绝对值随起跳角速度绝对值的增加而增大。因此,沙粒起跳旋转状态对其跃移轨迹有重要的影响。     

风沙流中跃移沙粒冲击速度和角度联合概率分布风洞实验

近地表跃移沙粒速度和角度概率分布是连接风沙运动宏观研究和微观研究的桥梁，对沙粒跃移轨迹和输沙率分布有很大影响。但是，目前跃移沙粒冲击速度概率分布和角度概率分布之间的关系还不明确。使用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）测量了风洞沙床面1 mm高度处的跃移沙粒速度，通过分析各冲击速度对应的冲击角度的概率分布研究了沙粒冲击速度和角度的联合概率分布。结果表明：沙粒冲击速度概率分布可用对数正态函数描述，冲击角度概率分布可用指数函数描述；各冲击速度对应的冲击角度都符合指数函数分布，且其衰减速度随冲击速度增加而加快。这表明，冲击速度概率分布和冲击角度概率分布之间具有很强的相关性。最后分别给出了沙粒冲击速度和角度的独立假设概率分布和条件联合概率分布。     

Height profile of the mean velocity of an aeolian saltating cloud: Wind tunnel measurements by Particle Image Velocimetry

The velocity of saltating particles is an important parameter in studying the aeolian sand movement. We used Particle Image Velocimetry to measure the variation with height of the mean particle velocity of a saltating cloud over a loose sand surface in a wind tunnel. The results suggest that both the horizontal and vertical particle velocities fit the Gaussian distribution well, and that the mean particle velocity of a saltating cloud varies with wind velocity, particle size and the height above bed. The mean horizontal velocity is mainly the result of acceleration by the wind and increases with an increase in friction wind velocity but decreases with an increase in grain size because greater wind velocity causes more acceleration and finer particles are more easily accelerated at a given wind velocity. It also increases with an increase in height by a power function, in agreement with previous results obtained by other methods such as the high-speed multi-flash photographic method and Particle Dynamics Analyzer (PDA), reflecting, first, the increase in wind velocity with height through the boundary layer, and second, the longer trajectory-particle path length increases with height and affords a longer time for acceleration by the wind. An empirical model relating the mean horizontal particle velocity and height, friction wind velocity as well as particle size is developed. The ratio of the mean horizontal particle velocity to the clean wind velocity at the same height increases with height but decreases with grain size. The magnitude of mean vertical velocity is much less (one or two orders less) compared with the mean horizontal velocity. The average movement in the vertical direction of a saltating cloud is upward (the mean vertical velocity is positive). Although the upward velocity of a saltating particle should decrease with height due to gravity the mean vertical (upward) velocity (the average of both ascending and descending particles) generally shows a tendency to increase with height. It seems that at higher elevations the data are more and more dominated by the ‘high-flyers’. The underlying mechanism for the mean vertical velocity distribution patterns needs to be clarified by further study.     

高速影像中风沙颗粒灰度和表观粒径的变化特征及对多假设追踪算法的意义

沙粒轨迹形成过程是理解风沙两相流输运力学机制的关键问题。多假设追踪算法通过融合追踪目标的多个信息特征和建立后验概率控制的动态递归算法来实现对目标的准确追踪，其精度可能优于传统的基于位置信息的轨迹追踪算法。基于多假设追踪算法的需要，以沙粒灰度和表观粒径（沙粒在影像上显现的大小）为对象，通过分析沙粒在轨迹形成过程中灰度和表观粒径的辨识度及稳定性来揭示它们作为多假设轨迹算法的特征参数的可能性和可靠性。结果表明：沙粒灰阶25~255，具有多峰分布的特征，表明不同沙粒灰度具有很好的区分度；80%~85%的沙粒在入射、反弹过程及粒-床碰撞后，灰度差在1倍标准偏差之内，表明大多数沙粒的灰度具有相对的稳定性；沙粒的表观粒径分布于77~1 001 μm，表明表观粒径具有较好的区分度；97%~100%的沙粒在入射、反弹过程中、77%的沙粒在粒-床碰撞后，表观粒径差均是稳定的（77~154 μm）；仅有15%~23%的沙粒发生了显著的侧向运动或自旋，表明多数沙粒的灰度和表观粒径的稳定性不受侧向运动或自旋的影响；灰度和表观粒径可以作为多假设追踪算法的重要辨识参数。     

A parameterisation for the threshold shear velocity to initiate deflation of dry and wet sediment

A new parameterisation for the threshold shear velocity to initiate deflation of dry and wet particles is presented. It is based on the balance of moments acting on particles at the instant of particle motion. The model hence includes a term for the aerodynamic forces, including the drag force, the lift force and the aerodynamic-moment force, and a term for the interparticle forces. The effect of gravitation is incorporated in both terms. Rather than using an implicit function for the effect of the aerodynamic forces as reported earlier in literature, a constant aerodynamic coefficient was introduced. From consideration of the van der Waals force between two particles, it was further shown that the effect of the interparticle cohesion force between two dry particles on the deflation threshold should be inversely proportional to the particle diameter squared. The interparticle force was further extended to include wet bonding forces. The latter were considered as the sum of capillary forces and adhesive forces. A model that expresses the capillary force as a function of particle diameter squared and the inverse of capillary potential was deduced from consideration of the well-known model of Fisher and the Young–Laplace equation. The adhesive force was assumed to be equal to tensile strength, and a function which is proportional to particle diameter squared and the inverse of the potential due to adhesive forces was derived. By combining the capillary-force model and the adhesive force model, the interparticle force due to wet bonding was simplified and written as a function of particle diameter squared and the inverse of matric potential. The latter was loglinearly related to the gravimetric moisture content, a relationship that is valid in the low-moisture content range that is important in the light of deflation of sediment by wind. By introducing a correction to force the relationship to converge to zero moisture content at oven dryness, the matric potential–moisture content relationship contained only one unknown model parameter, viz. moisture content at −1.5 MPa. Working out the model led to a rather simple parameterisation containing only three coefficients. Two parameters were incorporated in the term that applies to dry sediment and were determined by using experimental data as reported by Iversen and White [Sedimentology 29 (1982) 111]. The third parameter for the wet-sediment part of the model was determined from wind-tunnel experiments on prewetted sand and sandy loam aggregates. The model was validated using data from wind-tunnel experiments on the same but dry sediment, and on data obtained from simulations with the model of Chepil [Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 20 (1956) 288]. The experiments showed that soil aggregates should be treated as individual particles with a density equal to their bulk density. Furthermore, it was shown that the surface had to dry to a moisture content of about 75% of the moisture content at −1.5 MPa before deflation became sustained. The threshold shear velocities simulated with our model were found to be in good agreement with own observations and with simulations using Chepil's model.     

沙粒起动风速的影响因素研究

通过对风场中沙床表面沙粒的受力分析,建立了坡面沙粒起动风速的理论公式,并将计算结果与已有实验研究结果进行了比较,结果表明,给出的理论计算公式是正确的。在此基础上,详细讨论了坡角、风向角、荷质比、电场力以及空气上升力对坡面沙粒起动风速的影响。其结果是：坡角一定时,沙粒的起动风速随风向角的增大而增大;风向一定时,背风坡沙粒的起动风速随坡角的增大而变小;弱电场中电场力对沙粒起动风速几乎没有影响,强电场中随着沙粒荷质比的增大,起动风速明显减小;空气上升力明显使沙粒起动风速减小。