基于农户视角的洪灾社会脆弱度及影响因素——以安康市4个滨河村庄为例

降低洪灾社会脆弱度是缓解洪灾社会影响,建立洪水韧性的重要途径。本文从敏感性、适应性和暴露度3个方面构建微观尺度下的洪灾社会脆弱度评价指标体系,以安康市4个滨河村庄为例,运用基于熵权的综合指数法评价农户的洪灾社会脆弱度,并通过BP神经网络分析厘清评价指标与社会脆弱度之间的重要性关系,识别出洪灾社会脆弱度的主要影响因素。据此提出相应的对策建议作为降低农户洪灾社会脆弱度的实践依据。研究表明：①案例村调研样本中近一半的农户处于高社会脆弱度等级,由此推算,研究区有715个农户具有较高的洪灾社会脆弱度;②受访者健康状况、防汛信息渠道、避灾疏散方式、建筑质量、是否有病残人口、家庭收入多样性、5岁以下幼儿比重和60岁以上老年人比重是农户社会脆弱度的主要影响因素;③基于农户视角的洪灾社会脆弱度评价能准确地识别出脆弱度较高的农户,其结果在降低洪灾社会脆弱度方面更具有现实意义。     

基于栅格的鄱阳湖生态经济区洪灾脆弱性评价

目前洪灾脆弱性研究主要是基于行政区划上的社会脆弱性评价,无法揭示评价单元内部脆弱性的空间分布。选取鄱阳湖生态经济区作为研究对象,根据人与环境系统的特点,选择影响洪灾脆弱性的15个变量,建立了基于栅格的洪灾脆弱性综合指数模型。结果表明,研究区域的洪灾脆弱性以中度脆弱为主,极度与高度脆弱区主要分布在人口密集的鄱阳湖东南与西南部的湖滨地区、主要河流的缓冲区以及土地利用类型为水田的区域。从脆弱性的3个要素(暴露度、敏感性和适应能力)的空间分布揭示了洪灾脆弱性空间分布形成的原因。基于栅格的评价结果,能够充分反映县市内部和行政边界处洪灾脆弱性的空间分布与变化情况。     

基于GIS的关中地区农业生产自然灾害风险综合评价研究

旱灾、洪灾等自然灾害对农业生产有重要影响,通过分析关中地区主要自然灾害类型,选择各类型灾害的主要影响因素,建立评价模型,对关中地区农业生产中可能遭受的自然灾害风险进行综合分析评价,结果表明:关中地区农业生产自然灾害综合风险总体较高,高、中、低级别风险区分别占研究区面积的28.2%、46.6%和25.2%,其中高风险区主要分布在凤县、太白县、麟游县以及陇县的北部地区,中风险区主要分布在台塬边缘区和低山地区,低风险区主要分布在关中盆地地区,从具体灾害类型上看,高风险区域主要面临地质灾害和水土流失的威胁,中风险区域主要灾害是水土流失和生态环境恶化,低风险区域则是干旱和洪涝灾害。     

黄土高原人口变化对县域经济系统脆弱性的影响研究

以黄土高原地区县域为例,利用敏感性?应对能力模型评估了黄土高原地区2000年以来县域经济脆弱性特征及其时空变化,并结合ArcGIS空间技术与灰色关联分析探究人口变化对县域经济脆弱性的影响作用。研究发现：① 2000年黄土高原县域经济脆弱性等级以低和较低脆弱性等级为主导,而2010年低脆弱度区域面积开始出现减少,中、高脆弱度区域面积显著增加,2017年低和较低脆弱性等级的区域占土地面积比例增加,中、高脆弱度区域面积下降。总体来说,2000—2017年黄土高原地区县域经济脆弱性整体呈现出“先升高再降低”的趋势。② 黄土高原县域经济脆弱性整体呈现“南高北低”的空间格局,处于高和较高水平的县区主要集中在甘肃东部部分县域和山西西部县域;中等水平的县区集中分布于甘肃省庆阳、平凉市东部县域、山西省大同、忻州市部分县域以及山西西部部分县域;省会城市所辖县区、地市周边地区的脆弱性水平最低。③ 表征人口变化的人口外流率、性别比和老年人口比重是影响黄土高原县域经济脆弱性关键因素,且不同时期人口变化对经济脆弱性的影响因素存在分异。     

张家界农户乡村旅游脆弱性评价与影响因素

以张家界7个村庄334户农户为研究对象，运用参与式农村评估法（PRA）、主成分分析法、聚类分析法和多元线性回归等方法，分析不同类型农户脆弱性指数以及脆弱性影响因素。研究结果表明：① 农户乡村旅游脆弱性类型可分为意识脆弱型、社交脆弱型、人力脆弱型、发展均衡型和全面脆弱型5种类型；② 总体脆弱性方面，不同类型农户的总体脆弱程度均为脆弱，各自脆弱性指数不一，且非旅游农户高于旅游农户；③ 因子脆弱性中除社交脆弱型农户的民俗文化因子脆弱性指数高于农户认知因子脆弱性外，其他类型农户的人力素质、社会网络、生计资本和农户认知等4个因子脆弱性指数均高于政策制度、生态环境和民俗文化等3个因子脆弱性指数；④ 人力、文化和生态等方面的因子是影响农户乡村旅游脆弱性的主要因素。最后，从提升生计资本、传承民俗文化和保护生态环境等方面提出降低农户乡村旅游脆弱性的几点建议。     

西藏自治区拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性评价与成因分析

构建了基于"敏感性—人为脆弱性"的脆弱性评价指标体系,运用ArcGIS的空间叠加分析和脆弱性评价模型,开展拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性评价,并运用障碍度计算方法,分析了影响脆弱性的主要因素。研究结果表明,拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性范围为0.115 3~0.742 7,可分为轻度脆弱、中度脆弱和重度脆弱3个等级,其中,中度脆弱面积最大,占湿地总面积的59.59%,集中分布在河谷区和高山盆地区,主要类型为藏北嵩草(Kobresia lit?tledalei)沼泽化草甸、杂类草湿草甸和河流;其次是轻度脆弱湿地,占湿地总面积的38.25%,主要分布于河源区的嘉黎县;重度脆弱湿地仅占2.16%,分布在河源区的那曲县和河谷区的桑日县。轻度和重度脆弱湿地的类型都以藏北嵩草沼泽化草甸、河流和湖泊为主。影响湿地脆弱性的主要因素有9个,其重要性从高到低依次为年降水量、污染源、牲畜密度、人均牧业产值、植被盖度、人均耕地面积、污水排放量、猪的密度和高程,其中,年降水量、放牧和植被盖度是普遍存在的最重要的影响因素。降低湿地脆弱性的关键在于保障水源供给、控制污染和限制过度放牧。     

南方丘陵区的生态脆弱度评估--以衡阳盆地为例

本文将生态脆弱性分为潜在脆弱性与现实脆弱性。根据南方丘陵易侵蚀退化脆弱区的脆弱因子分析,选择高度、坡度、土壤可蚀性K值、降雨量、暴雨量、多雨期降雨比重和少雨期干旱指数为潜在生态脆弱度指标;选取森林覆盖率和坡耕地指数作为现实脆弱度评估的人为修正指标,计算现实生态脆弱度。计算结果显示,衡阳盆地大部分的潜在生态脆弱性为轻度脆弱,其中盆地中部的衡南县脆弱度最大,衡阳县次之;无论1984年还是2000年的现实生态脆弱度,均以衡南县最大,祁东县次之;各县2000年的现实脆弱度均比1984年有所下降,其中下降幅度最大的是衡阳县,下降幅度最小的是衡南县。     

县域尺度下的陕西省洪涝灾害风险评估及区划

洪涝灾害风险评估和区划研究对区域洪灾综合管理具有重要意义。以陕西省洪涝灾害气候背景和社会经济环境为基础,利用辖区内34个气象测站1954-2015年、月降水数据和2015年社会经济统计资料,运用自然灾害风险评估理论及方法,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露性和防灾减灾能力4个子系统选取17个评价指标,建立洪涝灾害风险评价指标体系,借助GIS技术进行洪涝灾害风险评估和区划。结果表明：（1）陕西省洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性等级自北向南呈递增趋势,高和次高危险区分布在陕南地区和关中盆地西部。（2）孕灾环境脆弱性空间分布差异较大,高和次高脆弱区分布在榆林北部长城沿线各县、延安市区、关中盆地渭河沿岸主要区县、陕南汉中盆地和安康市区。（3）承灾体暴露性各区县分布不均,大部分市区和农业发达地区暴露程度较高。（4）城市和经济发达地区防灾减灾能力较高,其他地区相对较低。（5）陕西省洪涝灾害综合风险等级表征为陕南汉江谷地、丹江流域和关中盆地渭河沿岸区县偏高,其他区县相对偏低。总体来看,中等以上风险区县占陕西省所辖区县的61.54%,其中陕南汉江谷地、丹江流域、关中盆地西部和渭南市应为陕西省洪涝灾害防范的重点区域。     

新疆2001-2010年农业气候干旱脆弱性分析

选取新疆维吾尔自治区14个地（州）为研究对象,从农业气候干旱的敏感性和恢复力2个角度选取10个指标,对该区2001-2010年的农业气候干旱脆弱性进行评价。通过计算新疆各地（州）农业气候干旱脆弱度并绘制新疆农业气候干旱脆弱性区划图,分析该区农业气候干旱脆弱性的年际变化和地域分布特点及规律,初步探讨了其成因,提出缓解新疆农业气候干旱脆弱性的科学对策。结果表明：新疆各地区农业气候干旱脆弱度在时间尺度存在差异性变化,并存在显著地域性差异,总体呈现出 “东高西低,南高北低”的分布状况,主要原因不仅有地形、水文和气候等自然环境因素的差异,还包括经济产业结构、科学技术研究、灌溉设施、全民意识和政策管理等社会经济因素,可以通过采用先进技术和高效管理措施、根据气候采取种植结构格局和方式、合理开采高效利用水资源、增强全民生态保护意识等措施,缓解干旱影响、降低区域干旱脆弱性。     

基于SRP模型的自然灾害多发区生态脆弱性时空分异研究——以辽宁省朝阳县为例北大核心CSCD

依据辽宁省朝阳县生态环境特点,利用朝阳县2003、2006、2009、2012年4个年份的气候、降水量、遥感影像、土壤与数字高程模型（DEM）等基础数据,利用GIS结合SRP模型研究辽宁省朝阳县2003~2012年间的生态脆弱性。研究表明：1 2003、2006、2009年朝阳县的生态脆弱性呈逐年恶化趋势,2006、2009年微度脆弱的面积较2003、2006年分别有所减小,比率分别为15.99%,10.86%;2006、2009年轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱、极度脆弱的面积较2003、2006年均出现不同程度的增加,其中,生态脆弱性偏高的地方主要分布在工业发达、人口众多、地势较高的城乡住宅用地及农业区。到2012年朝阳县生态脆弱性开始有所好转。2胜利乡是生态脆弱性最严重的地区,极度脆弱、重度脆弱、中度脆弱的面积分布中胜利乡均分布最多,比率分别为14.15%,10.26%,8.84%,七道岭乡是生态脆弱性最弱的地区,微度脆弱比率为6.42%。     

鄱阳湖区洪灾风险与农户脆弱性分析

This paper quantitatively explores farmers' vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps,which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly,the spatial extent and charac-teristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from the 1:50,000 topographic map. Secondly,for each of the township,six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are: rural population proportion,cultivated land proportion,GDP per unit area,employment proportion of primary industry,net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly,the normalized indices (as GIS data layers) were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coeffi-cient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers' livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the "five rivers".     

Farmers&rsquo|vulnerability to flood risk: A case study in the Poyang Lake Region

This paper quantitatively explores farmers’ vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps, which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly, the spatial extent and charac-teristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from the 1:50,000 topographic map. Secondly, for each of the township, six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are: rural population proportion, cultivated land proportion, GDP per unit area, employment proportion of primary industry, net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly, the normalized indices (as GIS data layers) were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coeffi-cient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers’ livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the “five rivers”.     

Farmers＇ vulnerability to flood risk： A case study in the Poyang Lake Region

This paper quantitatively explores farmers＇ vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region （PLR） with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps, which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly, the spatial extent and characteristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model （DEM） derived from the 1：50,000 topographic map. Secondly, for each of the township, six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are： rural population proportion, cultivated land proportion, GDP per unit area, employment proportion of primary industry, net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly, the normalized indices （as GIS data layers） were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coefficient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers＇ livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the ＂five rivers＂.     

Assessing and mapping human well-being for sustainable development amid flood hazards: Poyang Lake Region of China

Less developed places that are affected by climatic impacts face great challenges to future development. Place-based assessments that look at both the development level and climatic impacts on development are important for understanding the current state of human well-being and generating insights into how to facilitate sustainable development in the future. We carry out an assessment of human well-being in the Poyang Lake Region of China (PLR), using GIS, remote sensing, and socio-economic data. We measure human well-being in three aspects of (i) development level, (ii) exposure of development to flooding, and (iii) sensitivity of development to flooding. Following the United Nations Development Programme's human development index, we examine development through measures of life expectancy, literacy, and income. We first use a digital elevation model and GIS data on levees to map flood hazard in PLR. Based on the flood hazard map, we then derive quantitative measures of exposure and sensitivity of the development in a town to flooding. Our assessment indicates that development in PLR overall is highly exposed and sensitive to flooding. There are significant variations in different aspects of human well-being among the 298 towns in the region. These variations suggest different sustainable development pathways and policy interventions for different places. We discuss the potential usefulness of our approach for other similar places.     

环鄱阳湖区农家菜地土壤重金属风险评价及来源分析

通过评价环鄱阳湖区10个县农家菜地土壤样品重金属的潜在生态风险,分析其与9个社会经济指标间的灰色关联度来探讨重金属的污染来源。结果显示,鄱阳湖区各菜地土壤中Cd的超标情况最严重,超标率达到90%,除部分地区Cu超标外,其余重金属均未超标。鄱阳湖区农家菜地土壤达到轻微生态风险,工业较发达地区重金属生态风险较大于工业落后地区,工业发展情况对湖区的空间污染分异有较大影响。蔬菜产量、工业发展情况、城镇化率、交通业发展情况和菜地土壤不同种重金属具有较高关联度,而地区生产总值、农药使用量对各种重金属含量的影响最弱。     

城乡融合视角下黄河流域镇域经济的空间格局及其影响因素

基于城乡融合视角,通过多种渠道搜集镇域农民人均纯收入数据,分析黄河流域镇域经济的空间格局及其影响因素。具体而言,以农民人均纯收入为基础指标,以国镇比（全国城镇居民的平均收入与乡镇农民人均纯收入之比）、省镇比（省域城镇居民的平均收入与乡镇农民人均纯收入之比）、市镇比（市域城镇居民的平均收入与乡镇农民人均纯收入之比）、县镇比（县域城镇居民的平均收入与乡镇农民人均纯收入之比）为城乡融合下的镇域经济测度指标,分析黄河流域7 098个镇域单元组成的经济空间格局,进而探讨其影响因素。结果表明：（1）从国镇比下的城乡融合水平看,大多数地区的城乡收入差距较大,表明流域整体的城乡融合水平普遍较低。从空间分布看,低融合水平区主要分布在内蒙古以南、河南以西的广大地区并形成连绵集聚片区,高融合水平区主要分布在山东大部、河南中部及西部、内蒙古局部。省镇比、市镇比、县镇比下的空间分异格局与国镇比保持较高的一致性,不同的是随着参照指标的进一步缩小,各水平区集聚的程度有所弱化。（2）从空间关联格局看,国镇比、省镇比、县镇比下城乡融合发展水平的空间集聚效应明显,主要以显著高-高（HH）区、显著低-低（LL）区为关联类型。国镇比下的显著LL区分布在山东大部、河南中部及北部、内蒙古局部,而显著HH区集中出现在山西外围、甘肃、青海南部。（3）基于最小二乘法、空间滞后模型、空间误差模型等定量分析发现,整体分异格局主要受二三产业从业人员、建镇区人口占比、人均工业产值、二三产业从业人员占比的影响最为显著,工业生产总值、建镇区面积占比仅起基础性影响。     

城市山洪灾害风险评价——以云南省文山县城为例

山洪灾害风险评价对于减灾防灾决策和管理非常重要。本文介绍基于遥感和GIS方法的应用,探讨一种快速、简便而且较为准确的城市山洪灾害风险评价方法。以发生于1998年7月26日文山城20年一遇山洪灾害为实例,将GIS的数字高程模型与实测的山洪水位和洪峰流量结合进行淹没分析,研究表明采用该方法可以模拟准确山洪泛滥范围,并计算淹没水深分布。根据不同水深指标,应用GIS工具完成了山洪灾害危险分区。本研究利用高分辨率遥感影像提供承灾体类型的可靠和准确数据用于易损性分析和期望损失评估的价值计算。根据典型区财产损失的抽样调查,建立了不同承灾体类型与水深的关系,并确定其损失率;应用GIS空间数据处理和分析的集成方法完成了复杂的损失评估。在此基础上,按期望损失程度进行分区划分而完成山洪风险评价。研究结果表明基于GIS和RS方法进行山洪风险评价效果良好,值得推广应用于其他洪水泛滥区。     

鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能空间辨识

根据千年生态系统评估提出的评估概念框架,考察鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能的形成机理,构建了鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能表征指标体系,并利用多主题1km栅格成分数据模型,采用主成分分析法提取了鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能综合表征指标。在此基础上,通过空间聚类分析,形成了鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能分区,实现了各分区单元上生态系统服务功能的空间辨识。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能包括了支持功能、供给功能、调节功能和文化功能,它们在空间上的排列组合形成了鄱阳湖湖区的10个生态系统服务功能分区,本文辨识了鄱阳湖湖区精细栅格水平上核心生态系统服务功能之间的差异及其空间分异特征。本研究提出的生态系统服务功能分区及其空间辨识方案,为鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能的开发与保育提供决策参考信息。     

鄱阳湖流域史前人类遗址时空分布及其环境响应（英文）

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.