云南红河流域径流的时空分布变化规律

利用红河流域32个气象站1960-2000年逐月降水、气温、蒸发等实测资料,元江、李仙江和盘龙河1956-2000年径流量资料,使用GIS技术支持以及Kendall检验法、方差分析法、累积距平法,分析云南红河流域径流的时空变化规律,重点探讨径流时空分布变化与红河流域河谷与山脉的"通道-阻隔"作用的关联,得出如下结论:(1)在红河流域河谷与山脉的"通道-阻隔"作用的影响下,降水量和径流深等值线在空间上呈西北-东南向分布,分布模式与河谷/山脉的走向基本一致,并在哀牢山北段和李仙江下游地区形成两个高值区.(2)在多年平均尺度上,红河流域河谷与山脉的"通道-阻隔"作用对径流变化的地域差异影响最大,其次是降雨,对气温则不明显:李仙江的降水量明显大于哀牢山东部的元江和盘龙河区,其降水量变化的相对偏差则小于它们,反映出哀牢山的阻隔效应;三个区的平均气温差别不大,反映出在较大的时间尺度上受该区特殊环境格局的"通道-阻隔"作用不明显;多数降雨、径流和气温特征值及其出现时间的变化,在盘龙河与元江及李仙江都明显不同,反映出红河流域山脉的阻隔作用明显.(3)在区域气候变化及红河流域河谷与山脉"通道-阻隔"作用的叠加影响下,红河流域的径流变化在东西方向上差异明显:沿红河断裂发育的元江流域的径流量表现出上升的趋势,而西部的李仙江和东部的盘龙河径流量呈现出减少的趋势;元江和李仙江的年径流有一个准5年的变化周期,而盘龙河则有一个准8年的变化周期;三个区域的径流量变化表现出不一致的阶段性.     

红河流域气温和蒸发量时空变化分析

使用研究区44个气象站1960-2000年的逐月20cm蒸发皿蒸发量、气温的实测资料,分析了红河流域气温和蒸发量的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）红河流域年均气温呈上升的趋势,1960-2000年间年均气温上升了约0．52℃;其中20世纪60年代和70年代气温变化不大,80年代和90年代急剧上升;季节上以夏季上升趋势最为显著,气候倾向率为0．14℃／10a。（2）红河流域年均蒸发量呈下降的趋势,40年间下降了约45．52mm;其中60年代和70年代相差不大,80年代急剧下降,到90年代有所上升;季节上以春季和夏季下降趋势显著,气候倾向率分别为-1.63mm／10a和-7．63mm／10a。（3）年均气温和蒸发量变化的趋势具有明显的空间分布差异。全流域气温的气候倾向率在-0．21℃／10a-0．35℃／10a,主要的增温区域分布在李仙江和藤条江地区。蒸发量的气候倾向率在-48mm／10a～11mm／10a,蒸发量明显减少区域主要分布在李仙江下游的江城、元江流域的楚雄、元阳、河口和盘龙河流域的文山地区。     

近40年和田河流域土地利用动态变化及其生态环境效应

通过对新疆和田河流域近40年来土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)特点进行分析,研究其生态环境效应.通过对和田河流域上游、中游、下游土地利用变化的变化幅度、变化速度、综合动态度及区域差异分析,结果表明:(1)全流域、上游、中游和下游土地利用变化的幅度和速度均发生较大变化,全流域综合动态度为0.16,上游为0.08,中游为0.26,下游为0.16,并且存在明显的空间差异,上游相对变化率为0.5,中游为1.625,下游为1.0.(2)土地利用结构变化表现为林地、草地和水域明显减少,耕地、城镇用地和未利用地增加,反映出区域城镇化进程的加快和生态环境恶化的趋势.(3)上游山地生态系统冰川退缩、天然植被退化;中游绿洲生态系统耕地扩张迅速,土壤盐渍化,人工渠、水库增加显著;下游荒漠生态系统植被退化,水资源严重不足,土地沙化.     

开都河流域上下游过去50 a气温降水变化特征分析

利用开都河流域上下游4个气象台站（上游巴音布鲁克,下游焉耆、和静、和硕）1960-2009年的气温、降水资料,采用趋势分析与距平等统计方法,分析了近50 a来开都河流域的主要气象要素变化特征。研究发现：（1）1960-2009年开都河流域上下游年平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,增长强度分别为0.27 ℃/10 a和0.22 ℃/10 a。2000年后气温升高尤其显著,上游和下游的气温分别较50 a平均水平偏高0.97 ℃和0.69 ℃。该流域年最高温没有明显增加,而上下游年最低气温分别上升0.41 ℃/10 a和0.61 ℃/10 a,并与年平均气温有较好的相关性。通过对不同年代际各月气温的分析,发现该地区气温季节性特征在过去50 a发生了明显的变化。主要表现为冬季气温总体上升,夏季气温相对稳定,冬季与夏季温差逐渐减小,季节性呈变弱趋势。上游年代际间气温季节变化较下游更明显;（2）开都河流域降水主要集中在夏季,近50 a上下游降水量均呈增加趋势且上游达显著水平。上下游在降水分布及变化特征上有较大差异,上游年平均降水总量（273 mm）明显高于下游（77 mm）,且上游降水量增加强度（9.13 mm/10 a）高于下游（5.34 mm/10 a）。降水量年代际之间有一定差异,降水波动主要是在夏季,上游降水量的波动性大于下游。     

松花江区气象水文干旱演变特征

采用标准化降水蒸散指数和径流干旱指数分析了1961~2010年研究区水文干旱和气象干旱时空演变特征,并探讨了水文干旱与气象干旱的关系。结果表明：① 1961~2010年松花江区呈总体干旱化且又有明显时段性的特征,其中1967~1983年和1996~2010年气象干旱频发、覆盖范围广、持续时间长且强度大;其它时段气象干旱少有发生。其次,气象干旱空间分布差异明显,东部的平均干旱频次和强度都大于西部地区,中部（嫩江流域中下游）平均干旱持续时间最长;但在嫩江流域和黑龙江上游地区干旱略有减弱趋势。② 松花江流域和挠力河流域水文干旱呈加剧的趋势,尤其是近15 a干旱化趋势明显;挠力河流域干旱频发、强度大且持续时间很长。松花江流域水文干旱程度弱于挠力河流域,但极端水文干旱事件频发。 ③ 松花江区气象干旱与水文干旱密切相关,嫩江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱2个月,而第二松花江流域和松花江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱3个月;挠力河流域水文干旱与气象干旱无明显的时滞相关性。     

近50a青藏高原东部夏半年强降水事件的气候特征

基于青藏高原东部47个站点1963-2012年的5~9月逐日降水资料,分析了近50 a该区夏半年强降水的时空分布特征和相对强度。结果表明:青藏高原东部夏半年强降水事件在7月出现的频次最多,以持续1 d的单站暴雨为主;强降水量和频次在近50 a呈弱增长趋势,其存在准12 a的年代际震荡,且在1978年之后,强降水量同时存在大致准3 a的演变周期,在各自然分带强降水量和频次的变化趋势存在差异;夏半年强降水量和频次呈现出自东南向西北阶梯性递减的分布特征;青藏高原东部夏半年强降水的相对强度与强降水量呈反向特征,其中以柴达木地区相对强度为最大,藏东川西区为最少;各自然分带的强降水量和频次与夏半年降水量有很好的相关关系,而强降水的相对强度与夏半年降水量表现出不同的正负相关性。     

基于地形特征的流域水文相似性

流域地形控制着地表径流的路径和累积水量的空间分布。地形指数ln(a/tanβ)反映了径流在流域中任一点的累积趋势以及重力使径流顺坡移动的趋势,流域地形可以用地形指数的空间分布来表示。地形指数可用作水文相似性指数,即具有相同地形指数的点对降雨具有相同的水文响应。TOPMODEL利用地形指数频率分布计算流域径流过程,可以认为:具有相同地形指数频率分布的流域具有水文相似性。分析认为长江流域上游的沿渡河流域与香溪河流域具有水文相似性,利用香溪河流域率定的模型参数计算的沿渡河流域径流过程,与实测过程拟合较好     

汾河流域降水变化趋势的气候分析

利用汾河流域39个测站近45 a(1956-2000年)的月降水量资料,采用线性趋势估计、T显著性检验和多项式回归方法分析了降水时空变化。结果表明,汾河流域降水空间分布南多北少、由下游向上游逐渐减少。年、汛期(6～9月)降水量呈逐年减少趋势,且在全流域具有普遍性,平均降水倾向系数-26．1 mm/10 a、-22．2 mm/10 a,流域趋于干旱化。20世纪50、60年代流域降水偏多,70、80年代接近常年水平,90年代偏少最甚。气候跃变参数结果显示,汾河流域汛期降水没有跃变。     

基于综合气象干旱指数的海河流域干旱特征分析

基于海河流域30个气象站点1960-2014年的气象数据,计算各站历年逐日的综合气象干旱指数(CI)值,并对等级划分标准进行修正,统计了近55 a各站点出现的干旱过程,对海河流域干旱的持续时间、强度、发生频率和覆盖面积百分率进行了分析,揭示了海河流域干旱的变化特征。结果表明:(1)近55 a海河流域干旱严重程度趋于上升且发生范围广泛。该流域干旱持续时间和干旱强度均呈增加的趋势。海河流域的干旱在四季均有发生,其中冬旱最为严重,夏旱严重程度较低。(2)海河流域干旱程度呈现出高频低强度、低频高强度的空间分布特征。干旱持续时间和干旱强度在空间上均表现为南高北低的分布规律,而年干旱发生频率呈现出北高南低的分布规律。     

1951-2012年渭河流域降水频次变化特征分析

利用渭河流域26个气象站点1951-2012年的逐日及逐年降水数据,分析流域降水频次的变化特征及其相关影响。结果表明：（1）年降水频次在空间上表现出由北向南逐渐递增的趋势,最高年降水频次为111.39 d·a^-1,最低年降水频次为67.77 d·a^-1。强降水频次在空间上表现出由西北向东南逐渐递增的趋势,高值区最高年强降水频次为8.10 d·a^-1,低值区最低年强降水频次为1.99 d·a^-1。（2）年降水量与强降水频次Pearson相关系数>0的区域占到总流域面积的96.59%,>0.6～<1的区域占到了总面积的74.14%,呈现为强相关或者极强相关,Pearson相关系数为负数,且呈现强相关或极强相关的区域只占到了总面积的0.8%。（3）强降水频次在一定阶段符合幂律分布。在拟合趋势线中间会发生转折点,强降水频次的规模较大时,拟合方程为y=198.9x-1.199（R²=0.901 8,P<0.01）,强降水频次较小时拟合方程为y=113 466x-5.402（R²=0.983,P<0.01）。幂律分布规律可以深层次的解释强降水是引发渭河流域洪灾的重要影响因素。     

1956-2000年云南红河流域径流的时空分布

This paper studies the variation of runoff of Red River Basin and discusses the influence of＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains on variation of runoff by using GIS and statistic methods based on the monthly precipitation,temperature and evaporation data from 1960 to 2000 at 32 meteorological stations in Red River Basin,and the annual runoff data of Yuanjiang River,Lixian River and Panlong River from 1956 to 2000.The results show out：（1）Under the effect of＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the patterns of annual precipitation and runoff depth distribution in spatial change a NW-SE direction,which is similar with the trend of the Red River valley and Ailao mountains.（2）In the long temporal scale averaged over years,the most obvious effects of the＂corridor-barrier＂functions is on runoff variation,and the second is on the precipitation, but not obvious on the temperature.（3）Under the superposed effect of climate changes and the＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the difference of runoff variation is obvious in the east-west direction：the runoff variation of Yuanjiang River along the Red River Fault present an ascending trend,but the Lixian River on the west side of the Fault and the Panlong River on the east present a descending trend;the annual runoff in Yuanjiang River and Panlong River had a quasi-5a periods,and Panlong River had a quasi-8a periods;the runoff variation are quite inconsistent in different periods among the three river basins.     

Spatial and temporal variation of runoff of Red River Basin in Yunnan

This paper studies the variation of runoff of Red River Basin and discusses the influence of “corridor-barrier” functions of valleys and mountains on variation of runoff by using GIS and statistic methods based on the monthly precipitation, temperature and evaporation data from 1960 to 2000 at 32 meteorological stations in Red River Basin, and the annual runoff data of Yuanjiang River, Lixian River and Panlong River from 1956 to 2000. The results show out: (1) Under the effect of “corridor-barrier” functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin, the patterns of annual precipitation and runoff depth distribution in spatial change a NW–SE direction, which is similar with the trend of the Red River valley and Ailao mountains. (2) In the long temporal scale averaged over years, the most obvious effects of the “corridor-barrier” functions is on runoff variation, and the second is on the precipitation, but not obvious on the temperature. (3) Under the superposed effect of climate changes and the “corridor-barrier” functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin, the difference of runoff variation is obvious in the east–west direction: the runoff variation of Yuanjiang River along the Red River Fault present an ascending trend, but the Lixian River on the west side of the Fault and the Panlong River on the east present a descending trend; the annual runoff in Yuanjiang River and Panlong River had a quasi-5a periods, and Panlong River had a quasi-8a periods; the runoff variation are quite inconsistent in different periods among the three river basins.     

1961—2016年中国昼夜降水变化的时空格局

全球气候变暖背景下中国降水量变化的区域差异显著。基于1961—2016年期间,全国763个观测台站白昼和夜间的降水观测数据,分别从昼夜降水量、降水日数、降水强度以及对总降水量的贡献率等四个方面,解读中国九大流域昼夜降水变化的时空格局。结果表明：① 昼夜降水量变化的流域差异显著,可归纳为四种类型：昼夜同增型、昼夜同减型、昼增夜减型和昼减夜增型。② 流域总降水量变化与昼夜降水量密切相关。淮河流域降水量减少是由白昼降水量（-0.72 mm/a）减少所致,而黄河流域降水量减少则是由夜间降水量（-0.21 mm/a）减少所致。③ 干旱区、半干旱区及半湿润区的流域,昼夜大雨的雨量要高于昼夜暴雨;湿润区的流域,则表现为昼夜暴雨的雨量要高于昼夜大雨,尤其是珠江流域和东南诸河流域。④ 从全国尺度来看,白昼大雨、夜间大雨和暴雨对总降水量的贡献率超过10%,而白昼暴雨的贡献率约10%。湿润区流域昼夜暴雨对总降水量的贡献率高于昼夜大雨对总降水量的贡献率,而干旱区-半干旱区流域则相反。研究结果有助于深化认识全球变暖对区域日降水循环的影响。     

Quantitative characterization and comprehensive evaluation of regional water resources using the Three Red Lines method

Based on the synergetic development of new industrialization, rapid urbanization and agricultural modernization (IUAM), and from the viewpoint of interactive relationships between water resources and regional population, eco-environment, economy and society, the concepts of water resources intensity (WRI), water environment intensity (WEI), water resources relative efficiency (WRRE) and water environment relative efficiency (WERE) are defined with reference to energy intensity, resources efficiency and environment efficiency theory. On the basis of benchmarking theory, the quantitative characterization and evaluation method of “Three Red Lines” (the upper limit of water resources allocation, the baseline of utilization efficiency of water resources and the upper limit of sewage discharge) is proposed. According to these concepts and models, an empirical analysis of the Three Red Lines of water resources on the Chinese mainland between 2003 and 2012 was carried out. The results showed that total water consumption in eastern, central and western parts of China possesses “club convergence” characteristics, which means these areas have similar internal conditions appeared convergence in the development. Inter-provincial differences in water consumption continue to decrease, but the north–south differentiation characteristics in the eastern and central regions were still relatively obvious, while provincial differences in the eastern part were at a minimum and the central region had the largest. Water Resources Efficiency (WRE) of all four sectors in the Southwest rivers and Huaihe River basins were generally high. Industrial WRRE in the Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, agricultural WRRE in the Songhua River, Yellow River and northwestern river basins and domestic WRRE in the Liaohe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins were all low. Eco-environmental WRRE in the southeastern rivers and Yangtze River basins were low but showed an upward trend. Other river basins, except for the Northwestern rivers basin, had high eco-environmental WRRE with a downward trend. Western China, especially the northwestern part, had a low relative intensity of the water environment (WERI) and high integrated water environment management (IWEM) performance, but the relative intensities of the water resources (WRRI) were fairly high, and the comprehensive performance of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in these regions was low. In southern China, especially the southeastern part, the IWEM was fairly high, but the overall IWRM was lower.     

1960—2017年太湖流域不同等级降水时空特征

基于太湖流域1960—2017年逐日降水数据，运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、R/S分析等方法，分析太湖流域不同等级降水的时空变化特征，并探讨了不同等级降水对年降水的影响。结果表明：1）近60年来，流域小雨发生率最高，为73.55%；年总降水量中，中雨量所占比例最大，为32.05%。小雨发生率呈显著减少趋势，暴雨贡献率呈显著增加趋势。2）太湖流域大雨、暴雨的降水量和降水日数都呈显著增加，小雨日数显著减少，小雨强度、年总降水强度显著增强。3）不同等级降水变化趋势的空间分布存在明显差异。小雨日数与年总降水日数，以及小雨强度与年总降水强度的变化趋势空间格局相一致。中雨日数、大雨日数、暴雨日数变化趋势的空间分布与其对应的降水量变化趋势的空间格局相似。4）R/S分析结果显示，小雨、暴雨、年总降水相关指标（小雨量除外）都表现出较强的持续性，未来变化趋势与过去相一致。5）近60年来，太湖流域年总降水量、降水日数、年总降水强度的变化，分别受中雨量、小雨日数、暴雨量的影响较大。在旱年流域年降水量偏少受大雨量减少的影响较大，而涝年年降水量偏多受暴雨增加的影响较大。     

1956-2000年中国潜在蒸散量时空变化特征

1 Introduction Evaporation is one of the important components in the water and heat balances. The transpiration of vegetation and evaporation from soil are collectively called evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration is not only the theoretical li…     

Spatial and temporal variations and controlling factors of potential evapotranspiration in China: 1956-2000

Based on the climatic data of 580 stations in China during 1956 and 2000, potential evapotranspiration are calculated using the Penman-Monteith Method recommended by FAO. The spatial and temporal distributions of the potential evapotranspiration over China and the temporal trends of the regional means for 10 major river basins and whole China are analyzed. Through a partial correlation analysis, the major climate factors which affect the temporal change of the potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. Major results are drawn as follows: 1) The seasonal and annual potential evapotranspiration for China as a whole and for most basins show decline tendencies during the past 45 years; for the Songhua River Basin there appears a slightly increasing trend. 2) Consequently, the annual potential evapotranspirations averaged over 1980-2000 are lower than those for the first water resources assessment (1956-1979) in most parts of China. Exceptions are found in some areas of Shandong Peninsula, western and middle basins of the rivers in Southwest China, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as well as the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, which may have brought about disadvantages to the exploration and utilization of water resources. 3) Generally, sunshine duration, wind speed and relative humidity have greater impact on the potential evapotranspiration than temperature. Decline tendencies of sunshine duration and/or wind speed in the same period appear to be the major causes for the negative trend of the potential evapotranspiration in most areas.     

汾河流域城市化与水资源耦合协调关系研究

通过构建汾河流域城市化与水资源系统指标体系,利用综合评价法对2010—2019年汾河流域城市化和水资源综合水平的变化趋势进行分析,在此基础上构建耦合协调度模型,分析汾河流域城市化与水资源的耦合协调关系。结果表明：汾河流域城市化综合指数整体呈上升趋势,城市化子系统重要程度表现为经济城市化>社会城市化>空间城市化>人口城市化;水资源综合指数呈波动上升趋势,水资源子系统重要程度呈现出水资源利用>水资源水平>水资源保护,水资源环境不断优化,2013年出现短期下降,主要受水资源量和用水量等要素的影响;从时间上看,2010—2019年汾河流域城市化与水资源耦合协调度不断提高,经历了从2010年低水平轻度失调到2019年高水平协调发展过程;空间上,2010—2019年汾河流域六市城市化与水资源耦合协调度不断提升,吕梁、太原、忻州达到良好协调水平,临汾、运城处于勉强协调水平,而晋中则处于磨合阶段的濒临失调水平。     

金沙江石鼓-宜宾段河谷-水系演化研究综述与讨论

有关金沙江形成演化研究的历史已有百年之久,近十年来更是地学界研究热点之一,产出成果颇为丰硕。该文在对一个多世纪以来有关金沙江研究成果分析基础上,勾绘出金沙江石鼓-宜宾段上新世以来的河谷形成演化过程,基本观点为:全新世之前该区存在数条并列南流水系;上新世末-早更新世初,湖泊广泛发育;早更新世中后期,金沙江经丽江-鹤庆,于金江街附近汇入昔格达古湖;早更新世末期,昔格达古湖被切穿泄空,金沙江下游袭夺连通;中更新晚期,石鼓以南的东西向隆起使金沙江南流受阻,被动袭夺至水洛河,并于三江口与下游川江连通,至此形成真正具有现代意义的金沙江。