Silica oxygen isotope record of core PC10 diatoms

ＳｉｌｉｃａｏｘｙｇｅｎｉｓｏｔｏｐｅｒｅｃｏｒｄｏｆｃｏｒｅＰＣ１０ｄｉａｔｏｍｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＢｒａｎｓｆｉｅｌｄＳｔｒａｉｔ,Ａｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａａｎｄｉｔｓａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｓｅｄｉｍｅｎ┐ｔｏｌｏｇｙＤｕａｎＷｅｉｗｕ（段威武）ａｎ...     

北冰洋西部楚科奇海盆晚第四纪生源沉积物及其古海洋学意义

通过北冰洋西部楚科奇海盆M03孔晚第四纪以来生源沉积物,有孔虫丰度和冰筏碎屑(Ice．Rafted Detritus,IRD)的综合研究表明,海洋氧同位素(Marine Isotope Stage,MIS)7期以来,碳酸钙(CaCO )含量和浮游有孔虫丰度在间冰期的增加和冰期的降低,分别指示大西洋水输入的加强和减弱。而有机碳(TOC)和生源蛋白石(Biogenic Opa1)含量的变化可能主要与输入到海底的TOC降解和Opal溶解作用与底层水中的溶解氧有关。间冰期低的TOC和Opal含量可能反映楚
科奇海盆海冰覆盖减少,营养盐供给多,表层生产力增加,通气作用好,底层水富氧,降解和溶解作用增强,保存在沉积物中的TOC和Opal减少;而冰期相对高的TOC和Opal含量可能反映楚科奇海盆海冰覆盖时间较长,营养盐供给少,表层生产力较低,通气作用差,底层水少氧,降解和溶解作用减弱,保存在沉积物中的TOC和Opal增多。     

西南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡PC10孔硅藻氧同位素记录及其沉积学意义

对采自西南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡ＰＣ１０孔的５１个硅藻样品进行了氧同位素分析，结果揭示，柱状样氧同位素曲线可划分为５期，记录了区内近１１２．５ｋａ来的沉积，包括了一个冰期／间冰期旋回和一个冰后期。间冰期的沉积速率高于冰期，推测这与间冰期（暖期）筏冰物质及生物硅质源的供应较冰期（冷期）更丰富所致。     

15万年以来极地冰芯、黄土、深海沉积的对比研究与全球变化

由极地冰芯记录、中纬黄土记录和深海沉积记录的对比可得，１５万年以来全球变化的基本框架为：末次间冰期，从距今１４万年开始到约１２．５万年达鼎盛，可分为五个阶段，即冰芯中三次高温期夹两次低温期；黄土中三层古土壤夹两层黄土；深海沉积中三次高海面夹两次低海面。末次冰期，距今８万年到１万年，可分为三个阶段，早、晚冰段和中间的间冰段。早、晚冰段盛期气候寒冷程度相当，但晚冰段最低温持续期更长，造成海面比早期更低。中间的间冰段，至少可分为７个亚段，即４次暖期（４次弱成土古土壤）夹３次冷期。全新世与末次间冰期对比，总体气候变化较平缓。在上述基本框架中，近几年发现，在末次冰期存在许多短周期、高频快速变化事件。这些事件，温度变化幅度达７℃，变化速率为几年到几十年，对应的环境变化速率可能更快。这些事件的引发机理目前还不清楚，有待进一步研究。     

陕西黄土高原晚更新世环境变化

岐山剖面孢粉分析表明,黄土高原东南部晚更新世植被与气候变化可分为７个阶段和１３个小阶段。其中末次冰期的３个冷干阶段和２个温湿阶段被分别命名为秦家寨,岐山,坡头冰阶和尚家坡,杨家湾间冰阶。冰阶的植被以温带森林草原为主,间冰阶的植被以落叶阔叶林为主。     

A GLACIAL STAGE SPANNING THE ANTARCTIC COLD REVERSAL IN TORRES DEL PAINE (51°S), CHILE, BASED ON PRELIMINARY COSMOGENIC EXPOSURE AGES

ABSTRACT. Initial cosmogenic ¹⁰Be results from a former ice limit in Torres del Paine indicate a shortlived stillstand or readvance of Patagonian ice culminating at 12–15 kyr BP with a mean age of 13.2 ± 0.8 kyr BP. The glacier extended some 40 km beyond the present ice margin and was within 15 km of the presumed Last Glacial Maximum limits. The timing of the glacier stage spans the cooling event recorded in Antarctic ice cores, termed the Antarctic Cold Reversal (14.5–12.9 kyr BP). This result implies that glaciers at these latitudes were out of phase with those in the northern hemisphere; instead they mirrored the climate structure of Antarctica during the last glacial to interglacial transition.     

榆林剖面的热释光测年及其对这一地区干旱事件的讨论

用热释光测年方法对陕西榆林地区蔡家沟和石峁剖面的风成砂－黄土－古土壤序列进行了系统的测年，结果表明末次冰期的风成沉积中夹有三层古风成砂，由此反映了末次冰期中有三次沙漠扩大的气候干旱时期。根据年代测定结果最末一次干旱事件出现在１２～＜２７ｋａＢ．Ｐ．之间，基本上与末次冰期极盛期相当，可以与深海氧同位素阶段２对应。第二次干旱期出现在４８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．左右，大致与氧同位素阶段３的中期相当。最早的干旱期出现在５５～＜７５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．之间，与阶段４对应。令人感兴趣的是虽然与阶段２、阶段４对应的干旱期在世界上其它地区同样有记录，但是大致相当于阶段３中期的这期干旱事件却以榆林剖面反映最好，表现为末次冰期的间冰段期间，毛乌素沙漠也曾经大规模扩大，这从一个侧面说明了中国的沙漠－黄土边界带对气候变化的敏感性。此外，热释光测年结果还表明了末次冰期的沉积由风成砂与黄土迭覆而成，而末次间冰期则由古土壤与黄土迭覆而成，因此，无论是冰期还是间冰期，气候条件都不是以持续的干冷或温暖为特点，而是叠加了更次一级的气候变化。毛乌素沙漠在第四纪时期并非持续存在，而是在气候的调节下经历了沙漠出现与固定的多次转变     

中国第四纪冰川作用与深海氧同位素阶段的对比和厘定

随着冰期(阶)与间冰期(阶)旋回的不断细化,第四纪冰期系列与深海氧同位素阶段(MIS)对比之间所反映的问题开始逐步显现。通过中国第四纪冰期与MIS阶段对比,结合分析气候旋回与构造运动对地貌演化的控制作用,研究表明:①冰期(阶)或者间冰期(阶)发生的时段应尽可能对应于MIS的偶数或奇数阶段,有助于MIS框架下新的冰期(阶)的发现;②中更新世以来,中国第四纪冰期-间冰期旋回可能受控于100 ka轨道偏心率变化的气候大背景,昆仑冰期-倒数第二次冰期的冰川规模总体上与全球冰量变化一致。然而,末次冰期早、中期的冰川规模却与MIS所记录的全球冰量变化不尽一致,强烈显示气候与构造环境对冰川作用的影响;③目前在中国第四纪冰期划分方案中,存在着冰期系列由时间和地点双重命名的现象,建议用大理冰期、古乡冰期分别代替末次冰期和倒数第二次冰期。     

The Southern Margin of the Late Cainozoic Ice Cap on the Central Plateau of Tasmania

The easternmost extremity of the ice cap that developed in the Tasmanian Central Highlands during the time of most extensive Late Cainozoic glaciation lay on the doleritecapped Central Plateau east and north-east of Lake St Clair. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the more restricted ice cover included a small discrete ice cap (probably less than 250-300 m thick) that formed on the Central Plateau. The LGM ice limits on the southern part of the Central Plateau, including all five southern outlet valleys, are reported here. Earlier ice limits have been identified in two of these valleys, but on the plateau proper earlier glacial deposits have been generally extensively reworked beyond the LGM limit, such that confirmation of a glacial origin for diamictons on slopes is difficult. South of the plateau, the oldest deposits flooring lower reaches of two outlet valleys indicate that ice flowed southwards directly from the plateau, but later deposits indicate diffluent flow from the Derwent Glacier.     

Quantifying the erosional impact of the Fennoscandian ice sheet in the Torneträsk–Narvik corridor, northern Sweden, based on cosmogenic radionuclide data

Despite spectacular landform evidence of a dominant role for glacial action in shaping landscapes under former northern hemisphere ice sheets, there is little quantitative evidence for rates and patterns of erosion associated with specific glaciations. Here we use cosmogenic nuclide data to assess rates of subglacial erosion underneath the Fennoscandian ice sheet. By testing whether there are remnant nuclide concentrations in samples taken from sites that include both relict areas and features and landscapes typically associated with vigorous glacial erosion, we can constrain the level and pattern of modification that resulted from the last glaciation. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ³⁶Cl data from the Torneträsk region confirm the temporal and spatial variability of glacial erosion suggested by geomorphological mapping. At some sites, glacial erosion estimates in what appear to be heavily scoured areas indicate erosion of only c. 2 ± 0.4 m of bedrock, based on cosmogenic nuclide inheritance. This implies that the generation of severely scoured terrain in this study area required multiple glaciations. The overall modification produced by ice sheets along glacial corridors may be more restricted than previously thought, or may have occurred preferentially during earlier Quaternary glacial periods.     

Quantifying the erosional impact of the Fennoscandian ice sheet in the Torneträsk–Narvik corridor, northern Sweden, based on cosmogenic radionuclide data

Despite spectacular landform evidence of a dominant role for glacial action in shaping landscapes under former northern hemisphere ice sheets, there is little quantitative evidence for rates and patterns of erosion associated with specific glaciations. Here we use cosmogenic nuclide data to assess rates of subglacial erosion underneath the Fennoscandian ice sheet. By testing whether there are remnant nuclide concentrations in samples taken from sites that include both relict areas and features and landscapes typically associated with vigorous glacial erosion, we can constrain the level and pattern of modification that resulted from the last glaciation. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ³⁶Cl data from the Torneträsk region confirm the temporal and spatial variability of glacial erosion suggested by geomorphological mapping. At some sites, glacial erosion estimates in what appear to be heavily scoured areas indicate erosion of only c. 2 ± 0.4 m of bedrock, based on cosmogenic nuclide inheritance. This implies that the generation of severely scoured terrain in this study area required multiple glaciations. The overall modification produced by ice sheets along glacial corridors may be more restricted than previously thought, or may have occurred preferentially during earlier Quaternary glacial periods.     

末次间冰期以来中国西北部沙漠边缘区夏季风变化初步研究

通过对祁连山东段沙沟河黄土剖面CaCO₃含量、色度代用指标的综合分析,结合¹⁴C和热释光测年结果,揭示出了沙漠边缘区夏季风在末次间冰期(S₁)表现出5次增强时期。从指标曲线上能够反映出千年尺度的气侯变化,与GRIP孔的气候记录有很好的耦合性。这种气候不稳定性可能受控于高纬冰盖的变化,体现出全球气候性特点。在末次冰期,夏季风的反映就弱得多,气候长期表现为干冷,可能由于青藏高原的抬升,以及靠近沙漠边缘区,使夏季风在冰期难以到达,表现出区域性气候特点。     

查格勒布鲁剖面CGS3a层段主元素记录的巴丹吉林沙漠35 000~25 000 a B. P.季风环境变化

对巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘查格勒布鲁剖面该层段的CGS3a层段（Chagelebulu Section 3a）139个样品的主元素——SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TOFE（Fe₂O₃+FeO）进行分析,划分出与地层旋回对应的5.5个化学元素旋回。研究认为：沙丘砂和黄土中SiO₂呈现的峰和Al₂O₃、TOFE、(TOFE+Al₂O₃)/SiO₂和CIA呈现的谷是类似于现代干冷的冬季风在过去多次作用的结果,而嗣后的湖相SiO₂呈现的谷和Al₂O₃、TOFE、(TOFE+Al₂O₃)/SiO₂和CIA的呈现的峰是类似于现代暖湿的夏季风在过去多次作用的结果。即35 000~25 000 a B. P.该沙漠经历了5次冬季风和6次夏季风交替的气候波动,这些气候事件与GRIP冰芯氧同位素记录的D/O（Dansgaard/Oeschger）事件相对应,Heinrich事件也在其中有很好体现。CGS3a层段所记录的千年尺度的气候波动可能是受到了北大西洋气候突变的影响。     

Senglaciala ackumulationsformer och glaciationsförhållanden i Narvik — Skjomenområdet,Norge

Abstract:

DAHL, RAGNAR. Late-glacial accumulation forms and glaciation in the Narvik-Skjomen district, Norway. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. 1967, 21, 157–241.

Late-glacial accumulation forms at corresponding levels are described and discussed. Most of the accumulations are moraine ridges deposited at the lateral margins of the ice flowing in the main valleys or at the lateral and frontal margins of ice tongues branching out into tributaries.

The frontal moraine ridges appear only in small tributary valleys or similar depressions in the terrain. They have an arched form and an advanced position in the depressions and are broken by melt-water channels. Together with the different indications of pressure in the material, this shows that the moraines correspond to phases of the deglaciation period in which the ice masses were temporarily advancing. The calculated gradients of the ice surface and radio-carbon datings indicate that these phases correspond to the two glacial phases of the Tromsø-Lyngen substage, which, according to ANDERSEN (1965), approximately correspond to the Early Dryas and Late Dryas periods.     

A synthesis of post-glacial diatom records from Lake Baikal

The biostratigraphy of fossil diatoms contributes important chronologic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic information from Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia. Diatoms are the dominant and best preserved microfossils in the sediments, and distinctive assemblages and species provide inter-core correlations throughout the basin at millennial to centennial scales, in both high and low sedimentation-rate environments. Distributions of unique species, once dated by radiocarbon, allow diatoms to be used as dating tools for the Holocene history of the lake. Diatom, pollen, and organic geochemical records from site 305, at the foot of the Selenga Delta, provide a history of paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic changes from the late glacial (15 ka) through the Holocene. Before 14 ka diatoms were very rare, probably because excessive turbidity from glacial meltwater entering the lake impeded productivity. Between 14 and 12 ka, lake productivity increased, perhaps as strong winds promoted deep mixing and nutrient regeneration. Pollen evidence suggests a cold shrub — steppe landscape dominated the central Baikal depression at this time. As summer insolation increased, conifers replaced steppe taxa, but diatom productivity declined between 11 and 9 ka perhaps as a result of increased summer turbidity resulting from violent storm runoff entering the lake via short, steep drainages. After 8 ka, drier, but more continental climates prevailed, and the modern diatom flora of Lake Baikal came to prominence. On Academician Ridge, a site of slow sedimentation rates, Holocene diatom assemblages at the top of 10-m cores reappear at deeper levels suggesting that such cores record at least two previous interglacial (or interstadial?) periods. Nevertheless, distinctive species that developed prior to the last glacial period indicate that the dynamics of nutrient cycling in Baikal and the responsible regional climatic environments were not entirely analogous to Holocene conditions. During glacial periods, the deep basin sediments of Lake Baikal are dominated by rapidly deposited clastics entering from large rivers with possibly glaciated headwaters. On the sublacustrine Academician Ridge (depth = 300 m), however, detailed analysis of the diatom biostratigraphy indicates that diastems (hiatuses of minor duration) and (or) highly variable rates of accumulation complicate paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic reconstructions from these records.     

Late Quaternary Lakes in the McMurdo Sound Region of Antarctica

Lake levels within the enclosed drainage basins of the Dry Valleys adjacent to McMurdo Sound have fluctuated widely during the Late Quaternary due to (a) local climate change and the consequent variation in the evaporation–precipitation regime, and (b) glacial fluctuations, resulting in changes in the catchment and meltwater drainage areas of the glaciers and, in some cases, in the volumes of the available lake basins. Three types of lakes can be distinguished on the basis of their water source: (1) lakes receiving the bulk of their water from melting of local alpine glaciers; (2) proglacial lakes associated with outlet glaciers from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet; (3) proglacial lakes associated with the marine oxygen-isotope stage 2 Ross Sea ice sheet and its precursors. The Dry Valleys contain an exceptionally long lacustrine record, extending back at least 300,000 years. Lacustrinesedimentation is cyclical, occurring over periods of about 100,000 years. During the last such cycle, relatively small lakes, both adjacent to East Antarctic outlet glaciers and fed by meltwater from alpine glaciers, existed during stage 5. However, these local lakes gave way to large proglacial lakes adjacent to the Ross Sea ice sheet in stage 2. The same relationship apparently occurred during the previous 100,000-year cycle. Dating of lacustrine sediments suggests that lakes proglacial to the Ross Sea ice sheet have existed during episodes of sea-level lowering during global glaciations. Lakes proglacial to outlet glaciers from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet have formed coincident with episodes of high eustatic sea level during interglacial periods.     

LATE‐GLACIAL GLACIER EVENTS IN SOUTHERNMOST SOUTH AMERICA: A BLEND OF ‘NORTHERN’ AND 'SOUTHERN’ HEMISPHERIC CLIMATIC SIGNALS?

ABSTRACT. This paper examines new geomorphological, chronological and modelling data on glacier fluctuations in southernmost South America in latitudes 46–55°S during the last glacial–interglacial transition. Establishing leads and lags between the northern and southern hemispheres and between southern mid‐latitudes and Antarctica is key to an appreciation of the mechanisms and resilience of global climate. This is particularly important in the southern hemisphere where there is a paucity of empirical data. The overall structure of the last glacial cycle in Patagonia has a northern hemisphere signal. Glaciers reached or approached their Last Glacial Maxima on two or more occasions at 25–23 ka (calendar) and there was a third less extensive advance at 17.5 ka. Deglaciation occurred in two steps at 17.5 ka and at 11.4 ka. This structure is the same as that recognized in the northern hemisphere and taking place in spite of glacier advances occurring at a time of high southern hemisphere summer insolation and deglaciation at a time of decreasing summer insolation. The implication is that at orbital time scales the‘northern’ signal dominates any southern hemisphere signal. During deglaciation, at a millennial scale, the glacier fluctuations mirror an antiphase 'southern’ climatic signal as revealed in Antarctic ice cores. There is a glacier advance coincident with the Antarctic Cold Reversal at 15.3–12.2 ka. Furthermore, deglaciation begins in the middle of the Younger Dryas. The implication is that, during the last glacial–interglacial transition, southernmost South America was under the influence of sea surface temperatures, sea ice and southern westerlies responding to conditions in the 'southern’ Antarctic domain. Such asynchrony may reflect a situation whereby, during deglaciation, the world is more sensitized to fluctuations in the oceanic thermohaline circulation, perhaps related to the bipolar seesaw, than at orbital timescales.     

Quaternary changes in delivery and accumulation of organic matter in sediments of Lake Biwa, Japan

A 911-m-long sediment core from Lake Biwa, Japan, provides a record of organic matter delivery and accumulation in this large lake during a succession of tectonic and climatic changes dating back to the latest Pliocene. Sediments deposited since 430 ky are profundal; older sediments vary in setting between shallow-water and fluviodeltaic conditions, with occasional deep-water intervals. C/N ratios identify algal production as the dominant source of organic matter throughout the core, although the proportion of land-derived contributions episodically increases in the fluviodeltaic and shallow-water sediments. Rates of organic matter delivery and burial in lake sediments change in response to glacial-interglacial climate changes over the past 430 ky. Sediments deposited during interglacial intervals have organic carbon mass accumulation rates up to 9 times greater than those from glacial intervals, reflecting interglacial climates that were wetter than glacial climates. Algal production of organic matter increased during interglacial times because of greater wash-in of soil nutrients, and organic matter preservation was enhanced because of faster sedimentation rates.     

The relationship between glacial activity and sediment production: evidence from a 4450-year varve record of neoglacial sedimentation in Hector Lake, Alberta, Canada

A 4450-year sequence of varves, spanning the entire Neoglacialinterval, has been recovered from Hector Lake, Alberta. The varve record is compared to records of regional glacial history toevaluate therelationship between alpine glacial activity and sediment production. Glacial controls on sediment production vary with the timescale considered. Long-term variations in sedimentation rate, of centuries to millennial duration, reflect changes in ice extent of the same timescale. Superimposed on these long-term changes is decadal-scale variability that is complexly related to upvalley ice extent. Over the short term, high sedimentation rates may be associated with glacier maximum stands, or with periods of glacier advance or recession. Overthe last millennium at least, highest sedimentation rates appear to have been associated with transitional periods, preceding or post-dating maximum ice stands, rather than with times of maximum ice extent.     

A 450-ka long record of glaciation in Northern Mongolia based on studies at Lake Khubsugul: high-resolution reflection seismic data and grain-size variations in cored sediments

We use high-resolution reflection seismic data and detailed grain-size analysis of a drill core (KDP-01) from Lake Khubsugul (northern Mongolia) to provide an improved reconstruction of the glacial history of the area for the last 450 ka. Grain-size analysis of suspended sediment load in modern rivers draining into the lake and of moraine material from the northern part of the catchment shows that the silt fraction is transported to the central part of the lake mainly by river suspension, whereas the clay fraction is mainly transported by glacial meltwater during deglaciation. The changes in of the clay/silt ratio in Lake Khubsugul sediments correlates well with the standard global paleoclimate records: low clay/silt ratios indicate warm climates, while a high clay/silt ratio reflects glacial erosion and cold climates. Pulses of clay input into the lake occur at the final stages of glacial periods (i.e., glacial maxima and subsequent onsets of deglaciation). The periodicity in glacial clay input in Lake Khubsugul is in tune with global periods of deglaciation, but there are differences in the intensity of the deglacial events for MIS-12 and MIS-2. These differences are attributed to specific conditions in regional distribution of moisture during glaciation, glacial ice volumes, and solar insolation intensity at the onset of deglaciation. Deglaciation of the Khubsugul glaciers occurred in response to an increase in summer solar insolation above a threshold value of 490 W/m². Two types of deglaciation can be distinguished: (1) slow melting during several tens of 1,000 years during weak increases in summer insolation, and (2) short and fast melting during several thousands of years in response to strong increases in summer insolation. The maximum ice volume in the area of Lake Khubsugul during the past 450 ka occurred during the period of 373–350 ka BP (MIS 11a-10) and was caused by high levels of moisture in the region, whereas the MIS-2 and MIS-12 glacial periods were characterized by minima in ice volume, due to the strong aridity in the region.