岷江上游水系对龙门山断裂带右旋走滑作用的响应

汶川8.0级特大地震是岷江上游流域最新一次区域构造活动,在此次地震中,岷江河道因北川-映秀断裂北西盘的右旋走滑作用而被水平错动0.8±0.2 m,岷江河道南西方向的河流阶地也被同步位错0.6±0.1 m。切过龙门山主干断裂的岷江上游干、支流水系因若干次历史地震驱动的走滑作用而发生同步弯曲。根据水系水平扭错量和岷江干、支流初始形成时间计算可知,穿越岷江支流河道的汶川-茂县断裂右旋走滑速率为1～1.4 mm/a,切过岷江干流河道的北川-映秀断裂和彭县-灌县断裂右旋滑动速率分别为0.94 mm/a和0.71 mm/a。计算结果表明,龙门山各主干断裂右旋走滑作用有自北西向南东减弱的趋势。     

岷江上游河流阶地对龙门山断裂带逆冲作用的响应

汶川地震导致的岷江阶地面垂直错动量,记录了在地震这一突变性构造活动作用下水系的瞬时变化情况。震后野外实测数据表明,切过北川-映秀断裂的岷江阶地面,因断裂北西盘的逆冲作用产生了2.7 m的累积垂直位错量。若干次历史地震驱动的逆冲作用使切过龙门山主干断裂的岷江阶地面被大尺度垂直错断,根据阶面垂直扭错量和相应测年值计算可知,汶川-茂县断裂、北川-映秀断裂、彭县-灌县断裂晚第四纪以来逆冲速率分别为0.84 mm/a、0.52 mm/a和0.24 mm/a,计算结果表明,龙门山各主干断裂逆冲作用有自北西向南东减弱的趋势。龙门山各主干断裂的差异活动不仅使被断裂切过的岷江阶地面产生不同尺度的垂直变形,而且使汶川-茂县断裂和北川-映秀断裂所夹持的后龙门山地区的抬升速率和抬升幅度,大于北川-映秀断裂和彭县-灌县断裂所夹持的前龙门山地区。     

涪江上游流域地貌特征及其对断裂活动性的响应

对涪江上游流域地貌特征及其与断裂活动的相关性进行分析,有助于深入理解青藏高原东缘晚新生代以来的地貌演化过程,也可为该区域构造活动和河流发育历史研究提供参考依据。基于经空间叠加处理的海拔高程数据和地势起伏度数据,在涪江上游流域划分出15种地貌形态组合,在此基础上结合区域断裂活动状况,从研究区地貌类型、海拔高程、地势起伏度、干流下切深度、河道水平扭错等方面探讨流域地貌特征对断裂活动性的响应,结果表明:(1)虎牙断裂和龙门山断裂带逆冲活动驱动区域性间隙抬升使中海拔地貌区成为涪江上游流域地貌类型的主体;(2)虎牙断裂逆冲作用导致位于上盘的西侧块体具有更高的隆升幅度和海拔高程,并加剧了外营力侵蚀,形成了相对较高的地势起伏形态;龙门山断裂带三条主干断裂的上盘叠瓦式向上推移,使虎牙断裂东侧区域海拔高程和地势起伏度均自北向南逐级降低;(3)涪江上游流域一系列逆断层的差异活动导致位于断裂上盘区域的河道下切深度、下切速率总体上大于下盘区域。涪江干流对流经区域地表的切割,内、外营力的贡献比值大致为1.95∶1;(4)横跨断裂的涪江河道因断裂平移走滑而沿断裂走向发生同步弯曲,龙门山断裂带的区域性右旋作用使涪江干流及其支流的流向在龙门山地区发生系统性转变。     

山西中条山北麓断裂夏县段新构造运动

通过分析夏县段中条山北麓山麓剥蚀面上的黄土地层,认为山麓剥蚀面形成于2.4 Ma以前。与邻近盆地内钻孔的研究成果对比,得到中条山北麓断裂第四纪以来的垂直活动幅度约700 m,抬升速率为0.29 mm/a。GPS测量得到断层将末次冰期极盛期形成的冲沟阶地垂直错断7 m,垂直活动速率为0.28~0.5 mm/a。探槽揭示,距今2 万年以来断层有四次活动--距今8000 年之前、距今4100 年前后、距今3100 年和距今720 年以后。断距分别为大于2m、0.6m、1.55 m和0.25 m。断层活动速率为0.22~0.55 m/a。     

南水北调西线一期工程区地壳活动有关问题

南水北调西线一期工程位于川青地块及其南缘鲜水河断裂带,地质条件复杂。GPS监测表明,川青地块及其邻区的地壳运动水平速度,具有自西向东递变下降的顺时针涡旋转动的总趋势;鲜水河断裂带有较高的移动速率;工程区东、西两侧的测站之间有一定的水平速度矢量差。工程区为高地应力区,并可产生局部高应变能带。鲜水河断裂带为我国西部的强震带;川青地块内部已发生5级以上地震25次。与中强震有关的断裂带通过工程区,并表现出工程区地壳活动性。地壳活动性将对南水北调西线一期工程建设产生重大影响。     

库姆塔格沙漠形成演化与区域新构造运动关系研究

库姆塔格沙漠位于塔里木板块东部的阿尔金山北麓地带,受青藏高原新构造运动强烈隆升和贯穿本区的阿尔金断裂系发生左旋走滑变动的影响,构筑了南高北低的地质构造变为盆山格局。通过现今的断裂左旋走滑、多风向吹扬及南侧高山洪水及泥石流侵蚀地形共同作用表现出帚状弧形展布。风沙地貌特征表现为由东北向西南分异明显、沙丘类型复杂、形态独特,主要以羽毛状沙丘、金字塔沙丘著称。     

基于SET技术的兴凯湖沼泽湿地表层沉积过程研究

湿地沉积过程研究对于揭示区域环境演变与湿地发育过程具有重要作用。2011~2015年,在兴凯湖国家级自然保护区,引进并利用地表高程测量仪(surface elevation table,SET),对4处沼泽湿地进行年际尺度表层沉积物累积厚度监测,计算表层沉积物的沉积速率。研究结果表明,2011~2015年期间,4处沼泽湿地表层沉积物的累积厚度分别为(7.31±2.87)mm、(7.70±2.55)mm、(5.71±2.36)mm和(6.30±1.69)mm;表层沉积物的沉积速率分别为(1.85±0.89)mm/a、(2.27±0.91)mm/a、(1.63±0.94)mm/a和(1.45±0.77)mm/a,4处沼泽湿地表层沉积物的沉积速率无显著差异。     

四川康定“11·22”地震地表破裂及房屋震害特征

2014-11-22,位于青藏高原东部的四川省康定县发生了Ms 6.3级地震,为一次左旋走滑事件,发震构造为鲜水河断裂带南东段的色拉哈断裂。对地震灾区进行的地表破裂特征调查和房屋震害调查表明:1.地震没有形成明显的地表破裂,地表破裂主要表现为张性地裂缝、喷砂冒水、小型滑坡、道路边坡失稳及滚石等;2.烈度图长轴方向与鲜水河断裂走向一致;3.房屋震害具有农牧区房屋破坏普遍,城镇房屋破坏较轻的分布特点;4.2014-11-25的Ms 5.8级强余震,加深了灾区破坏程度。     

汶川地震区青川县乔庄镇地震断裂问题

汶川特大地震导致了青川县乔庄镇(主城区)遭遇了较为惨重的特大灾难.县城的恢复重建工作受到地震断裂、山体变形、强烈的余震活动等严重制约.尤其是地震断裂问题,更是对能否原址重建起决定性作用.在参考以往研究成果的基础上,结合实地调查,对该镇的地震断裂问题进行了评估,确定了青川-平武断裂(龙门山后山断裂主断裂之一)分三条分支断裂(北支断裂、中间断裂、南支断裂)穿过乔庄镇主城区的大致方位和走势,并且现场发现该三条分支断裂均发生了不同程度的地震破裂(如地表破裂,山体震裂等),已逐渐发展成为中强震的孕震构造.     

地壳形变与地面温度异常及其关联分析:以汶川地震为例

地壳形变和地面温度异常是构造地震活动监测的两项重要指标,时间序列分析是提取地震活动异常信息的主要方法.该文以汶川地震为例,分析发现汶川震前位移、基线长度、应变分量时间序列出现显著的地壳形变动态异常,同震形变最为显著.分析地面温度增量时间序列,发现震前震中附近出现3次异常,持续时间为9～13 d,地面异常增温高达10°C,增温高值区主要沿龙门山断裂、鲜水河断裂、红河断裂展布,与活动断裂的空间分布具有很好的一致性.对同一像元应变与地面温度增量时间序列进行关联分析,发现地壳形变与地面温度异常特征具有一定的对应关系.     

Characterization of active fault scarps from LiDAR data: a case study from Central Apennines (Italy)

A high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM, 1 ms spacing) derived from an airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) campaign was used in an attempt to characterize the structural and erosive elements of the geometry of the Pettino fault, a seismogenic normal fault in Central Apennines (Italy). Four 90- to 280 m-long fault scarp segments were selected and the surface between the base and the top of the scarps was analyzed through the statistical analysis of the following DEM-derived parameters: altitude, height of the fault scarp, and distance along strike, slope, and aspect. The results identify slopes of up to 40° in faults lower reaches interpreted as fresh faces, 34° up the faces. The Pettino fault maximum long-term slip rate (0.6–1.1 mm/yr) was estimated from the scarp heights, which are up to 12–19 m in the selected four segments, and the age (ca. 18 ka) of the last glacial erosional phase in the area. The combined analysis of the DEM-derived parameters allows us to (a) define aspects of three-dimensional scarp geometry, (b) decipher its geomorphological significance, and (c) estimate the long-term slip rate.     

Dynamic stress field of a kinematic earthquake source model with k-squared slip distribution

Source models such as the k -squared stochastic source model with k -dependent rise time are able to reproduce source complexity commonly observed in earthquake slip inversions. An analysis of the dynamic stress field associated with the slip history prescribed in these kinematic models can indicate possible inconsistencies with physics of faulting. The static stress drop, the strength excess, the breakdown stress drop and critical slip weakening distance D _c distributions are determined in this study for the kinematic k -squared source model with k -dependent rise time. Several studied k -squared models are found to be consistent with the slip weakening friction law along a substantial part of the fault. A new quantity, the stress delay, is introduced to map areas where the yielding criterion of the slip weakening friction is violated. Hisada's slip velocity function is found to be more consistent with the source dynamics than Boxcar, Brune's and Dirac's slip velocity functions. Constant rupture velocities close to the Rayleigh velocity are inconsistent with the k -squared model, because they break the yielding criterion of the slip weakening friction law. The bimodal character of D _c / D _tot frequency–magnitude distribution was found. D _c approaches the final slip D _tot near the edge of both the fault and asperity. We emphasize that both filtering and smoothing routinely applied in slip inversions may have a strong effect on the space–time pattern of the inferred stress field, leading potentially to an oversimplified view of earthquake source dynamics.     

Geomorphologic evidence of the active Baza Fault (Betic Cordillera, South Spain)

The present work investigates a mountain front within the Plio-Quaternary deposits belonging to the sedimentary fill of the Guadix-Baza Basin (Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain). This 30 km-long front, developed in soft sediments and within a context of high erosion, is generated by the recent activity of the Baza Normal Fault. The mountain front is the natural limit between the western and eastern sectors, corresponding to the two sub-basins of Guadix and Baza. The two main glacis described in previous works in the area of the Baza Fault – the Old Glacis in the Guadix Sub-basin and the Recent Glacis in the Baza Sub-basin – are interpreted here as a single one, displaced by the fault. Using this Glacis as a marker we deduced that its age and the transition of the basin from endorheic to exorheic must be much older than previous estimations. The Baza Fault may be considered as one of the most active faults of the central part of the Betic Cordillera, according to the results of the general quantitative analysis of the mountain front relief using the Smf/Vf ratio and the SL index.     

Mechanics of normal fault networks subject to slip-weakening friction

We seek to understand how the stress interactions and the slip-weakening process combine within a non-coplanar, normal fault network to allow a slip instability to develop, and shape the final slip distribution on the system. In a first part, we perform a non-linear spectral analysis to investigate the conditions of stability and the process of slip initiation in an antiplane non-coplanar fault system subject to a slip-dependent friction law. That numerical model allows determining the zones that are able to slip within a fault network, as well as the location of the stress singularities. The resulting slip profiles on the faults show only a few different shapes, some of them with long, linear sections. This leads to formulate a general classification of slip profiles that can be used to infer the degree of fault interaction within any non-coplanar system. In a second part of work, we use our modelling to try reproducing the cumulative slip profiles measured on three real normal interacting faults forming a large-scale en echelon system. For that, we assume that cumulative slip profiles can be compared to the first static modal solution of our conceptual model. We succeed reproducing the profiles quite well using a variable weakening along the faults. Overall, the weakening rate decreases in the direction of propagation of the fault system. Yet, modelling the slip along the propagating, isolated termination segment of the system requires an unlikely distribution of weakening. This suggests that factors not considered in our analysis may contribute to slip profile shaping on isolated, propagating faults.