土的综合结构势及结构性参数研究进展

土结构性是决定土力学特性的一个最为根本的内在因素。基于综合结构势理论的土结构性参数研究是土结构性研究的一种行之有效的方法, 它不仅考虑了土颗粒排列的几何特征和土颗粒联结的力学特征,而且对土结构性进行了综合的、整体的、动态的量化。对已提出的结构性参数进行全面的总结和评述,统一了结构性参数的命名。在此基础上,总结了结构性参数与强度和变形的关系、结构性参数本构模型和结构性参数应用方面的研究现状,并进一步分析了土结构性描述的合理途径以及结构性与固结状态对强度和变形的影响,提出了同一结构性条件下研究结构性土强度、变形本构规律的新观点。     

结构性海积软土的弹塑性研究

通过对天津市欠固结海积软土进行的大量试验,研究了土的结构性和弹塑性变形本构关系两个方面的问题。首次引入结构强度系数,建立了微结构定量参数与力学参数之间的关系,并提出一种综合考虑结构性影响的应力应变关系模型,为海积软土的结构性模型研究及实际应用提供了一条新的途径。     

考虑细观结构演化的非饱和Q_3原状黄土弹塑性本构模型

Q_3原状黄土是典型的非饱和土,具有明显的结构性,其力学变形特征与结构性密切相关。建立黄土的本构模型有必要考虑加载和湿陷过程中结构演化特征,才能真实地反映原状黄土的固有特性。假设原状黄土的屈服应力是重塑黄土与结构性两者的耦合,基于细观结构演化规律,考虑吸力和结构性的影响,提出了一个非饱和Q_3原状黄土的弹塑性本构模型。模型包括土骨架变形与水量变化两个方面,土骨架变形方面以修正Barcelona非饱和土弹塑性模型为基础,引入通过CT三轴试验获得的Q_3原状黄土加载-湿陷过程中的结构演化方程,分别得到描述土骨架在加载和湿陷过程的本构模型,以突出加载和湿陷过程中结构性对变形的影响;水量变化方面则采用广义土-水特征曲线描述,以反映净平均应力和偏应力对持水性的影响。模型总计22个材料参数,均可由试验确定。通过对比若干试验数据与模型计算结果,初步验证了模型的合理性。建立的考虑结构性的弹塑性本构模型为深化认识黄土力学特性提供了可能,并为有效分析黄土地基湿陷变形提供了一定借鉴。     

考虑土体结构性的弹塑性硬化模型

在对人工制备结构性土样等应力比压缩试验结果分析基础上,确定出结构性土体初始屈服面形状和土体初始屈服后塑性应变增量的方向,推导出结构性土体屈服函数的表达式;硬化参数采用塑性功的函数,根据三轴排水剪切试验结果确定出土体的硬化规律。由此构建能反映土体结构性的弹塑性硬化本构模型,并用试验进行了验证。本文提出一种基于试验的建模方法,不依赖经典塑性力学理论的正交流动规则,并建立可考虑土体结构性影响的本构模型,对土体结构性研究具有借鉴意义。     

非饱和土的水力和力学特性及其弹塑性描述

简单回顾了非饱和土本构模型研究的发展历程,总结了近几年非饱和土弹塑性本构模型最新研究成果,重点介绍了能统一模拟非饱和土水力性状和力学性状耦合的弹塑性本构模型。通过对建立模型过程中的几个核心问题讨论,较详细地说明该类模型的结构、性能以及相关问题。非饱和土水力性状的滞回性用假定存在饱和度弹性区间的弹塑性过程来模拟;该类耦合模型不仅考虑了吸力对非饱和土水力性状和力学性状的影响,还考虑了饱和度对应力-应变关系和强度的影响以及土体变形对土-水特征曲线的影响。用同一套模型参数,耦合模型可统一预测在吸力控制或含水率控制下沿各种应力路径下非饱和土的水力-力学特性,并简单介绍了膨胀性非饱和土的弹塑性本构模型以及耦合模型在有限元数值计算中的应用。     

结构性粘土研究进展

通过对结构性粘土的研究,可以掌握天然土受荷过程中的变形破坏过程,从而为考虑土结构性的结构物的设计、地基加固等提供依据。近年来随着高、深和大型建筑的兴建,结构性粘土的研究变得尤为重要。从结构性粘土的微观变形机理、结构性土样的制备、土工特性和数学模型等几个方面,介绍了国内外学者的研究进展,认为进行原位测试、结构性土样的制备及细观结构参数的量测方法、考虑细观结构的数值方法和建立考虑微观变形机理的宏观本构模型是进行结构性土研究的发展方向。     

结构性海洋黏土损伤模型的二次开发及应用

原状土的结构性作为21世纪土力学的核心问题,一直以来受到学者们的广泛关注。软黏土的结构性损伤这一力学行为会对海洋结构物基础造成不可忽略的影响。以海底原状土的结构性特征为研究对象,推导了考虑黏土结构性的SANICLAY模型的数值实现格式。通过子增量步显式算法和有限元的二次开发,实现了结构性多屈服面本构模型在有限元方法中的应用。通过与不同应力路径下的三轴试验结果对比,验证了开发的子程序可准确模拟海洋黏土所具有的结构性。基于不同应力路径试验的数值模拟结果,研究了不同固结和剪切条件下土体塑性势面和屈服面的演化规律,揭示了土体固结可降低结构性损伤程度以及剪切过程中土体产生结构性损伤的机制。将二次开发的子程序应用到具体的边值问题中,开展了可考虑土体结构性影响的海上风电筒型基础静承载力研究,揭示了土体结构性对筒型基础的地基破坏模式、峰值承载力和残余承载力的影响;引入残余衰减比来表征土体结构性破坏后筒型基础的残余承载力,并建立了残余衰减比与结构损伤因子之间的关系。     

同时考虑结构性和初始应力影响的双参量土体本构模型

原状土的结构性和初始应力状态对土的力学效应影响比较显著,在应力水平较小的情况下,原状土的力学行为与重塑土有很大的差异。目前,在描述土体应力应变的本构模型中,绝大多数模型都是基于重塑土在实验的基础上构建的,没有充分考虑土的结构性和初始应力状态的影响。本文在经典的弹塑性理论的大框架下,以桂林岩溶区分布的饱和软黏土为研究对象,结合室内试验的成果,依据前人已建的模型,考虑了土的结构性和初始应力的影响,在充分发挥修正剑桥模型优点的基础上对其进行改进,构建了一种新的饱和软黏土的弹塑性本构模型,并对模型作了分析和比较,初步表明了模型的合理性和有效性,进一步的工程验证研究还在进行之中。该模型的构建可使桂林岩溶区分布的饱和软黏土的应力应变计算更加趋近于实际,并且,对于桂林岩溶区高速公路饱和软基填土过程中,控制加荷速率和控制分级荷载的大小具有重要的现实意义。     

土的基本力学特性及其弹塑性描述

Cam-clay模型是在等向加载试验基础上建立起来的且能够描述正常固结土在常规三轴试验条件下应力-应变关系的最简单弹塑性模型,是建立各种土的弹塑性本构模型的基础。文中分别按加载方式的不同和土组构的不同,对描述与应力状态、应力历史、应力路径、持荷时间等因素有关的加载方式下土应力应变特性的弹塑性本构模型进行了归纳。对反映不同组构所形成的结构性、各向异性和颗粒破碎等特性的弹塑性本构模型进行了综述,并着重介绍了描述应力状态的三维化方法、反映应力历史影响的超固结土模型和模拟渐近状态路径的渐近状态模型等典型研究成果。     

吹填软土经验流变模型研究

传统的本构模型多是在重塑土或饱和砂土的基础上建立起来,考虑结构性影响较少。自然界中土体大多具有结构性,这样就使得按传统方法计算的结果与工程实际有一定的差别。基于此,本文以Mesri模型为基础,将结构损伤变量引入模型中,建立了考虑结构性影响的流变模型。通过对天津滨海新区吹填场地经过真空预压处理的结构性吹填软土进行三轴流变试验,分析比较计算结果表明,本文建立的模型能够较好地反映结构性软土的应力应变随时间的变化关系。     

基于土体细观结构的土质加固分类方法初步分析

目前的土质加固与地基处理技术,大都摒弃土体原有结构不用,或实施强力重新构造土体的结构,以耗费大量的能 量、费用为代价。基于土的细观结构,从加固体的力学特性以及加固土体的结构变化角度对地基处理类别进行三类划分、按 土体加固技术的实施路径进行二类划分,目的是更多地关注加固体与土的相互作用、重视土的结构作用。若能在加固时充分 利用土体的原有强度,在已有的土体结构形式上实施结构上的补强,在理论上将使能量使用更经济、从而节约工程造价,而且 将减少对环境的影响和扰动。     

On the use of effective stress in three-dimensional hydro-mechanical coupled model

In the last decades, a number of hydro-mechanical elastoplastic constitutive models for unsaturated soils have been proposed. Those models couple the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils, and take into account the effects of the degree of saturation on the stress–strain behaviour and the effects of deformation on the soil–water characteristic response with a simple reversible part for the hysteresis. In addition, the influence of the suction on the stress–strain behaviour is considered. However, until now, few models predict the stress–strain and soil–water characteristic responses of unsaturated soils in a fully three-dimensional Finite Element code. This paper presents the predictions of an unsaturated soil model in a Three-dimensional Framework, and develops a study on the effect of partial saturation on the stability of shallow foundation resting on unsaturated silty soil. Qualitative predictions of the constitutive model show that incorporating a special formulation for the effective stress into an elastoplastic coupled hydro-mechanical model opens a full range of possibilities in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour.     

非饱和土的本构模型研究

引用平均土骨架应力的概念,研究推导出非饱和土的刚度参数随吸力变化而变化的关系式,进而推导得到用平均土骨架应力表述的非饱和土LC屈服面函数以及硬化规律。从土力学原理推导,得到土样由于在净应力和吸力作用下产生体积变形引起土样饱和度变化的关系式。由平均土骨架应力推广,得到三轴应力状态的椭圆屈服函数,这一非饱和土本构模型的优点在于考虑了应力作用后土样饱和度的变化,通过对已有试验数据的初步验证,表明提出的非饱和土本构模型的合理性和适用性。     

Constitutive modelling of state-dependent behaviour of unsaturated soils: an overview

An unsaturated soil is a three-phase material that is ubiquitous on the earth’s surface. The fully saturated and completely dry states are just two limiting conditions of an unsaturated soil. The state and properties of unsaturated soils can change significantly with external loads, weather conditions and groundwater level. Proper modelling of the state-dependent behaviour of unsaturated soils is crucial for analysing the performance of almost all civil engineering structures. So far, there are many unsaturated soil models and several relevant review papers in the literature. None of the existing review papers, however, focused on the state dependency of unsaturated soil behaviour. Moreover, some aspects of soil behaviour have not been reviewed, including small strain stiffness, dilatancy and stress-dependence of water retention curve. In the current review paper, the state dependency of unsaturated soil behaviour is reviewed, with a particular attention to the three missing parts. The review is carried out in a unified and relatively simple constitutive framework, which adopts a three-by-three compliance matrix to link incremental volumetric strain, deviator strain and degree of saturation to incremental mean net stress, deviator stress and suction. All of the nine variables in the proposed three-by-three compliance matrix have clear physical meanings and can be measured through compression, shearing and water retention tests. Theoretical models based on other constitutive stress variables can be also converted to this framework by matrix transformation.

     

Review of fundamental principles in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour

An unsaturated soil is a state of the soil. All soils can be partially saturated with water. Therefore, constitutive models for soils should ideally represent the soil behaviour over entire ranges of possible pore pressure and stress values and allow arbitrary stress and hydraulic paths within these ranges. The last two decades or so have seen significant advances in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour. This paper presents a review of constitutive models for unsaturated soils. In particular, it focuses on the fundamental principles that govern the volume change, shear strength, yield stress, water retention and hydro-mechanical coupling. Alternative forms of these principles are critically examined in terms of their predictive capacity for experimental data, the consistency between these principles and the continuity between saturated and unsaturated states.     

土壤有机无机复合体的研究进展

对土壤有机无机复合体结构模型、有机无机复合体与团聚体的关系、有机无机复合体的肥力特征等方面的最新研究成果进行了综合评述。现代测试技术和计算机技术的应用为土壤有机无机复合体的研究提供了新的研究途径,发展形成了腐殖质胶体、有机无机复合体及有机质-异源生物物质复合体的结构模型,在纳米化学水平和三维分子结构模型上重新认识和阐明土壤有机无机复合体的结构和功能;有机无机复合体是土壤改良剂、营养源和重金属或有机有毒污染物过滤器;应在土壤科学、环境科学和生态学中,重视有机物质与矿物质相互作用和结构模型研究,加强土壤有机无机复合体环境化学行为和颗粒迁移动力学的研究。     

考虑初始结构性影响的吹填软土应力应变关系

正常沉积的土体一般具有结构性。目前土的本构模型大多数是以非结构性土为基础建立和发展起来的,用它们直接描述结构性土体应力应变关系与实际出入很大。本文以修正的剑桥模型为基础,建立了可考虑初始结构性影响的结构性吹填软土应力应变关系。与修正的剑桥模型相比,只增加了参数的个数,但参数种类不变,其值通过室内常规试验即可求得。对天津滨海新区吹填场地经过真空预压处理后有结构强度的吹填土体进行了三轴试验,通过试验值与模拟值分析比较,初步验证了本文建立的模型可以考虑吹填软土初始结构性影响。     

An anisotropic plasticity clay model accounting for structural effects and overconsolidation

Natural soils such as clays exhibit a variety of features including anisotropy, destruction and overconsolidation. In this work, a constitutive model that is able to replicate those salient features of natural clays is presented. The model is based on the classical S-CLAY1 model, where the anisotropy of the soil is captured through the initial inclination and rotation of the yield surface. To account for overconsolidation, a parabolic Hvorslev envelope is adopted. The compression curve of the reconstituted soil is taken as the reference to describe the structural of the soil. Parameters of the proposed constitutive model all have clear physical meanings and can be conveniently determined from conventional triaixal tests. Numerical examples using the proposed model to simulate overconsolidated natural soils are presented and compared with existing experimental data, demonstrating the capability of the model.     

软土非线性蠕变压缩模型

从土的力学行为与微观结构相结合的途径探讨滨海软土单向压缩的本构特征,旨在构造一个用于软土一维变形计算的合理形式.据多级加荷压缩试验成果,进一步证明了软土具有非线性蠕变特性;并用幂函数描述了软土压缩蠕变规律,用割线模量法概化了单向压缩的应力-应变的关系.提出了压缩蠕变率(CCR)的概念,并建立与土的结构定量参数(定向概率熵和孔隙分布分维数)、应力比之间的幂函数关系.在此基础上,建议了一个考虑非线性蠕变特性的单向压缩本构模型,并用试验资料初步验证了模型的有效性.建议的模型具有参数少、简便实用之特点,可用于软土地基的沉降计算分析.     

Adaptation of an existing constitutive model for describing mechanical behaviour of cemented granular soils

In this paper, an existing elastoplastic constitutive model, originally developed for granular soils, is adapted to describe the stress–strain behaviour of cemented granular soils. The existing model (CJS), due to its modular formulation, can be easily developed to take into account different supplementary behavioural aspects in soil mechanics. In the present study, the failure mechanism of the CJS model is modified by introducing the essential aspects in the behaviour of cemented granular soils in its formulation. All of the model parameters have clear physical meaning and can be identified using classical laboratory tests. A set of direct relations between model parameters and famous mechanical parameters of soils such as internal friction angle and cohesion at peak and residual states is presented. In order to validate the model, the results of triaxial and uniaxial tests in the compression and extension performed on cemented granular materials are used. The validation results indicate the good capability of the proposed model.