龙门山断裂带西南段晚第四纪活动性调查与分析

基于高分辨率SPOT影像解译、关键地点的野外构造地貌调查和活动断裂测量以及错断沉积物的光释光测年(OSL),确定了龙门山断裂带西南段主要活动断裂的分布特征及其晚第四纪活动特征,发现后龙门山断裂带--五龙-冷碛镇断裂是一条晚更新世活动的右旋走滑断裂,没有明显的挤压逆冲活动形迹.根据次级断层的地层切割关系和沉积物测年结果,确定了沿该断裂带晚更新世两期走滑活动事件:一期发生在86～88ka,另一期发生在36～48ka.中央断裂带--双石-西岭断裂也具有右旋走滑活动特征,但其活动性相对较弱.这两条主要断裂在全新世没有明显的活动形迹,表明龙门山断裂带西南段构造活动性较弱.现今以中小地震为主,地震震源机制解显示以走滑应力机制占主导,与现今应力测量确定的逆冲应力状态不一致.这些观察和测试结果为龙门山断裂带西南段未来强震危险性评价提供了重要的依据.     

珠江三角洲广从断裂东侧"西淋岗断层"成因论证

广从断裂是粤中地区一条重要的北东向基底断裂,对于该断裂在珠江三角洲隐伏段的晚第四纪活动性的认识存在分歧.针对最近在广从断裂东侧佛山市西淋岗发现的断错晚第四纪地层现象,开展了地质地貌调查、探槽揭露、第四系年代测定和浅层人工地震探测等工作.对“西淋岗断层”的几何学特征及与基岩断裂的相关性进行了探测和分析,论证了其成因.“西淋岗断层”是新生的重力滑动面,并不是晚第四纪活动断层,与地震无关.目前尚未发现广从断裂晚第四纪以来活动的地质地貌证据,因此不能说明该断裂具备发生强烈地震的构造能力.     

郯庐断裂南段怀远—池河北西向断裂的第四纪活动性——来自韭山东北缘的地质证据

怀远—池河断裂与郯庐断裂带南段相交,处在郯庐断裂带活动性逐渐减弱的地段。为获取断裂活动的地质证据,选取安徽韭山东北缘进行地貌调查、探槽开挖、年龄样品测试等工作。研究表明,韭山东北缘的线性地貌受断裂活动控制,在调查揭示的多个剖面中,断层表现出一致的活动性质,走向NW,倾向NE,倾角70°左右,具有正断性质;断层垂直断距在第四系中由下往上逐渐变小,直至消失在第四纪覆盖层中,说明断裂具有多期活动,进入中更新世后活动性逐渐减弱。通过跨断层探槽剖面分析及测年结果可知,断层最新活动错断了中更新世地层,上覆的中更新世顶部地层及晚更新世地层未受影响,说明该断裂是一条中更新世断裂,晚更新世以来不活动。怀远—池河断裂的活动情况与其所在地区的新构造环境有关。郯庐断裂带是本区规模最大的控制性构造,它的活动性对区内其他断裂具有重要影响,断裂带明光以南段最新活动时代为中更新世,受其影响,与它相交的怀远—池河断裂最新活动时代也表现为中更新世。这或是蚌埠—凤阳地区以中小地震活动为主的一个构造背景。     

郯庐断裂南段怀远—池河北西向断裂的第四纪活动性——来自韭山东北缘的地质证据

怀远—池河断裂与郯庐断裂带南段相交,处在郯庐断裂带活动性逐渐减弱的地段。为获取断裂活动的地质证据,选取安徽韭山东北缘进行地貌调查、探槽开挖、年龄样品测试等工作。研究表明,韭山东北缘的线性地貌受断裂活动控制,在调查揭示的多个剖面中,断层表现出一致的活动性质,走向NW,倾向NE,倾角70°左右,具有正断性质;断层垂直断距在第四系中由下往上逐渐变小,直至消失在第四纪覆盖层中,说明断裂具有多期活动,进入中更新世后活动性逐渐减弱。通过跨断层探槽剖面分析及测年结果可知,断层最新活动错断了中更新世地层,上覆的中更新世顶部地层及晚更新世地层未受影响,说明该断裂是一条中更新世断裂,晚更新世以来不活动。怀远—池河断裂的活动情况与其所在地区的新构造环境有关。郯庐断裂带是本区规模最大的控制性构造,它的活动性对区内其他断裂具有重要影响,断裂带明光以南段最新活动时代为中更新世,受其影响,与它相交的怀远—池河断裂最新活动时代也表现为中更新世。这或是蚌埠—凤阳地区以中小地震活动为主的一个构造背景。     

江苏镇江地区主要活动断裂及其晚第四纪活动性研究

镇江地区位于宁镇山脉东端,地质构造复杂,尤其断裂构造的活动性塑造了镇江地区如今的地形地貌格架。通过地质地貌调查、遥感影像解译、地球物理勘探、钻探、探槽等勘探手段,对镇江地区断裂构造两侧第四纪地层进行年代学研究,基本确定了断裂构造的活动机制、活动时间,结合镇江地区地震发生的规律及地应力场特征的研究,认为镇江地区断裂构造的最后活动时间在更新世,全新世活动较弱,并趋于稳定。      

郯庐断裂带渤海段第四纪活动规律探讨

郯庐断裂带渤海段也称为营潍断裂带。文中利用一系列地震剖面,对营潍断裂带第四纪活断层的几何学特征、活动方式与时间、应力场及活动性进行了综合分析,探讨其第四纪活动规律。结果表明,该断裂带第四纪以来活动广泛而强烈,基本上继承了新近纪的断裂格局,由东、西两支主干断裂构成,各自呈左阶雁列式展布。其主干断裂在第四系内陡立的断面、常见的第四系背斜构造及区域上NEESWW向挤压应力状态,皆表明该断裂带第四纪以来呈逆右行平移活动。大量的地震剖面揭示,该断裂带渤中地区为全新世活断层,而潍北-莱州湾和辽东湾地区呈现为全新世、晚更新世与第四纪活断层相间出现的现象。地震分布表明,该断裂带近代在中段渤中地区活动性最强,而南、北段活动性较弱。     

鄂中胡集-沙洋断裂活动性及钟祥地震发震构造

为了调查该研究区的断裂活动性和发震构造, 采用现场地质、地貌调查、断层物质及阶地年龄测试等方法进行研究.调查结果显示: 胡集-沙洋断裂以正断层活动为主, 最新活动时期在第四纪早更新世晚期, 约1 136 ka.在此基础上, 进一步分析了区域构造应力场和微小地震活动与断层的关系.同时勾绘出了钟祥4次地震的有感范围, 其规模、形态与胡集-沙洋断裂的走向和活动性质基本吻合.在钟祥一带的第四纪中更新世网纹红土中, 发现疑似地震形成的破裂及喷砂喷砾现象, 表明钟祥地区在第四纪中更新世发生过M≥6.0的中强地震.基于此认识, 讨论了钟祥1407年、1469年、1603年M5.0~5.5地震的发震构造.研究表明: 该发震构造为控制汉水地堑的胡集-沙洋断裂, 也证实了在中国东部非活动断裂具有发生中强地震的构造潜力.      

北京顺义断裂第四纪活动性地球物理及钻孔综合探测证据

顺义断裂是北京平原区重要的隐伏断裂之一，其第四纪活动性及其对地表地裂缝地质灾害影响的研究是优化首都地区国土空间开发格局和防灾减灾体系建设的必要工作。针对隐伏断裂的复杂性特征，利用可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、浅层人工地震、高密度电阻率法地球物理探测，以及钻孔地层剖面记录等方法，综合分析顺义断裂第四纪活动特征，结果表明：①顺义断裂走向NE，倾向SE，正断活动特征，为全新世活动断裂，北小营附近断裂上下盘早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世和全新世以来的垂直滑动速率分别为0. 23mm/a、0. 03 mm/a、0. 29 mm/a和0. 51 mm/a；②断裂第四纪以来时空存在明显差异，时间上，早更新世断裂活动性较强，中更新世活动弱，晚更新世活动性增强，全新世以来活动性最强，空间上，第四纪以来顺义断裂南段的活动性较北段强；③顺义断裂现今仍具有一定蠕滑活动特征，并对浅地表部地裂缝发育具有明显的控制作用，这可能是顺义地裂缝发育的主要原因。     

卡拉水电站工程区前波断层特征及活动性研究

前波断层是卡拉水电站工程区内规模最大的断裂构造,断层活动性研究对水电站建设有着重要的意义。通过野外地质调查发现:断层通过之处无动态构造地貌发育,断裂构造岩中的石英颗粒形态以深度溶蚀的桔皮状-苔藓状为主,ESR测年结果显示断层为晚更新世活动构造,而现场氡气测量显示断层的脉冲值峰值与本底值比值相对较大、愈合程度相对较弱,证明前波断层自全新世(Q4)以来已无活动痕迹,不属于活动构造,因此断层对工程建设影响不大。     

韩城断裂西庄村-西南村一带断裂展布及晚第四纪剖面

为研究山西韩城断裂中段西庄村-西南村一带的晚第四纪活动性,采用遥感解译、地质地貌调查等手段,对该断裂在该地区的典型断层剖面进行了分析,给出了该段断裂的展布及晚第四纪以来的地层地貌标志、活动幅度及滑动速率。研究结果表明:韩城断裂在该段普遍错断马兰黄土下部古土壤S1,最新错断马兰黄土中上部古土壤L1s并直通地表,晚更新世晚期以来仍有活动。估算晚更新世早期以来滑动速率约为0.088mm/a,晚更新世晚期以来滑动速率大于0.035mm/a。     

活断层的地震响应特征与瞬时地震属性

活断层探测是断层活动性评判的基础,也是天然地震灾害预防的依据,而浅层地震勘探是活断层探测的有效方法之一;而目前利用浅层地震方法评判断层活动性的能力亟待提高.通过构建了不同宽度破碎带的活断层理论模型,采用二维粘弹性波动方程有限差分法进行了波场响应特征模拟,运用希尔伯特变换方法提取了瞬时频率和相位属性.结果表明:地震水平叠加剖面和瞬时属性相结合可有效获取穿过第四系活断层的响应特征和实现断层活动性评判;当相干噪声达到30%时,水平叠加和瞬时频率属性剖面已难以追踪第四系中弱反射信号,而瞬时相位属性剖面仍可有效追踪;在实际活断层判定中,水平叠加、瞬时频率与瞬时相位地震属性剖面均可判断断层的存在,而穿过第四系的断层 (或破碎带) 特征瞬时相位属性最为明显和突出,水平叠加剖面次之,瞬时相位地震属性是判定断层活动性的重要和有效的属性.      

嘉鱼断裂西向延伸与第四系活动特征

嘉鱼断裂为已证实的隐伏断层。该断裂从洪湖老湾西南横切长江,沿近东西—北东东向延展,经嘉鱼县城东北马鞍山北缘向东延伸于斧头湖,长约40 km,该断裂东端已有明显出露,而断裂尾部并没有明显出露。由于区内小尺度物探资料的缺乏,使得该断裂的走向和活动性都缺少相关证据。本文利用浅层地震反射结合折射层析成像方法,采用2 m道间距接收人工地震波,利用多次覆盖技术和密集炮集折射记录,分别对数据进行反射处理和层析成像,获取了浅层地震反射剖面和高分辨率折射层析成像剖面,并参考相关区域地震安全性评价钻孔资料进行解译。综合研究结果表明：浅层地震反射和高分辨率折射联合应用可互补,尤其在外界干扰较为严重的区域,利用高分辨率折射层析成像可减少浅层地震反射对断层的误判。此外,研究结果证实了嘉鱼断裂的具体位置,其性质为北盘下降、南盘上升的正断层,且该断层错断了第四系沉积层。     

运城盆地盐湖南岸断层晚第四纪活动特征研究

盐湖南岸断层位于运城市盐湖南岸,在浅层地震勘探的基础上,通过钻孔联合剖面勘探和钻孔样品年龄测试,获得断层的上断点埋深、断层标志层的断距以及地层沉积年龄等数据,在此基础上分析了盐湖南岸断层的晚第四纪活动特征。研究表明,盐湖南岸断层在55.7±0.43 ka B.P.以来没有发生明显的活动,断层的活动时代为晚更新世早、中期。断层在晚第四纪以来经历过2次构造活动期和2次间歇期,间歇时间为约16000 a和55700 a,在2次活动期间断层活动程度存在差异,晚更新世早期断层活动较强,中期活动相对减弱。晚更新世以来断层的平均滑动速率为0.0276 mm/a,属弱活动断层。     

上海罗店-周浦隐伏断裂第四纪活动性综合探测与研究

罗店-周浦断裂是纵贯上海市中心城区重要的北西向隐伏活动断裂,其第四纪活动性对城市地质安全至关重要。通过高精度重力勘探、浅层地震勘探及可控源大地音频电磁测深勘探等地球物理方法,结合钻探联井剖面及光释光年代学测定,对罗店-周浦断裂在区域内的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行了探测与研究。结果表明,该断裂在上海市南部区域仍具有较好的延展性,断裂行迹在重力剖面、可控源音频大地电磁测深剖面及浅层人工地震剖面上都有较好的反映。重力面积测量结果显示该断裂在上海市南部呈现为一组近平行断层行迹;浅层人工地震勘探与钻孔地层联合剖面揭露断层最浅上断点埋深相似（约为200 m）,可控源大地音频电磁测深反映断裂深部特征明显。物探剖面及钻孔联合剖面综合显示,断裂并未明显错断上覆中更新统上部地层,结合光释光年代学标定,认为该断裂最新活动时代为早更新世。罗店-周浦断裂与区内历史地震事件关系密切,目前区域地应力环境为北西向压应力状态,该断裂易于发生张扭性活动,其活动性特征及地震危险性特征需要持续关注。      

Quaternary folding of the eastern Tian Shan, northwest China

The Tian Shan, east–west trending more than 2000 km, is one of most active intracontinental mountain building belts that resulted from India–Eurasia collision during Cenozoic. In this study, Quaternary folding related to intracontinental mountain building of the Tian Shan orogenic belt is documented based on geologic interpretation and analyses of the satellite remote sensing images [Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) and India Remote Sensing (IRS) Pan] combined with field geologic and geomorphic observations and seismic reflection profiles. Analyses of spatial–temporal features of Quaternary folded structure indicate that the early Quaternary folds are widely distributed in both piedmont and intermontane basins, whereas the late Quaternary active folds are mainly concentrated on the northern range-fronts. Field observations indicate that Quaternary folds are mainly characterized by fault-related folding. The formation and migration of Quaternary folding are likely related to decollement surfaces beneath the fold-and-fault zone as revealed by seismic reflection profiles. Moreover, analysis of growth strata indicates that the Quaternary folding began in late stage of early Pleistocene (2.1–1.2 Ma). Finally, tectonic evolution model of the Quaternary deformation in the Tian Shan is presented. This model shows that the Quaternary folding and faulting gradually migrate toward the range-fronts due to the continuous compression related to India–Eurasia collision during Quaternary time. As a result, the high topographic relief of the Tian Shan was formed.     

京张地区延矾盆地北缘活动断裂带桑园镇隐伏段综合地球物理及钻孔地层剖面研究

京张高铁预选路线跨越延矾盆地北缘活动断裂隐伏段,隐伏活动断裂的产状、活动性对高铁设计、建设和运营具有直接影响。针对盆地隐伏活动断裂的复杂性特征,利用可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、浅层地震、高密度电阻率综合地球物理探测,以及钻孔地层剖面记录等方法,分析延矾盆地北缘活动断裂隐伏段特征,结果表明:(1)延矾盆地北缘活动断裂隐伏段由两条次级断层组成(F2-1、F2-2),二者大致平行分布,走向N56°E,倾角为50～70°,平面上,与地表出露段共同呈右阶雁列分布;(2)F2-1次级断层可分辨上断点埋深约10 m,其晚更新世以来垂直滑动速率大约0.12 mm/a,应是重大工程建设重点设防对象,次级断裂F2-2可分辨上断点埋深约30 m,晚更新世以来活动性弱;(3)通过钻孔地层剖面记录与地球物理探测成果对比,CSAMT法与浅层地震勘探对基岩顶界面探测可靠有效,高密度电阻率法对于该地区浅部第四系松散堆积物探测效果显著,比较直观地反映出电性异常体的形态和规模,通过综合地球物理探测,能够做到优势互补,减少隐伏活动断层解译的不确定性。     

Late Quaternary Activity of the Huashan Piedmont Fault and Associated Hazards in the Southeastern Weihe Graben, Central China

The Weihe Graben is not only an important Cenozoic fault basin in China but also a significant active seismic zone. The Huashan piedmont fault is an important active fault on the southeast side of the Weihe Graben and has been highly active since the Cenozoic. The well–known Great Huaxian County Earthquake of 1556 occurred on the Huashan piedmont fault. This earthquake, which claimed the lives of approximately 830000 people, is one of the few large earthquakes known to have occurred on a high–angle normal fault. The Huashan piedmont fault is a typical active normal fault that can be used to study tectonic activity and the associated hazards. In this study, the types and characteristics of late Quaternary deformation along this fault are discussed from geological investigations, historical research and comprehensive analysis. On the basis of its characteristics and activity, the fault can be divided into three sections, namely eastern, central and western. The eastern and western sections display normal slip. Intense deformation has occurred along the two sections during the Quaternary; however, no deformation has occurred during the Holocene. The central section has experienced significant high–angle normal fault activity during the Quaternary, including the Holocene. Holocene alluvial fans and loess cut by the fault have been identified at the mouths of many stream valleys of the Huashan Mountains along the central section of the Huashan piedmont fault zone. Of the three sections of the Huashan piedmont fault, the central section is the most active and was very active during the late Quaternary. The rate of normal dip–slip was 1.67–2.71±0.11 mm/a in the Holocene and 0.61±0.15 mm/a during the Mid–Late Pleistocene. As is typical of normal faults, the late Quaternary activity of the Huashan piedmont fault has produced a set of disasters, which include frequent earthquakes, collapses, landslides, mudslides and ground fissures. Ground fissures mainly occur on the hanging–wall of the Huashan piedmont fault, with landslides, collapses and mudslides occurring on the footwall.     

北京平原区黄庄—高丽营断裂北段结构特征及活动特点研究

黄庄—高丽营断裂是横穿北京市城区的一条规模较大的隐伏深大活动断裂,是北京凹陷和西山隆起的分界构造。本次研究工作区选在黄庄—高丽营断裂北段昌平未来科技城一带,对目标断裂先后开展了地震勘探、高密度电阻率法勘探以及槽探3种方法组合对其结构与活动性进行综合分析研究,查明了目标断裂的结构及其活动性。研究表明,黄庄—高丽营断裂由主断裂和次级断裂组成的断裂带,断裂带内次级断层也较为发育。断裂带在基岩中表现为阶梯状断层,向上延伸至第四系内部,形成"Y"字形断层组合。该断裂在全新世以来断裂活动明显,物探解译结果的上断点以及探槽中的现象均已达到地表。由此可见,本次工作所采用的3种物探方法组合,对探测城市隐伏断裂并探究其活动性,具有明显的效果,对减轻城市地震灾害实际应用评估具有十分重要的意义。     

Touhuanping Fault, an active wrench fault within fold-and-thrust belt in northwestern Taiwan, documented by spatial analysis of fluvial terraces

This study aims at the recent activity and development of an active wrench fault, the Touhuanping Fault in northwestern Taiwan. Northwestern Taiwan has been proposed in a current situation between the mature to waning collision in terms of tectonic evolution. The main drainage in this area, the Chungkang River, flows close to the trace of the fault mentioned above. We examined various types of deformation of fluvial terraces along the Chungkang River as a key to understanding the nature and rate of the late Quaternary tectonics. The E–W trending Touhuanping Fault has long been mapped as a geological boundary fault, but its recent activity was suspected. Field survey revealed that its late Quaternary activity is recorded in the offset fluvial terraces. Our result shows dextral slip and vertical offset with upthrown side on the south, and activated at least twice since the emergence of terrace 4 (older terrace 3 with OSL date of ca. 80 ka). Total amount of offset recorded in the Touhuanping terrace sequence is 15 m for dextral and 10 m for vertical offset. Estimated recurrence time of earthquake rupture may be a few tens of thousand years. Uplift on the upthrown side of the Touhuanping Fault also resulted in the formation of drowned valleys which were graded to terrace 4. Other deformation features, such as back-tilting, westward warping, and a range-facing straight scarp, were also identified. A second-order anticline roughly parallel to the Touhuanping Fault is suggested to be the origin of the northward tilting on terrace 3; it could have resulted from a flower structure on the Touhuanping Fault at shallow depth. This may demonstrate that the buried segment of the Touhuanping Fault has also been active since 80 ka. In the northern study area, the westward warping at terrace 2 probably represents late Quaternary activity of another NE–SW trending Hsincheng Fault.     

Plio-Quaternary changes of the normal fault architecture in the Central Apennines (Italy)

Abstract

The definition of the active fault geometry and kinematics in young evolving orogens may be difficult owing to changes in the structural architecture which may occur with a frequence of few hundred thousand years. Cases from the central Apennines well illustrate this problem. The Avezzano-Bussi and Vallelonga-Salto Valley fault systems (65 and 85 km long, respectively) show clear evidence of Pliocene-early Pleistocene activity and have been responsible for the formation of intermontane basins. Available geological data, however, indicate that only minor segments (the Tre Monti and Trasacco faults, both 7 km long) of the mentioned faults have to be considered active during the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as faults accommodating minor deformations inside an intermontane basin. The L'Aquila fault system underwent significant geometrical and kinematic modifications during the Quaternary, with the reactivation of minor portions of parallel normal faults to draw a new system of en-echelon normal-oblique left-lateral faults. The Laga Mts. fault experienced an along-fault activity migration. The portion of the fault which was active earlier during the Quaternary shows a significant decrease or end of the activity while a portion previously not active displays impressive evidence of late Pleistocene-Holocene displacements. Structural changes in the intermontane basins bounded by the Colfiorito fault system also indicate that the intensity of the tectonic activity decreased during the Quaternary. Not defining the structural evolution in the above mentioned cases would imply wrong conclusions for both the fault geometry and kinematics which may be delivered for seismotectonics and seismic hazard assessment. This typically leads to overestimate the fault length and the expected magnitude or to the increase in the number of seismogenic sources affecting an area. Finally, the definition of the structural evolution permits to select between different geometrical options in terms of active faulting framework (e.g. a system of parallel normal faults vs. a system of en-echelon normal oblique faults as in the case of the L'Aquila fault system) related to different geometries at depth (detachment normal fault vs. high-angle oblique fault). © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS