川西江浪穹窿二叠系变玄武岩的地球化学特征与岩石成因

江浪穹窿二叠系地层中发育一套顺层产出的变玄武岩,主要由角闪石(~80%)、斜长石(~15%)与少量的石英(3%)、磁铁矿(~2%)等组成,具有明显的枕状构造。为深入探讨变玄武岩的岩石成因,本文对其进行了主微量元素分析。结果显示,变玄武岩具有低的Si O2(平均44.14%)与Ti O2(平均1.79%)含量、高的TFe2O3(平均13.95%)和Mg O(平均11.64%)含量,Mg#值介于65.6~58.3;稀土配分型式显示为轻微的右倾型,Ce异常(Ce/Ce*平均0.89)与Eu异常(Eu/Eu*平均1.03)不明显;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba和U,亏损高场强元素Nb、P、Zr和Hf;低的La/Sm值(2.71~2.26)、(Th/Ta)PM值(1.36~1.14)与(La/Nb)PM值(1.78~1.33)。综合分析认为,该套变玄武岩属于洋底玄武岩,可能是古特提斯洋的洋壳残余。岩浆源区为亏损地幔混有少量的富集地幔组分,岩浆上升侵位过程中没有遭受地壳物质的混染。与峨眉山低钛玄武岩(LT1)的对比显示,该套变玄武岩并非晚二叠世峨眉山玄武岩。     

川西江浪穹窿二叠纪大理岩微量元素与碳、氧同位素组成:对古沉积环境的指示

江浪穹窿位于松潘-甘孜造山带南缘,其二叠纪地层主要由一套大理岩组成。为精确恢复大理岩的原岩性质及古沉积环境,对微量元素(包括稀土元素)与C、O同位素进行了研究。元素地球化学分析表明,样品具有明显的Ce负异常(δCe 0.60~0.32)以及La(δLa 1.90~1.45)、Eu(δEu 1.67~1.02)、Gd(δGd 2.52~1.35)和Y(δY 1.98~1.38)正异常,Y/Ho值为54.1~38.9,Sr/Ba值介于81.7~23.0之间,V/Cr值为1.20~0.50。同位素测试结果显示,大理岩δ~(13)CV-PDB值为+4.0‰~-0.1‰,δ~(18)OV-SMOW值介于16.3‰~13.6‰之间,计算获得的δ~(18)OV-PDB值为-14.2‰~-16.8‰。综合分析,认为江浪穹窿二叠纪大理岩的原岩为海相碳酸盐岩,其原始O同位素组成受后期成岩作用影响而显著降低;岩石沉积于富含氧气的古海水,并且沉积过程中有少量(5%)海底高温热液的摄入。结合该套地层还发育顺层变玄武岩和超基性岩的事实,认为松潘-甘孜造山带南缘的二叠纪变质岩石组合可能是古特提斯洋的洋壳残余。     

松潘-甘孜地块丹巴二叠纪玄武岩的主、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素研究:岩石成因与构造意义

松潘-甘孜地块的丹巴二叠纪玄武岩(大石包组)具有较高的TiO2含量(>2%)和高的Ti/Y比值(平均519),显示LREE富集、HREE亏损的右倾型稀土配分型式((La/Yb)N=4.2~13.6),εNd(t)=-0.33~2.70,具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)地球化学特征,形成于大陆板内环境。其源区来自原始地幔始于石榴子石稳定区的低程度部分熔融,岩浆上升过程中有来自地壳物质的加入,因而其不相容元素比值如Zr/Nb(4.41~13.09)、La/Nb(1.03~1.80)和Th/La(0.08~0.18)等,以及初始的87Sr/86Sr比值(0.706008~0.707257)均表现出不同程度的富集特征,岩浆演化早期经历了以辉石、橄榄石为主的分离结晶作用。该套玄武岩的元素-同位素地球化学特征和源区性质类似于峨眉山溢流玄武岩的高钛(HT)系列,因此认为其是峨眉山地幔柱活动的产物,属于峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)的一部分。松潘-甘孜地块和扬子西缘晚古生代以前地层的可比性以及峨眉山溢流玄武岩的分布特征显示,松潘-甘孜洋盆伴随着扬子克拉通的裂解而打开,并且可能都与峨眉山地幔柱有关,是地幔柱活动的浅部地质响应。     

蛇绿岩生成构造环境的Ba-Th-Nb-La判别图

Pearce的Ti-Zr-Y图不能很好区分洋脊和岛弧玄武岩,Ti对岩浆分离结晶作用很敏感,因此用这个图判别蛇绿岩生成构造环境效果不好,本文利用分配系数相近的Ba,Th,Nb,La四个非常不相容元素的(Ba/Nb)-Ba,(Nb/Th)-Nb,(La/Nb)-La和(Ba/Nb)-(Th/Nb)图解很好区分了洋脊、岛弧、洋岛玄武岩。弧后盆玄武岩同时具有洋脊和岛弧玄武岩的特征。这些元素在海水蚀变中较稳定,它们的比值在分离结晶过程中保持不变,因此这些图解有利于判别蛇绿岩(包括熔岩和均质辉长岩)生成的构造环境。     

胶-辽-吉造山带北辽河变基性岩的成因、地球化学属性及其构造意义

大规模出露于胶-辽-吉造山带的北辽河变基性岩(NLHmetabasicrocks)是恢复造山带构造演化的关键之一,然而,研究者们对这些变基性岩的成因和构造环境有很大争议,制约了对胶-辽-吉造山带早期构造演化的深入研究。基于详细的野外地质调查,本文对北辽河变基性岩进行了系统的岩石学研究并提供了新的全岩地球化学数据,结合前人的测试结果,我们对这些变基性岩的成因和构造环境进行了相关探讨。变基性岩侵入于北辽河群的大理岩和碎屑岩中,经历了一定程度的蚀变以及绿片岩相-角闪岩相变质。岩石类型包括变质辉长岩、变质辉绿岩、斜长角闪岩以及石榴斜长角闪岩;前两者具有明显的变余辉长或者辉绿结构,可见自形斜长石,少见原生矿物单斜辉石的残留;后两者主要由斜长石和角闪石组成,部分含有石榴子石变斑晶;此外,岩石中出现大量Fe-Ti氧化物(磁铁矿和钛铁矿)。地球化学研究表明,北辽河变基性岩均属于拉斑玄武岩系列(SiO_2=44.55%~54.11%,Nb/Y=0.16~0.31),以低TiO_2(0.69%~1.99%)和低MgO(多数5.47%~7.97%)为特征,轻稀土轻微富集((La/Sm)_N=1.22~2.66;(La/Yb)_N=1.66~4.56),并具有明显的Nb、Ta、P以及轻微的Zr、Ti亏损,岩石经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石等矿物的三相结晶分异以及Fe-Ti氧化物(磁铁矿和钛铁矿)的堆晶;它们的微量元素配分型式类似于E-MORB和地壳岩石,并且地球化学组成与MORB相近,而不同于弧玄武岩和板内玄武岩;这些变基性岩的Ce/Pb(3.07~26.58)、(Ta/La)PM(0.47~1.45)以及(Hf/Sm)PM(0.91~1.15)显示出有限的俯冲相关流体的交代作用;此外,大多数不相容元素比值(例如Th/Nb、La/Nb及Th/La等)的变化趋势则表明北辽河变基性岩的岩浆源区不可能是大陆岩石圈地幔,并且在形成过程中经历了明显的地壳物质混染。基于这些野外地质调查和地球化学研究,我们认为北辽河变基性岩应形成于相对成熟的弧后盆地,这样一个形成环境也表明胶-辽-吉造山带在早期存在~2.1Ga的洋壳俯冲过程,该构造带应该是~1.9Ga岛弧与大陆碰撞形成的一条古元古代造山带。     

川西甘孜-理塘结合带洋岛型玄武岩地球化学、年代学特征及其地质意义

甘孜-理塘结合带作为三江特提斯造山带与松潘-甘孜造山带的重要组成部分,发育大量的洋岛-海山岩石组合,洋岛玄武岩的存在标志着洋盆已发育成熟的洋壳.木里地区的洋岛-海山岩石组合由"基性火山岩+碳酸盐岩"构成,对基性火山岩的地球化学特征分析表明：基性火山岩SiO₂含量为40.17%~49.19%,TiO₂含量1.77%~4.86%,Al₂O₃含量9.67%~15.39%,MgO含量3.85%~17.75%,全碱含量（K₂O+Na₂O）0.87%~6.33%,属碱性玄武岩系列.稀土总量∑REE值较高,为106.21×10^-6~378.83×10^-6,（La/Yb）_N比值为9.23~39.41,为轻稀土富集型,Eu、Ce无异常,配分模式为右倾型.微量元素表现出大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、K富集,而亏损高场强元素Nb、Zr.稀土元素及微量元素特征与标准洋岛型玄武岩相近,源区为软流圈地幔石榴石橄榄岩,且部分经历了岩浆结晶分异,形成于洋岛台地环境.玄武岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果为218.96~221.71 Ma,表明洋岛型玄武岩形成于晚三叠世中期.     

阿尔金环形山榴辉岩岩石地球化学及地质意义

调查研究发现,阿尔金南缘环形山榴辉岩呈透镜体状产于新元古代石榴石二长花岗片麻岩中,岩石经退变质作用,白眼圈构造发育,石榴石变少,石英及金红石等矿物较少,未见峰期矿物组合。绿辉石被次透辉石及角闪石替代,岩石为榴辉岩、榴闪岩及斜长角闪岩。主量及微量元素地球化学分析显示:主量元素Al2O3、TiO2、MgO、P2O5及稀土Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf、Zr/Nb、La/Nb、Y/Nb特征比值与洋脊玄武岩一致;稀土标准化模式图、微量元素原始地幔标准化图及MORB标准化图指示岩石具洋脊玄武岩特征,原岩可能为地幔岩经15%~30%的部分熔融形成。结合榴辉岩围岩年龄、变质作用等分析认为,该榴辉岩为似洋脊玄武岩的基性岩浆侵入花岗岩后,于500 Ma左右发生大陆俯冲折返形成。     

滇西高黎贡构造带东缘中侏罗世玄武岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造意义

高黎贡构造带东南缘的混杂岩带形成的构造背景复杂。产于混杂岩带以东的中侏罗世玄武岩地球化学特征可能为该岩石形成的构造背景提供依据。滇西中侏罗世玄武岩分布于高黎贡构造带东缘的凤平镇-畹町(南带)和怒江(北带)一带。其中怒江一带玄武岩具有块状构造,气孔杏仁发育,间粒结构,发生了绿片岩相变质。岩石属于亚碱性拉斑系列,具有中等的MgO(5.09%～6.20%)、较高的钛(Ti O_21.64%～2.14%)、铁(Fe O~T9.19%～12.80%),且Na_2OK_2O。岩石Mg~#值(Mg~#=Mg~(2+)/(Mg~(2+)+Fe~(2+)))为0.51～0.59,反映了源区岩浆经历了明显的辉石和橄榄石分离结晶,同时存在低氧逸度下分离结晶。岩石富含稀土元素(78.52×10~(-6)～99.41×10~(-6)),具明显的轻、重稀土分馏((La/Yb)_N=4.06～5.54),无明显Eu异常(δEu=0.91～1.00),斜长石分离结晶不明显。同时,富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U)和高场强元素(Nb、Zr、Ti),具有弱的Nb、Zr、Ti负异常。较高的Zr/Y(3.58～5.88)、Ta/Yb(0.29～0.51)、Th/Yb(1.15～1.45)和(La/Nb)_N(1.03～1.41)比值,说明怒江一带玄武岩具有裂谷特征。相对高Nb含量(8.83×10~(-6)～15.60×10~(-6))和富集稀土元素不同于岛弧,周边及下部缺少洋壳和Nb负异常有别于OIB。岩浆源自富集的石榴石地幔橄榄岩部分熔融,在上涌过程中受到了地壳污染,显示Nb负异常。有限的岩浆作用规模和较短的喷发时间反映了高黎贡构造带东缘怒江一带具有被动拉张的裂谷性质,可能与古特提斯洋闭合引起的拉张作用有关。     

东昆仑马尼特地区片麻状花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其构造背景

为确定东昆仑马尼特地区片麻状花岗闪长岩的形成时代、源区性质和构造背景,对其进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究.本次测试的片麻状花岗闪长岩锆石LA-ICP-MS(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) U-Pb加权平均年龄为495.6±1.1 Ma(MSWD=0.13),属于晚寒武世.马尼特片麻状花岗闪长岩SiO₂含量为61.47%~63.99%,Na₂O、K₂O和CaO含量分别为2.91%~3.64%、0.93%~2.31%和4.29%~6.52%,全碱ALK=3.92%~5.69%,铝饱和指数A/CNK=0.83~0.97,属准铝质钙碱性系列岩石.岩石具有富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)和不相容元素(Th、U),相对亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti高场强元素的特征,Nb/Ta、La/Nb、Th/Nb、Th/La等比值显示出岩石具有壳源特征.岩石具有高的ε_Hf(t)值(12.2~15.0),Hf两阶段模式年龄在506~662 Ma范围内,其岩浆源区初始物质主要来源于新生地壳.岩石在微量元素Rb-(Y+Nb)构造判别图落入火山弧花岗岩区域,在R1-R2构造判别图落入板块碰撞前消减区花岗岩区域.结合岩石成岩年龄、地球化学特征以及区域构造演化,推测其应形成于原特提斯洋俯冲的构造环境,属于大洋洋壳向南俯冲的产物,即柴达木地块和万宝沟大洋玄武岩高原之间的洋壳同时向南、北发生双向俯冲消减.      

甘孜- 理塘洋可能存在北向俯冲：来自松潘- 甘孜道孚- 炉霍岩浆岩的证据

松潘- 甘孜造山带巨厚的三叠系复理石沉积盖层给探讨其基底性质、俯冲- 碰撞过程和深部岩浆作用增添了难度，使得带内广泛出露的花岗质岩体和少量镁铁质岩体成为解开松潘- 甘孜造山带构造演化谜团的重要研究对象。锆石U- Pb定年结果表明道孚花岗闪长岩形成于223. 5~217. 4 Ma，炉霍二长岩结晶年龄为219. 4 Ma，辉长岩为218. 9 Ma，均属于晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。化学成分研究结果表明，花岗质岩石都表现出I型花岗岩特征，其中炉霍二长岩具有较高的Ba、Sr含量，相对较高且均一的εHf(t)值（-3. 69~-1. 65），表明其可能来源于富集玄武质新生下地壳的熔融。道孚花岗闪长岩具有分散的εHf(t)值（-13. 51~0. 41），野外和地球化学特征指示其形成于幔源熔体与古老壳源熔体的混合。辉长岩在微量元素蜘蛛图上具有类似的模式，不同程度富集Ba、Sr、Pb、Th和U元素，出现Nb、Ta、Ti元素亏损，具有岛弧玄武岩的特征，来源于流/熔体交代的地幔楔部分熔融。综合区域已有资料，我们对甘孜- 理塘洋的演化历史提出新的认识，认为甘孜- 理塘洋不仅仅存在向南俯冲的可能性，同时也具有北向俯冲的历史，晚三叠世道孚- 炉霍岩浆岩的形成受控于甘孜- 理塘洋向北边松潘- 甘孜地块俯冲的背景之下。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.