庐枞早白垩世火山岩的地球化学特征及其源区意义

从中生代到新生代,华北东部岩石圈地幔发生了减薄以及地球化学性质置换, 而扬子地块东部中生代岩石圈地幔也表现出类似的过程,对中生代火山岩的地球化学研究有助于了解这一变化过程以及发生置换时的时空关系。庐枞火山岩出露于扬子地块东部,为一套包括粗玄岩–玄武粗安岩–粗面岩的富碱橄榄安粗岩系。研究了双庙组基性火山岩,这些岩石富集Rb,K,Sr,Th和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素。(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7060~0.7063,εNd(t )=-3.9~-6.2,(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.788~18.125,(207Pb/204Pb)i= 15.511~15.546,(208Pb/204Pb)i =37.735~38.184。在喷出地表过程中,火山岩没有受到明显的地壳物质混染,因此元素和同位素组成反映了地幔源区的地球化学特征。 其地幔源区具有同位素富集特征,表明火山岩源区曾受到地壳物质的影响,是富集地幔部分熔融的产物,并经历明显的结晶分异作用。庐枞火山岩的岩浆成分和源区特征反映该地区在晚中生代岩石圈地幔的伸展和软流圈地幔上涌的演化过程。     

北大别晚中生代火山岩的地球化学特征及对北大别构造属性的启示

北大别沙村地区发育一套由石英安山岩、粗面岩、粗面斑岩、晶屑凝灰熔岩和凝灰岩组成的晚中生代火山岩系,其K/Ar年龄变化于144～136 Ma。该火山岩系属偏铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性岩石,LILE和LREE富集,Nb-Ta亏损明显,ε(Nd,t)=-18.73～-24.15,Ni(~(87)Sr)/Ni(~(86)Sr)=0.707 0～0.708 5。具有与北淮阳毛坦厂组火山岩(150～135 Ma)一致的元素-同位素地球化学特征。其元素-同位素变化主要受控于源区差异,岩浆源自10％～20％扬子陆块下地壳物质加入的富集岩石圈地幔。北大别与北淮阳构造带晚中生代火山岩有着相似的岩浆源区,暗示华北—扬子陆块俯冲碰撞的岩石圈边界可能并不与晓天—磨子潭断裂壳内缝合线叠合,而可能在水吼—五河断裂或其以南。     

古亚洲洋对华北陆缘岩石圈的改造作用：来自于西山南大岭组中基性火山岩的地球化学证据

北京西山南大岭组中基性火山岩都表现出LREE富集的右倾平滑稀土配分模式,具有富集LILE(如Ba、K),亏损Nb-Ta和Th-U的微量元素特征,Sr同位素组成中等富集,Nd同位素组成变化较大.根据其元素地球化学和同位素特征可以划分两组岩石Ⅰ组火山岩主要为亚碱性玄武岩,高Ti(TiO2＞1.7%)、P(P2O5＞0.7%),Ⅱ组火山岩主要由安山岩和亚碱性玄武岩组成,低Ti(TiO2＜1.3%)、P(P2O5＜0.5%);Ⅰ组火山岩总体上较Ⅱ组火山岩高相容元素(如Cr、Ni)、REE和HFSE,二者化学成分上渐变演化趋势不明显;Ⅰ组火山岩Sr-Nd同位素组成(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.705939～0.706057,εNd(t)=-7.4～-7.5)与Ⅱ组火山岩Sr-Nd同位素组成(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.705822～0.706697,εNdd(t)=-12.0～-13.5)有明显的差别,以上事实说明两组岩石可能来源于不同的地幔源区.对比于周缘地区中生代基性火山岩特征,西山地区南大岭组两组火山岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成和Nb/La、Hf/Sm比值都介于华北陆块内部和兴蒙造山带之间,反映了其熔融地幔源区继承了华北陆块内部的EMI型地幔特征外,还很可能受到俯冲板片交代作用的影响,暗示了古亚洲洋板块消减过程对华北陆缘岩石圈地幔的改造作用.其相对Ba-La明显的Th-U亏损,可能暗示早期有古老下地壳组分再循环到地幔源区.结合南大岭组中基性火山岩沿断裂带局限分布特点和区域早中生代构造-热年代学格架,我们认为南大岭组中基性火山岩形成于陆内伸展环境,即深大断裂带再次活动,导致软流圈上隆,从而诱发俯冲交代改造的古老岩石圈地幔减压熔融而成.     

山东西部中生代青山群火山岩的地球化学特征及其岩石成因

以山东西部西董地区中生代青山群火山岩为研究对象,在进行系统的元素-同位素分析的基础上,探讨其岩浆源区和岩石成因,同时丰富该区域岩石地层的地球化学特征。西董青山群火山岩Si O2含量变化于52.8%~59.8%之间,主要为钙碱性系列岩石,岩石组合为玄武质粗面安山岩-玄武质安山岩-粗面安山岩,Mg O、TFe2O3、Mn O、Ti O2、Ca O与Si O2具有明显的负相关关系,Al2O3和Na2O与Si O2具有正相关关系;微量元素富集Rb、Ba、Th、U和K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素,稀土元素总量∑REE变化范围为100×10-6~187×10-6,(La/Yb)N比值范围为8.2~11.1,无明显的Eu异常(δEu=0.9~1.02);显示富集且均一的Sr-Nd同位素组成((87Sr/86Sr)t=0.7047~0.7050,εNd(t)=-16.5~-14.2)。西董青山群火山岩的Nd、Sr同位素组成与Si O2缺乏明显负相关关系,Nb/Ta与La/Nb之间不具有负相关关系以及Nb与Th之间具有正相关关系,指示岩浆在上升和演化过程中地壳混染作用对青山群火山岩岩浆化学组成的影响并不显著;火山岩Mg O含量明显高于玄武岩部分熔融形成的熔体,说明青山群中基性火山岩岩浆的形成过程可能与大陆地壳和地幔岩系之间的相互作用有关。综合分析表明,西董中生代青山群火山岩是大陆下地壳物质经拆沉作用于地幔环境中发生部分熔融,与上地幔岩石发生交代作用后进入地表形成。     

鲁西临朐地区早白垩世青山群火山岩的年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

本文对鲁西临朐青山群火山岩进行了系统的年代学、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究,据此探讨其岩石成因。临朐早白垩世青山群火山岩主要为一套中性岩(SiO2=52.43%~67.81%),岩石组合为安山岩-粗安岩-粗面岩-粗面英安岩,属于钙碱性岩类。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年获得粗安岩的年龄为121.3±1.5 Ma,形成于早白垩世。岩石地球化学表现出富集轻稀土元素和Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,明显的亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素的特征。临朐火山岩具有富集的Sr-Nd同位素特征,其(87Sr/86Sr)t值在0.704346~0.708656之间,εNd(t)值在-14.6~-9.2之间,并且具有低的Hf同位素组成,其锆石εHf(t)值在-29.3~-21.6。岩石具有与变基性岩熔融产生熔体相一致的Mg~#值,但镜下存在显著的矿物不平衡结构和变化范围较大的Cr(26.7×10~(-6)~239×10~(-6))和Ni(10×10~(-6)~69.7×10~(-6))含量。研究表明,临朐青山群火山岩形成于早白垩世伸展的构造背景下,是华北古老下地壳部分熔融熔体与富集地幔熔体发生岩浆混合形成的。     

会昌早白垩世橄榄玄粗岩(shoshonite)成因的元素及Sr-O-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学证据

根据赣南会昌地区中基性火山岩高碱、富钾、低钛、贫铁,岩石中斜长石斑晶具钾长石环边,基质中存在大量钾长石微晶,以及富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素等矿物岩石地球化学特征,确切厘定会昌地区的中基性火山岩为橄榄玄粗岩安粗岩组合,属典型的大陆板内橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩。对会昌橄榄玄粗岩进行了RbSr同位素定年研究,确定其全岩RbSr等时线年龄为107.3±2.3Ma。 会昌橄榄玄粗岩系火山岩SrONdPb 同位素组成的特征为: 偏高的 ISr(0.7098~0.7115); 较低的δ18O值(5.3‰~7.0‰);中等的εNd(t)(-0.61~-3.60); 富放射性成因铅((206Pb/204Pb)i=17.32~18.29, (207Pb/204Pb)i=15.34~15.65, (208Pb/204Pb)i =37.51~38.60)。会昌橄榄玄粗岩的Δ7/4Pb值为-7.8~+16.8(平均值为+5.42), Δ8/4Pb值为27.3~97.3 (平均值为68.04), ΔSr值为96.2~114.1 (平均值为104.3),这表明存在典型的Dupal 同位素异常。根据SrO, SrNd, SrPb, NdPb, PbPb同位素相关特征, 判明会昌橄榄玄粗岩是由亏损地幔端元(DM)和岩石圈富集地幔端元(EM)在源区混合形成的。按SrNd双变量二元混合模型计算得出源区物质中亏损地幔端元和富集地幔端元所占份额各占50%左右。会昌早白垩世橄榄玄粗岩系火山岩带的形成反映了华南板块内部在燕山晚期发生的一起重要的伸展构造事件     

华北克拉通北部古-中元古代富碱侵入岩的Nd、Sr、Pb同位素地球化学：岩石圈地幔富集的证据

华北克拉通北部古-中元古代富碱侵入岩主要分布在燕辽三叉裂堑系和辽吉拗拉谷中及附近,为一套高碱高钾的基性-中性岩,以正长岩类为主。本文通过开展系统的 Nd、Sr、Pb 同位素研究,发现所有岩体岩石均以高负ε_(Nd)(t)为特征,ε_(Nd)(t)=-3.4～-7.5,平均值为～4.8,这与研究区古-中元古代基性-超基性岩石的 Nd 同位素特征(ε_(Nd)(t)=-4～-8) 一致,与燕辽裂堑系发育的偏碱性火山岩 Nd 同位素特征(ε_(Nd)(t)=-4.3～-8.9)也比较相似,表明它们的物质来源相似,都与富集地幔有关。Sr 同位素初始比值(~(87)St/~(86)Sr)_i比较低,主要变化在0.7028～0.7053之间,平均值为0.7041。钾长石铅同位素组成普遍较低,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb 比值变化范围(梁屯-矿洞沟岩体除外)分别为14.500～15.70l、14.887～15.150和34.178～36.537,平均值分别为14.968、14.984和35.057。在ε_(Nd)(t)-ε_(Sr)(t)图解上,所有岩体的投影点均在地幔演化趋势线附近,比较接近 EMI 型富集地幔端员,暗示它们的物质来源与 EMI 型富集地幔有关;钾长石 Pb 同位素模式图也说明这些岩体物质来源与地幔和下地壳有关。通过两端员混合模拟,揭示了岩浆演化过程中存在少量的下地壳物质混染,平均约14%左右。从2.5Ga 左右开始华北克拉通岩石圈地幔的亏损程度逐渐变小,在2.2Ga 左右局部呈现富集性特征,1.85Ga时整个岩石圈地幔已经完全转变为富集性,之后富集程度越来越高。推测早期俯冲携带的壳源物质以及后期地幔流体的交代作用可能是岩石圈地幔逐渐转变为富集性的原因。     

青藏高原西南部赛利普超钾质火山岩富集地幔源区和岩石成因:锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素制约

西藏拉萨地块西南部赛利普钾质-超钾质火山岩为一套含地幔包体的粗面安山岩,高K_2O,MgO、Cr、Ni含量,K_2O/ Na_2O比值和Mg~#,为地幔低度部分熔融的原始岩浆,或经橄榄石、单斜辉石或Fe-Ti氧化物分离结晶。岩石强烈富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素、亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti,富集放射性成因Sr、Pb和Nd同位素,指示岩浆源区为富集地幔。采用LA-ICP-MS测定赛利普钾质-超钾质火山岩三件样品的18颗新生岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄为15.8～19.2Ma,其中钾质岩石样品SL0628中11个点的加权平均值为17.7±0.3Ma,与他人获得的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄一致。三件样品中新生岩浆锆石的ε~(Hf)(t)变化范围为-7.6～3.9,平均地壳模式年龄(t_(DMC)=0.86～1.59Ga)变化较大,除两个分析点显示亏损特征外,总体显示富集特征,表明岩石源于富集源区,但有少量亏损地幔物质加入。三件样品共获得49颗继承锆石的U-Pb年龄介于20～1907Ma,其Hf同位素组成(ε_(Hf)(t)=-25.9～5.3)和平均地壳模式年龄(t_(DMC)=0.79～4.08Ga)变化较大;其中的37颗年龄较小的继承锆石(20～110Ma)指示地幔源区可能受到四期明显的岩浆改造事件(62.2～64.0Ma,43.3～55.1Ma,29.5～37.7Ma和20.1～27.4Ma)和两个岩浆活动间歇期(70～90Ma和37.7～43.3Ma)。在拉萨地块首次发现29.5～37.7Ma的岩浆活动,并发现与林子宗火山岩同期的、Hf同位素富集的岩浆活动(62.2～64.0Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)=-21.2～3.0)。三件样品中49颗继承锆石的Hf同位素研究表明源区富集组分可能源自拉萨地块古老地壳基底和俯冲的印度大陆地壳。赛利普钾质-超钾质岩石形成可能是印度大陆地壳前缘撕裂和分段俯冲的结果。     

赣中早白垩世橄榄玄粗岩（Shoshonite）系列火山岩的厘定及成因研究

对赣中地区打鼓顶组第四岩性段中基性火山岩的岩石-地球化学特征系统研究表明,这一岩性段的火山岩具有高碱、 富钾、低钛、贫铁以及富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素等特征,据此厘定其为橄榄玄粗岩-安粗岩组合,属典型的大陆板内橄 榄玄粗岩系列火山岩。这套火山岩的全岩Rb-Sr等时年龄为（138±8.8） Ma, I Sr偏高,中等的εN（d t）,富放射性成因铅。盛 源盆地及邻区橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩的△7/4Pb值为14~19.6（ 平均值为16）,△8/4Pb值为70.5~97（ 平均值为89.2）,△Sr值为 121.5~161.8（ 平均值为136.3）,显示存在典型的Dupal同位素异常。根据Sr-Nd,Sr-Pb,Nd-Pb,Pb-Pb同位素相关性分析,判 明赣中地区橄榄玄粗岩是由亏损地幔端元（DM）和岩石圈富集地幔端元（LEM）在源区混合形成的。按Nd,Sr双变量二元 混合方程式计算,得出源区物质中亏损地幔端元（DM）和岩石圈富集地幔端元（LEM）所占份额分别为37%（平均值）和 63%（ 平均值）。赣中地区早白垩世橄榄玄粗岩系火山岩的形成反映了华南板块内部在燕山晚期发生的一起重要的伸展构造 事件。     

东准噶尔晚古生代依旧存在俯冲消减作用——来自石炭纪火山岩岩石学、地球化学及年代学证据

东准噶尔地区石炭纪巴塔玛依内山组火山岩分布广泛,规模巨大。对其岩石学、元素地球化学及同位素地球化学研究表明:1)该套火山岩岩石类型复杂,具玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩组合特征,属高钾钙碱性火山岩系,并富集大离子亲石元素(Sr、K、Rb、Ba、Th)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)和重稀土元素,87Sr/86Sr和143Nd/144Nd初始值分别为0.70385~0.71312,0.152378~0.512998,εNd(t)多介于3.0~6.2之间,显示了与俯冲消减作用相关的不成熟弧后盆地火山岩地球化学特征。2)火山岩物质来源以亏损地幔源为主,并混有少量主体由古生代残余洋壳、岛弧体系组成的年轻下地壳物质。其中,基性熔岩以亏损地幔源为主,并在岩浆源区与少量新生地壳物质发生了近乎完全的壳-幔岩浆混合和Sm-Nd同位素体系均一化,其形成很可能与俯冲沉积物和(或)俯冲洋壳变质脱水产生的流体引起上覆地幔楔物质的部分熔融有关;而酸性熔岩与基性熔岩存在明显的不同,酸性熔岩是少量幔源岩浆经强烈结晶分异和经历较多壳源物质混染的结果。3)玄武岩全岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄为319.7±5.9 Ma,与区域地质构造背景和已有化石证据基本一致,代表了火山岩的形成时代。综合研究表明,东准噶尔地区320 Ma左右依旧存在古亚洲洋的俯冲消减作用,准噶尔古洋盆最终闭合时间应介于320~311 Ma之间。在此过程中,火山岩浆作用强烈,蕴含成矿物质丰富,东准噶尔地区找矿前景值得期待。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.