湘江湘潭段河岸沉积物重金属污染地球化学分析

本研究用X射线荧光(XRF)和电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)等对湘江湘潭段河岸沉积物进行了主元素、微量元素地球化学分析。结果表明,河岸沉积物具明显贫Na_2O、CaO、Mg O等碱质,而富Fe_2O_3、MnO等氧化物的化学组成特征。沉积物明显富集Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、V、Cr、U、Th等多种重金属和Zr、Hf、Ta等高强场元素,而亲石元素Cs、Ga、Ge、Rb、Sr等及稀土元素(REE+Y)在沉积物中富集不明显。地累积系数(Igeo)法评价显示,河岸沉积物存在Cu、Zn、Pb等元素组成的潜在重金属污染。主元素与重金属元素相关性分析显示,Ba、Rb、Th、U、Sc、Cr、Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf、Ga、Ge、Y等主要赋存于石英等碎屑矿物中,这些微量金属元素可能主要为自然来源,在沉积物中化学性质相对稳定;而Mn、V、Co、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素则主要赋存于铁、锰氧化物矿物相中,这些重金属元素可能以人为源为主,在沉积物中有一定的化学活性,可发生活化迁移。沉积物的Fe_2O_3、LOI、∑REE等的含量值及Eu/Eu*值可作为指示沉积物重金属污染的地球化学指标,对沉积物重金属污染有一定的指示作用。     

ICP-AES在新疆哈拉奇地区水系沉积物样品分析中的应用研究

本文采用四酸溶样ICP6300电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测试了新疆哈拉奇地区水系沉积物样品中的Li P Ti V Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Sr Y Nb Mo Ba La Pb B W Sn Cd 21种微量元素,明确了该方法测试样品中的Li P Ti V Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Sr Y Nb Mo Ba La 16个元素的检出限、准确度、精密度满足规范（DZ/T0130.2006-2006）要求,而Pb B Cd Sn W5个元素测试质量不能满足规范要求,并对新疆哈拉奇地区水系沉积物采样粒度样品进行了分析测试,验证了该区化探扫面选择10-80目粒度是合适的,但在异常查证工作中要选择10-60目采样粒度更合理。     

抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组油页岩地球化学特征及其沉积环境

沉积物元素地球化学特征是盆地沉积环境变化的响应。本文根据元素Ti、Mn、Li、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Cd、Ba、Pb、Sr、Rb、V的含量及Sr／Ba、Ni／Co、Ni／V、Cu／Zn、V／（V＋Ni）比值的变化规律，并结合有机地球化学特征，对抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组油页岩的沉积环境进行了分析。以Li、Ti为代表的外源元素，贫矿段的含量高于富矿段；而Sr、Ba等湖盆内化学沉积元素，富矿段的含量高于贫矿。Sr／Ba、V／（V＋Ni）、Ni／Co、Cu／Zn比值从贫矿段到富矿段呈现逐渐增大的趋势。富矿段有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型，而贫矿段主要为Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2。分析表明，本区油页岩富矿段形成于水体盐度较贫矿段高、还原性强的深湖环境，而贫矿段则形成于还原性较弱的半深湖一浅湖环境。     

湘江竹埠港段河床沉积物元素地球化学特征

湘江是我国重金属污染最严重的河流之一。本次工作利用X射线荧光(XRF)和电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)分析技术,对湘江竹埠港沉积物进行主量和微量元素分析。结果表明沉积物主量元素含量变化相对稳定,富集Mn O、P2O5、Fe2O3、Al2O3,亏损Ca O、Na2O。微量元素含量变化较大,亏损Ba、Sc、Mn、Sr而富集其他微量元素。对主量元素和稀土元素进行了分析,表明沉积物物源主要是由上游花岗岩风化所提供。对沉积物进行因子分析和相关性分析,表明沉积物源主要以陆源碎屑为主,并有磷灰石和软锰矿等自生副矿物,Ni、Pb、Cu可能来自人为污染源。地累积指数表明Ba为清洁无污染,重金属V、Cr、Co、Ni、Th、U为轻度污染,重金属Cu、Pb、Zn为偏中度污染,Mn为中度污染,Sc为偏重度污染。其中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Sc污染应引起关注。     

酸性矿山排水影响的水库沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

为了解酸性矿山排水（AMD）影响下水库沉积物中微量元素的质量分数水平及其分布特征,对常年受酸性废水影响的贵州兴仁猫石头水库沉积物中26种微量元素的质量分数、相关性及控制因素进行了分析。结果表明：猫石头水库沉积物柱中Sr、Ba、Zr、V、Cr和As质量分数平均值超过了100 μg/g,其中As质量分数最高,平均值超过800 μg/g;Be、Ta、Co、Ag、Cd、Sn和Se质量分数的平均值都在5 μg/g以下;其他元素质量分数平均值则在10~60 μg/g之间。相较未受AMD影响的水系沉积物,研究区水库沉积物具有明显的As和Sb富集特征。水库沉积物中Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th之间存在显著正相关关系,而As与这些元素之间存在显著负相关关系。元素相关分析、因子分析及微量元素图解表明,Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th、Cr、Sb等元素受控于流域岩石化学风化和土壤物理侵蚀,这也是控制研究区元素分布最重要的因素,而Cu、Cd等重金属元素则与AMD对地层中元素的溶蚀析出和有机质等细颗粒物的吸附有关。另外,研究区重金属元素中,Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn的生态风险轻微,而As和Sb则具有很强的潜在生态风险。     

太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学特征

本文对太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学作了较为详细的研究。因子分析提供的信息表明,元素的分布主要受三个因子控制:（1）粘土及Fe、Mn氧化物水化物胶体的吸附作用;（2）生物化学作用过程有关的自生沉积作用;（3）海底页岩风化及附近海区的火山喷发作用。元素的来源:（1）Fe、Mn、Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr、Cr、Mg、Al、Ti、K共生,主要来自粘土吸附;（2）C_有机、N、Sr、Na及Si、Ca、Sr主要来自生物化学过程沉积;（3）Pb主要来源于岩石碎屑（火山喷发碎屑）。     

南沙海域西南海区表层沉积物地球化学特征

对南沙海域西南海区101个站位表层沉积物中的元素含量及分布特征分析表明：①元素含量的分布规律是Al、Fe、Mg、Ti、P、K、Na及Cu、Co、Ni、Pb、Zn、Ba、Zr含量从陆架到陆坡直到深海明显递增；Ca、Sr含量由陆架到陆坡递增，由陆坡向深海锐减；Si含量在陆坡低，在陆架和深海高。②沉积物中元素的分布和含量变化与沉积物类型有密切关系。粗粒沉积物中Si、Sr含量较高，细粒沉积物则相对富集Al、Fe、Mg、Ti、P、K、Na及Cu、Co、Ni、Pb、Zn、Ba、Zr等元素，并且随沉积物变细，其含量亦增加，在粘土中含量最高。③SiO2与其余常量组分均呈负相关，且随水深的增加，含量逐渐减少。Al、Fe与大多数常、微量元素(Si、Ca、Sr除外)呈正相关，Ca、Sr与大多数元素呈负相关，而它们本身呈强正相关。Co、Ni、Zn、Ba、Zr与Cu呈正相关，表现为亲铜性。④本区元素的分布主要受沉积物类型、物质来源、水深和生物生产力的影响。     

刘家峡水库表层沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

采用多元统计的方法对刘家峡水库表层沉积物中25种微量元素的含量、相关性、来源及控制因素进行了分析。结果显示:研究区表层沉积物中Sr、Zn、Zr和Ba的含量平均值超过了170μg/g,Cd、Mo和Tl的含量平均值都在1μg/g以下,其它元素含量平均值则在2. 01~104. 34μg/g。元素Cu、V、Co、Cr、Ni、Rb、Li、Cd、Be、Pb、Sc、As、Ga、Nb、Sn、Cs、Tl、Th和Al2O3等存在较为明显的相关性,且它们分布规律基本相似。因子分析表明,水库中微量元素分为3个主要来源,第一组分的元素分布受控于矿物岩石的自然风化剥蚀,其贡献率为63. 20%;第二组分的Zr和Ba主要受河流沉积物中元素的迁移和转化的影响,其贡献率为12. 51%;第三组分的Sr则主要受控于生物成因,其贡献率为9. 76%。另外,研究区重金属元素中,Zn和As含量远超过了全球页岩平均值,值得进一步的深入研究。     

哈尔滨城市道路表土记录的痕量元素在不同粒级中的分布特征

将城市道路表土样品进行粒度分级(全样、＞63μm、63～30μm、30～11μm和＜11μm),测定了各粒级组分的微量元素和稀土元素组成.结果显示,微量元素在不同粒级组分中的变化程度按照以下顺序依次递增:Sr＜Rb＜Ga＜Y＜V＜Zn＜Nb＜Cr＜Zr＜Cu＜Ni,Sr和Rb受粒度影响较小,Zr、Cu和Ni受粒度影响很大.绝大部分微量元素(V、Cr、Cu、Zn、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb)随粒度的变细含量趋于增加,而Rb则相反,Ni和Ga与粒度不存在明确的相关关系.Rb/Sr比值是一个基本不受粒度分选作用影响的化学风化指标,Zr/Rb、Cu/Zn、V/Cr和Ni/V比值受粒度的影响很大,Zr/Rb比值随粒度变细而明显增高.所有REE在不同粒级组分中的分布规律和波动幅度高度一致,趋向于在细颗粒物质中富集.δEu明显受粒度的影响,随粒度变细,Eu从正异常向负异常演化.δCe在不同粒级组分中的变化不大,显示受粒度的影响较小.     

皖北寒武系馒头组灰岩岩石地球化学特征及沉积环境研究

为研究寒武系馒头组灰岩的地球化学特征和沉积环境,采集皖北宿州地区馒头组的灰岩样品,并对其进行系统的微量元素地球化学分析测定.研究结果表明:该研究区灰岩中的稀土元素受到陆源碎屑物与后期成岩作用的共同影响较小.元素有明显的U、Ta、Sr元素富集,Ba、Nb、Ti元素亏损,稀土元素总量(不含Y)范围为3.61～14.2μg/g,轻重稀土分异明显.Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca反映了古气候干燥炎热,偏碱性;Sr/Ba指示为典型的海相咸水沉积环境,水体盐度高;V/Cr和Ni/Co比值的结合,以及Eu、Ce二者负异常,均表明为较好的氧化环境.     

冲绳海槽南部表层沉积物地球化学特征及其物源和环境指示意义

对冲绳海槽南部陆架、陆坡和海槽 33个表层沉积物进行了元素地球化学分析,结果表明研究区沉积物的主要化学组成为SiO₂ 、Al₂ O₃ 和CaO,这三种组分占沉积物总量的 6 8%左右。多数元素在陆架和陆坡的变化范围较大,在海槽区相对稳定。向海槽方向随沉积物粒径变细,SiO₂ 和CaO减少、Al₂ O₃ 和其它多数元素含量增加。常量元素和Al₂ O₃ 的比值分布特征表明,本区沉积物由物源区经由陆架向海槽输送,沉积物主要由陆源碎屑沉积组成,此外还有生物碎屑沉积和自生沉积。陆架区部分微量元素富集因子 (EF)与长江和黄河沉积物的富集因子对比结果表明,本区的沉积物与长江沉积物的关系更为密切。陆坡区Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Ni和Cr的富集因子较高是由于生物的富集作用造成的,Mn的富集主要是自生沉积的结果。用R型因子分析方法对沉积物的化学组成进行了分析,结合元素的分布特征,给出了四个主因子所对应的沉积环境和特征元素组合,分别为 1)陆架型的元素组合 :SiO₂ 、TiO₂ 、Zr、CaO和Sr,2 )陆坡型的元素组合Fe₂ O₃ 、MgO和P₂ O₅,3)海槽型的元素组合 :Al₂ O₃ 、K₂ O、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr和Ba,4 )反映沉积环境氧化-还原属性的元素组合 :MnO和FeO。     

Biogenic contribution of minor elements to organic matter of recent lacustrine sapropels (Lake Kirek as example)

An approximate biogenic contribution of minor elements to sapropel of Lake Kirek in West Siberia is estimated using the “model of direct inheritance” of their composition in plankton by OM of bottom sediments (Yudovich and Ketris, 1990). It is shown that the lifetime accumulation of P, Br, and Zn in copepod zooplankton of Lake Kirek notably affects the concentration of these elements in sapropelic mud (biogenic contribution is approximately 95–53%). The biogenic share of other elements in these sediments is substantially lower: approximately 30% for Sr and Ba; 26–16% for Ca, Pb, Cd, Cu, K, Mg, and Cr; and no more than 5% for As, Co, Fe, Ni, Ti, Y, and Mo.     

Concentration distribution and assessment of several heavy metals in sediments of west-four Pearl River Estuary

Grain size parameters, trace metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ba, Zr and Sr) and total organic matter (TOM) of 38 surficial sediments and a sediment core of west-four Pearl River Estuary region were analyzed. The spacial distribution and the transportation procession of the chemical element in surficial sediments were studied mainly. Multivariate statistics are used to analyses the interrelationship of metal elements, TOM and the grain size parameters. The results demonstrated that terrigenous sediment taken by the rivers are main sources of the trace metal elements and TOM, and the lithology of parent material is a dominating factor controlling the trace metal composition in the surficial sediment. In addition, the hydrodynamic condition and landform are the dominating factors controlling the large-scale distribution, while the anthropogenic input in the coastal area alters the regional distribution of heavy metal elements Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr and Zn. The enrichment factor (EF) analysis was used for the differentiation of the metal source between anthropogenic and naturally occurring, and for the assessment of the anthropogenic influence, the deeper layer content of heavy metals were calculated as the background values and Zr was chosen as the reference element for Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr and Zn. The result indicate prevalent enrichment of Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr, and the contamination of Pb is most obvious, further more, the peculiar high EF value sites of Zn and Pb probably suggest point source input.     

Plankton: Its chemical composition and its significance as a source of pelagic sediments

The absolute concentrations of minor and trace elements vary considerably in plankton. However, normalization of elemental abundances versus the minor elements Fe, Al and Zn (instead of the commonly used normalization versus seawater concentrations) demonstrates that these elements show remarkably constant proportions vis à vis each other. Thus, Ti, Fe, Al, Mn, V, and Zr occur in marine lower organisms in the same proportions as in the average shale, whereas Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn and B are enriched relative to the shale abundances, as are also Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Sr. These patterns appear to suggest that marine plankton are rich in lithogenic matter, but this is probably not the normal case.Contrary to the uniformity of plankton, sediments from the Pacific vary considerably in composition. Under the Equatorial high-productivity region the sediments show striking similarities with a mixture of average shale and average plankton mass, as could be expected, whereas sediments from the East Pacific Rise differ considerably from such mixtures. An iron—manganese phase (of deep-seated origin?), mixed with biological matter, on the other hand, yields model sediments with remarkable similarities to the East Pacific Rise deposits. It is therefore likely that biological processes account for a considerable fraction of some elements such as Cu, Ni, Zn and Ba also in the East Pacific Rise metalliferous sediments.     

Comparison of sequential extraction and principal component analysis for determination of heavy metal partitioning in sediments: the case of protected Lagoon El Kelbia (Tunisia)

A sequential extraction procedure applied to surface sediments from El Kelbia Lagoon determined the partitioning of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sr, V and Zn among evaporites, carbonates, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and silicates. To validate the procedure, the sequential extraction results (SER) were compared to principal components analysis (PCA) using major and trace element concentrations and mineralogical quantitative data of surface sediments. SER showed that a part of Sr was highly mobile; Cu, Sr, and Zn and a part of Co and Ni were mobile depending on pH conditions; Cr and V were strongly bound to silicate phases; Co and Ni were partitioned between carbonates, oxides and silicates, and a great part of Ba and Sr were bound to organic matter or sulfides. An agreement was found with PCA in terms of partitioning among minerals for most trace elements. Moreover, the absence of correlation between Ca concentrations and the abundances of calcite, gypsum or dolomite could be explained by an important fraction of Ca bound to organic matter. Also, unexpected negative correlations between abundances of smectite and illite could be explained by a transformation of illite into smectite. Thus, SER and PCA were mostly convergent, which enabled: (1) validation of the extraction procedure used, and (2) refinement of interpretations of the origin and relations between minerals.     

渤海东部晚更新世以来的沉积物地球化学特征

为探讨渤海东部晚更新世以来的元素地球化学特征及控制因素,对渤海东部DLC70-1孔157个沉积物样品进行了化学成分、粒度及测年分析。结果表明,晚更新世以来研究区沉积物的物质来源与沉积环境较为稳定;根据DLC70-1孔沉积物地球化学特征,钻孔岩芯可划分为6层,反映了末次间冰期（暖期）晚期以来渤海东部沉积物物源的变化以及海面波动。Al₂O₃、MgO、TFe₂O₃、MnO、TiO₂、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Rb等元素与细粒沉积物呈正相关,SiO₂、Na₂O与粗粒沉积物呈正相关,K₂O、Sr和Ba分布与沉积物粒度无明显正或负的相关性;R-型因子分析得出三种主要组合类型,以Mg、Sr和Ba为代表,分别对应陆源细粒物质输入与黄河物质、海河物质和滦河物质的影响。运用Ba/Al₂O₃与Sr/Al₂O₃、MgO/Al₂O₃与K₂O/Al₂O₃离散图分析了DLC70-1孔的物质来源,结果表明沉积物主要来源于黄河,该孔中上部32.30~49.00 m和9.30~23.20 m沉积物受到了滦河和海河物质的影响。     

Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodule–sediment pairs from Central Indian Ocean Basin

Fourteen ferromanganese nodule–sediment pairs from different sedimentary environments such as siliceous ooze (11), calcareous ooze (two) and red clay (one) from Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) were analysed for major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) to understand the possible elemental relationship between them. Nodules from siliceous and calcareous ooze are diagenetic to early diagenetic whereas, nodule from red clay is of hydrogenetic origin. Si, Al and Ba are enriched in the sediments compared to associated nodules; K and Na are almost in the similar range in nodule–sediment pairs and Mn, Fe, Ti, Mg, P, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zn, Co, Pb, Sr, V, Y, Li and REEs are all enriched in nodules compared to associated sediments (siliceous and calcareous). Major portion of Si, Al and K in both nodules and sediments appear to be of terrigenous nature. The elements which are highly enriched in the nodules compared to associated sediments from both siliceous and calcareous ooze are Mo – (307, 273), Ni – (71, 125), Mn – (64, 87), Cu – (43, 80), Co – (23, 75), Pb – (15, 24), Zn – (9, 11) and V – (8, 19) respectively. These high enrichment ratios of elements could be due to effective diagenetic supply of metals from the underlying sediment to the nodule. Enrichment ratios of transition metals and REEs in the nodule to sediment are higher in CIOB compared to Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Nodule from red clay, exhibit very small enrichment ratio of four with Mn and Ce while, Al, Fe, Ti, Ca, Na, K, Mg, P, Zn, Co, V, Y and REE are all enriched in red clay compared to associated nodule. This is probably due to presence of abundant smectite, fish teeth, micronodules and phillipsite in the red clay. The strong positive correlation (r ? 0.8) of Mn with Ni, Cu, Zn and Mo and a convex pattern of shale-normalized REE pattern with positive Ce-anomaly of siliceous ooze could be due to presence of abundant manganese micronodules. None of the major trace and REE exhibits any type of inter-elemental relationship between nodule and sediment pairs. Therefore, it may not be appropriate to correlate elemental behaviour between these pairs.     

Geochemical characteristics of elements in suspended sediments in the Huanghe (Yellow) River

Eighteen suspended sediment samples were collected along the Huanghe River main stem from upper reaches on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Tibet Plateau) to the entrance at the Bo Hai Bay and at confluences of its tributaries, during the first summer flood in 1980. Major elements such as Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, and trace elements such as As, Ba, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn and humus were examined. Variations in composition of suspended sediments also were studied. Three major types of sediment composition were observed. The controlling factor for the variation is parent rocks, though climate and vegetation played an active role. Correlation coefficients, cluster analysis, and enrichment factors were calculated to study the geochemical characteristics of the sediments. Mg, Na and Fe were the only ones subject to considerable leaching, whereas Se, Cd, Zn were significantly accumulated, indicating a low intensity of weathering.     

Heavy metals in mangrove sediments of the central Arabian Gulf shoreline,Saudi Arabia

To assess heavy metals in mangrove swamps of Sehat and Tarut coastal areas along the Arabian Gulf, 18 sediment samples were collected for Al, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Sr, As, Fe, Co, and Ni analysis. The results indicated that the distribution of some metals was largely controlled by anthropogenic inputs, while others were of terrigenous origin and most strongly associated with distribution of aluminum and total organic carbon in sediments. Mangrove sediments were extremely severe enriched with Sr (EF?=?67.59) and very severe enriched with V, Hg, Cd, Cu, As (EF?=?44.28, 37.45, 35.77, 25.97, and 11.53, respectively). Average values of Sr, V, Hg, Cd, Cu, Ni, As, and Cr were mostly higher than the ones recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Caspian Sea, the Arabian and Oman gulfs, coast of Tanzania, sediment quality guidelines, and the background shale and the earth crust. Landfilling due to coastal infrastructure development around mangrove forests, oil spills and petrochemical and desalination effluents from Al-Jubail industrial city to the north were the anthropogenic activities that further enhanced heavy metals in the studied mangrove sediments.     

贵州盘县晚二叠世潮坪相沉积特征

通过对贵州盘县上二叠统钻井资料的研究分析,基于沉积岩石学、沉积学、古生物地史学及沉积地球化学等相标志识别出潮坪沉积以陆源碎屑沉积为主,可细分为砂坪、混合坪、泥坪、泥炭坪和潮沟等5种微相。分析认为:潮坪沉积发育海退型进积层序,沉积物粒度整体较细,分选性较好,发育潮汐层理;混合坪、泥坪、泥炭坪微相泥岩中V/(V+Ni)、Sr/Ba、U/Th、V/Cr、Ni/Co、Ceanom等地球化学参数指示了各微相沉积水体的缺氧-贫氧-氧化状态、贫氧-氧化状态和还原-贫氧-缺氧-氧化状态,与地质背景吻合性好。