Discrete element simulation of mine tailings stabilized with biopolymer

This paper presents a series of numerical simulations using discrete element method (DEM) to study the behavior of biopolymer-stabilized mine tailings (MT). Validation is conducted by comparing the DEM results with the experimental data. The macro-behavior comparison shows that the DEM simulations are in good agreement with experimental results. Analysis of the micro-parameters indicates more biopolymer induces larger tensile and shear strengths, confirming the experimental results which show that the strength of MT increases with higher biopolymer concentration. Analysis of the bond breakage pattern suggests that at the same strain level MT stabilized with higher biopolymer concentration show less bond breakage percentage. MT specimen under greater confining pressure develops larger shear band than that under lower confining pressure. Higher biopolymer concentration induces the increase in larger inter-particle bonding strength and thus larger cracking resistance and greater macro-strength.     

Geo-engineering properties of expansive soil treated with xanthan gum biopolymer

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the effectiveness of xanthan gum (XG) biopolymer in stabilising the expansive soil. The XG biopolymer is mixed with expansive soil in different proportions such as 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.0% by weight of the dry soil mass. The plasticity, compaction, swelling, compressibility, hydraulic conductivity, strength and durability characteristics of the treated and un-treated expansive soil are examined. Results show that the plasticity index of the treated soil mass initially increases but beyond 0.5% biopolymer addition it decreases sharply. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of treated soil, found out from light and heavy compaction tests, do not follow any definite trend. It is also found that increasing XG content increases compressibility slightly but, it reduces swelling pressure, differential free swelling value and hydraulic conductivity remarkably. On the other hand, time-dependent compressive strength and resistance to mass loss increases with increasing XG content. Microscopic examination confirms the formation of gel-like linkage, which brings about the modifications in the treated expansive soil.     

碱激发材料固化低液限粉黏土路用性能及抗冻融特性研究

以伊犁地区S315线蜂场至尼勒克段低液限粉黏土为研究对象,以碱激发材料为固化剂,对粉质黏土和其固化土开展了路用性能指标试验与冻融循环试验,并利用电镜扫描试验(SEM)与X射线衍射试验(XRD)研究了固化土的微观特征,探讨了碱激发材料对粉质黏土路用性能指标与抗冻融特性的影响.试验结果表明,固化土的无侧限抗压强度与抗剪强度...     

循环荷载下人工结构性土变形与强度特性试验研究

针对长期动载作用下天然沉积结构性黏土地基强度和刚度循环软化问题,分别以水泥和食糖为模拟粒间胶结和大孔隙的材料,制备了不同胶结强度和初始孔隙比的人工结构性土,开展了人工结构性土与相应重塑土的动三轴试验,分析了土体胶结强度、初始孔隙比、围压和动应力幅值对累积变形和动强度的影响规律。试验结果表明：累积应变-振动次数曲线以临界循环应力为界分为：塑性安定型、临界型和破坏型;临界循环应力随胶结强度增大、初始孔隙比减小而增大;土体胶结强度越高,脆性破坏越明显,累积应变曲线转折点对应的应变越小。动强度的应变破坏标准采用转折点应变值更符合土性变化规律;动强度随胶结强度增大、初始孔隙比减小而增大;动黏聚力cd随破坏振次增大而降低,而动内摩擦角?d基本不变。试验结果可为软弱土地基动力灾变控制提供有益参考。     

单轴压缩下含孔脆性材料的力学行为研究

运用材料破裂过程分析MFPA2D系统,在单轴压缩条件下对含单孔和双孔脆性材料破坏过程进行数值模拟。结果表明：原始的萌生裂纹不一定是最后形成宏观贯通破坏的主裂纹。岩石等脆性材料破坏的局部化特征,说明非均匀性是岩石类脆性材料发生局部破裂的根本原因。分析了孔的分布对材料强度以及破坏模式的影响,并给出破坏过程的应力-应变关系。指出了有的孔洞分布会增加应力的集中程度,而有的孔洞分布可以降低应力集中。数值模拟与试验结果具有较好的一致性。     

Simple approach to estimate flocculent settling velocity in a dilute suspension

A new and simple approach for estimating the flocculent settling velocity of fine suspended particles is presented. The simplified formula has been derived based on a one-dimensional vertical continuity equation and an empirical flocculation equation. The resulting flocculent settling velocity (V_s) is expressed as a function of time, depth, and constants. Depth averaged settling velocity ( _s) is also derived by using the formula proposed. To estimate the order of magnitude of flocculent effects on settling, iso-settling velocity lines are constructed. The effects of initial concentration and ionic strength on flocculent settling velocity are investigated. The results show that as the ionic strength and suspension concentrations increase, flocculent settling velocity also increases due to inter-particle collisions and increased cohesion in suspension.     

工业副产品木质素改良路基粉土的微观机制研究

为揭示工业副产品木质素与土体间的相互作用机制,将木质素应用于路基粉土改良,通过对木质素及其改良土进行无侧限抗压强度、pH值、微观结构、化学元素、矿物成分和官能团等试验分析,研究不同掺量下木质素改良土的力学性能和pH值变化,对比分析改良前后粉土的微观结构变化,并基于化学分析结果探讨木质素的分子结构及与土体间的相互作用,提出木质素改良土体的机制。试验结果表明,改良土强度随木质素掺量增加而增加,掺量超过一定范围时,土体强度降低,木质素改良粉土的最优掺量为12%,且龄期对土体强度有着重要影响;强度与pH值基本呈线性相关关系;改良土微观结构更为致密、稳定,胶结物质将土颗粒相互联结,且未生成新的矿物;木质素通过水解、离子交换、质子化和静电引力等作用,导致双电层厚度减小,带正电荷的木质素高分子聚合物联结土颗粒并填充孔隙,改良土工程性质得以改善。提出的木质素改良土体机制可为工业副产品木质素的工程应用提供理论参考。     

扬州土物理与力学性质指标的相关性分析

根据原状扬州各层土体的室内试验数据,采用数理统计的方法,研究了该地区土体的物理指标与力学参数间的相关性,并进行线性函数和指数函数拟合。研究结果表明:随着塑性指数的增加,压缩系数和体积压缩系数逐渐增大,内摩擦角和有效内摩擦角逐渐减小;土的黏聚力随着液限与天然含水量之差的增加而增加,随着液性指数的增加而减小,且黏聚力与液性指数间的相关性更好,当含水量超过液限时黏聚力不随上述两个参数的变化而变化;此外,压汞试验结果表明扬州原状土的孔隙结构均为明显的单峰孔径分布,其颗粒间孔隙的累计量随着塑性指数增大而增加;并且各层土体孔径分布的峰值所对应的孔径随着塑性指数的增大而减小。以上结果可以为扬州地区土体力学参数的估计提供参考。     

土石混合料剪切特性及块石破碎特征

通过室内大型直剪试验和基于PFC2D的颗粒离散元数值模型,探讨考虑块石破碎的土石混合料的剪切特性及块石破碎特征。以土石混合料室内大型直剪试验和筛分试验为基础,提出了一种能真实描述块石形态特征并准确反映块石破碎效应的土石混合料颗粒离散元数值建模方法,模拟并分析了6种含石量土石混合料在4种不同法向应力作用下的剪切特性及块石破碎特征。结果表明：土石混合料抗剪强度随含石量的增大而增大,且基本符合摩尔-库仑（M-C）强度准则,随着含石量增大,内摩擦角呈现“慢-快-慢”增长趋势,黏聚力则呈现先增后减再增大的变化趋势。剪切后土石混合料块石破碎形式可归纳为表面研磨、局部破碎、完全破裂、完全破碎4种方式。提出了一种新的颗粒破碎指标,该指标能够准确描述粒径大于5 mm的块石的破碎程度,其随含石量和法向应力的增大而增大。通过对土石混合料颗粒离散元数值模型剪切面的分析发现,剪切面出现“剪斜”现象,其起伏程度随含石量增大愈加明显,且随着含石量增大剪切面附近剪裂隙数量增多,土石混合料在剪切过程中的破坏为拉-剪混合破坏。     

基坑土体卸荷平面应变试验离散元数值分析

对基坑开挖影响范围内土体的应力路径进行平面应变试验离散元数值模拟,以研究结构性与卸荷形式对坑周土体宏微观力学特性的影响。首先,将一个描述土颗粒间胶结效应的简单三维胶结接触模型植入三维离散元软件PFC3D;其次,对初始K0固结状态的重塑土、结构性土试样分别进行常规三轴以及平面应变条件下4种不同卸荷应力路径的离散元模拟;最后,对经历不同卸荷形式的坑底土体单元进行再加荷模拟。模拟结果表明,在卸荷过程中,被动区土体峰值强度以及破坏时竖向应变随卸荷比增大而增大,且其强度小于主动区土体强度;在卸荷、再加荷过程中,被动区土体峰值强度随卸荷比增大而增大,但均小于不卸荷而直接加荷条件下的峰值强度;由于结构性的存在,土体由应变硬化向应变软化过渡,且强度增长;结构性与卸荷形式显著影响土体体积改变。在微观尺度,增大卸荷比或结构性均会增大垂直大主应力方向的平面上的法向接触力,进而提高其强度。     

胶结充填体三轴压缩变形破坏及能量耗散特征分析

充填体的变形破坏、能量耗散与围压的变化密切相关,通过开展不同灰砂配比、浓度的充填体单轴、三轴压缩试验,基于系列试验结果,研究了不同围压加载阶段充填体的变形特征、破坏模式及能量耗散与围压的内在关系。结果表明,随着围压的增加,充填体的峰值应变随之增大,且两者呈线性相关;低围压时充填体呈现脆性破坏,表现为应变软化特征,随着围压增大,充填体由脆性向应变硬化转化,灰砂比越大、浓度越高,充填体发生脆-延性的临界围压值越大。充填体的破坏裂纹发展形式各异,大致可分为单一、平行、交叉和复合4种类型;宏观破坏表现主要呈“X”状、“Y”状剪切模式,破坏面的类型主要分为：直线式光滑摩擦面、圆弧式破碎摩擦面、直线式破碎摩擦面以及台阶式破碎摩擦面。充填体的峰值强度与围压也呈正线性相关,内摩擦角对灰砂比的敏感性要高于浓度。围压的增大能够相当程度上提高充填体各阶段的应变能,峰前、峰后能耗量、单位体积变形能以及总能耗与围压皆呈正相关性。     

剪切过程中锚杆的轴向和横向作用分析

为了分析锚杆轴向力和横向剪切力分别换算的结构面抗剪强度大小规律,依据最小势能原理的变分法,并考虑结构面剪胀特性,建立加锚结构面抗剪强度计算公式。通过加锚结构面直剪试验验证理论计算的有效性,结合理论计算公式,分析了在不同锚杆倾角下围岩强度、锚杆直径和法向应力对锚杆轴向力和横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度影响规律,以及预应力对抗剪强度的影响。结果表明：加锚结构面抗剪强度计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;当锚杆倾角逐渐增大时,锚杆轴向力发挥的抗剪强度逐渐降低,横向剪切力发挥抗剪效能逐渐增大,当锚杆倾角为120°～150°时,轴向力换算的抗剪强度基本为0,而横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度最大;随着围岩强度或法向应力的增大,锚杆轴向力换算的结构面抗剪强度减小,但随锚杆直径或预应力的增大,锚杆轴向力换算的结构面抗剪强度增大;当围岩强度和锚杆直径增大,锚杆横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度会明显增大,而预应力增大会使锚杆横向剪切力换算的抗剪强度呈现降低趋势。     

挥发性有机物污染泥浆固化稳定化试验研究

针对有机污染场地修复施工过程中出现的冒浆现象,选取2种典型有机污染泥浆,通过多组室内试验,对比分析了4种固化剂的固化稳定效果。结果表明：4种固化剂均有较好的减水效果,典型泥浆I的含水率28 d降幅可达45%,而典型泥浆II的28 d减水效果以固化剂A（5%水泥）最优,其含水率降幅为37%;固化土样孔隙水电导率EC随龄期先升高后降低,其峰值出现在3 d或7 d;固化土样pH值总体随龄期而增大,且典型泥浆II的pH值明显高于典型泥浆I;泥浆固化后qu值随龄期发展而快速增长,且典型泥浆I强度远高于典型泥浆II,并以固化剂A、C固化增强效果最佳,28 d时固化剂C固化的典型泥浆I、II的qu值分别达到233、48 kPa;添加固化剂尤其是含凹凸棒土的固化剂B、D能有效降低有机污染物的浸出,其28 d龄期对典型泥浆I、II的稳定率超过81%。固化泥浆EC、pH值与qu值关系具有明显规律,可反映其强度生长状况。     

土样矿物成分对固化土抗压强度增长的影响

通过人工制备物理力学性质相同而矿物成分不同的土样,考察相同水泥掺量的固化土抗压强度随土样矿物成分的变化,测定相应固化土孔隙液中主要离子浓度,并进行热力学计算,结果表明土样矿物成分,特别是蒙脱石,影响固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2的浓度,进而影响固化土抗压强度。在相同的水泥掺量作用下,含蒙脱石的固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2不饱和,随着土样中蒙脱石含量的减少,固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2浓度增加,水泥水化生成的胶凝性水化物的量也相应地增多,固化土抗压强度增量也随之提高;当固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2浓度达到饱和,土样矿物成分基本不影响固化土抗压强度。并在此基础上使用碱性外掺剂调整固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2浓度,试验结果表明：使用碱性外掺剂可以改变固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2浓度,减小甚至消除土样矿物成分对固化土孔隙液Ca(OH)2浓度的影响,提高固化土抗压强度。     

Investigation on strength and stability of jointed rock mass using three‐dimensional numerical manifold method

This paper proposes a numerical model for jointed rock masses within the 3‐D numerical manifold method (NMM) framework equipped with a customized contact algorithm. The strength of rock sample containing a few sets of discontinuities is first investigated. The results of models with simple geometries are compared with the available analytical solutions to verify the developed computer code, whereas models with complex geometries are simulated to better understand the fundamental behavior and failure mechanism of jointed rock mass. Furthermore, the stability of jointed rock mass in an underground excavation is studied, where rock failure process is determined by the 3‐D NMM simulation. The simulation results provide valuable guidance on excavation process design and stabilization design in rock engineering practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚氨酯固化海砂的静力特性试验研究

聚氨酯是一种高聚物,可以通过填充孔隙、胶结土颗粒的作用达到提高强度和整体性的目的。采用聚氨酯对海砂进行固化处理,设计无侧限抗压强度试验和三轴剪切试验,分析不同胶凝时间和不同固化剂含量下固化海砂的强度特性和变形特性。试验结果表明,随着胶凝时间的增加,固化海砂的强度提高,在固化时间3 h时就可达到稳定强度的80%以上,并且在试验所采取的质量比范围内,质量比越高,固化效果越好;聚氨酯泡沫填充到孔隙中使颗粒之间的咬合力增大,增强了黏聚力;颗粒重排列的阻力增大,使得海砂抵抗变形的能力增加,峰值强度提高,静力特性发生明显变化。     

考虑受压侧岩体反力非线性作用的锚杆抗剪理论

针对锚杆受压侧岩体或砂浆体反力非线性作用及结构面的剪胀效应问题,基于经典梁理论推导锚杆轴力与轴向变形及横向剪切力与横向变形的理论公式,建立了锚杆抗剪力计算公式。通过加锚结构面直剪试验验证理论计算有效性,并分析结构面剪胀系数、围岩强度、锚杆安装角（倾角）对锚杆变形和抗剪力的影响。结果表明：锚杆抗剪理论计算与室内试验结果吻合较好;结构面剪胀系数越大,越能较快调动锚杆抗剪作用,相反锚杆塑性强化特征越不明显,改善加锚结构面的阻滑抗剪作用,主要依靠结构面固有抗剪强度;随着围岩强度降低,锚杆需经一定变形才能发挥较大抗剪作用,而随着围岩强度增大,锚杆将迅速达到屈服状态,并且锚杆由轴向张拉破坏逐渐转为拉剪破坏;锚杆最优安装角随结构面内摩擦角增大而增大,依据实际工程中结构面内摩擦角取值范围,可估算锚杆最优安装角为30°～68°。     

西藏贡觉粉砂质泥岩工程地质特性与蠕变强度研究

川藏铁路在穿越西藏贡觉地区时遇到三叠系粉砂质泥岩,在高地应力条件下容易发生大变形等危害。文章开展了不同围压下的岩石三轴压缩和和三轴蠕变试验,结合PFC数值模拟,研究了粉砂质泥岩在不同围压下的蠕变特性和长期强度研究,结果表明:贡觉粉砂质泥岩流变具有西原蠕变模型特征,蠕变与常规三轴试验条件下,随着围压不断增大,粉砂质泥岩试样均由拉-剪破坏向单剪破坏过渡,剪切破裂面与水平线的夹角逐渐减小,微裂纹数量减少;蠕变试验相较于常规三轴试验,由拉应力引起的压碎带影响范围更广;在高围压条件下,粉砂质泥岩更容易发生流变,随着围压的增大,轴向应变、侧向应变和体积应变均增大,微裂纹数量呈下降趋势;瞬时弹性模量及黏弹性系数与围压呈线性递增关系,黏弹性模量与围压呈对数型增长关系,黏塑性系数与围压呈指数型增长关系。在荷载长期作用下,岩石长期强度低于瞬时强度。     

Effect of a submerged bay-mouth breakwater on tsunami behavior analyzed by 2D/3D hybrid model simulation

The hybrid numerical model had been developed to simulate a complicated 3D flow around structures generated by tsunami. In the model, the conventional 2D model is adopted for the wide region far from structures and the 3D non-hydrostatic pressure model is used in the limited region adjacent to structures. The applicability of the model is shown by comparisons of the numerical results with the experimental results of the laboratory model tests and the numerical analysis results of the conventional whole 2D simulation. In addition, the effect of a submerged structure at the opening of a breakwater is discussed from the numerical simulations by the hybrid model. The submerged structure improves the stability of the rubble mound and reduces the tsunami inflow into the bay, while it increases the water surface velocity around the opening of the breakwater. The increase of surface velocity causes the increases of impulsive forces by collision with drafts and so on.     

Performance of a compaction-grouted soil nail in laboratory tests

This study proposed a new soil nail known as the compaction-grouted soil nail, and a physical model was established to investigate its pull-out behaviour with different grouting pressures. The study on scale effect of the physical model was performed subsequently via numerical modelling. Additionally, interface shear tests were performed using the same boundary conditions as the physical model test. The strength parameters obtained were used to estimate the pull-out resistance of a conventional soil nail. The merits of these two soil nail types were compared based on their pull-out resistances. The physical model test results showed that the pull-out resistance of the compaction-grouted soil nail increases with increasing grouting pressure. In addition, the pull-out resistance exhibits hardening behaviour without a yield point, indicating that the compaction-grouted soil nail enables soils to remain stable against a relatively large deformation before ultimate failure. Furthermore, a higher grouting pressure results in a higher rate of increase for pull-out resistance versus pull-out displacement, which improves the performance of the compaction-grouted soil nail in the stabilization of large deformation problems. A comparison of the two types of soil nails suggests that the new compaction-grouted soil nail is more sensitive to grouting pressure than the conventional soil nail in terms of pull-out resistance improvement. In other words, the performance (pull-out resistance) of the compaction-grouted soil nail can be markedly improved by increasing the grouting pressure without inducing any accidental or undesired cracking or soil displacement.