上海浅部土层压缩指数与天然含水率的关系

压缩指数Cc是土体变形特征的一个重要指标,一般通过固结试验获得,需要耗费较长的时间以及大量人力物力,因此通过其他基本物理指标（天然含水率wn、初始孔隙比e0、液限wL）来推算压缩指数Cc是一个快捷有效的方法。从上海地区钻孔得到第②～⑥层土的原状土样进行固结试验,并结合多个地点的勘察报告数据,发现wn和e0具有较高的线性相关性,但wn与wL间的相关性不明显。考虑到wn相比e0更容易得到,选用wn来建立与Cc的关系式。研究认为,常用的线性关系不适用于上海黏土中含水率wn大于45%的情况,提出了指数函数式（8）。该函数还可适用于中国东部沿海其他地区的黏土。     

New design chart for geotechnical ground improvement: characterizing cement-stabilized sand

Cement stabilization of soil is a useful method to improve the mechanical behaviors and engineering performance of soils in geotechnical design and construction projects involving weak or liquefiable soils. Among the factors affecting the strength of cement-stabilized soils, water content and water–cement ratio are important but less well understood because of controversial views. This paper presents a systematic laboratory study to investigate the effects of water content and water–cement ratio on the unconfined compressive strength, with good control of the packing density and void ratio of the tested specimens. The effects of void ratio and cement content are also investigated. The strength of the cement-stabilized sand continuously decreased with increasing water–cement ratio within the range of 0.5 to about 3. A general equation is suggested to evaluate the unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized soil. Finally, a new conceptual characterization chart is proposed with consideration of the effects of cement content, water content, and water–cement ratio.

     

Proposed engineering of gypsiferous soil classification

Proposed engineering of gypsiferous soil classification is given. This classification depends on soil texture, mineralogy, geochemistry and engineering properties. Study areas are located within the Mesopotamian plain and include four locations, namely, Najaf, Karbala, Falluja and Samarra which are located between latitudes 32° and 35° and longitudes 43° and 44° 30??. The study performed includes analyses of soil samples for their mineralogy and physical and engineering properties as well as the chemical analyses of soil water extracts. The results suggest that these soils consist of different percentages of sand, silt, clay and some gravel. Analysis also detected secondary gypsum, quartz, calcite, feldspar, different types of rock fragments and different types of heavy minerals in trace amount. Clay minerals are dominated by palygorskite. Hydrochemical analysis results of soil water extracts show that the calcium and sulphate ions are most common, followed by sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, magnesium and potassium. Bicarbonate and chloride show increased values in Karbala and Najaf areas. The highest gypsum content reached 67.5% in the Samarra area, while the lowest is in Karbala, which reached 28.9%.The physical and engineering properties of the studied soils were determined. Samples which were allowed to soak in water show a sudden drop in unconfined compressive strength, compression and shear values immediately after soaking and then decreased gradually. This classification of gypsiferous soils is composed of two classes: gypsiferous soil and highly gypsiferous soil, according to their gypsum content and initial void ratio, coefficient of curvature, coefficient of uniformity, the collapse potential, the compressive strength, cohesion, plasticity index, content of fines and the total dissolve solids of the soil water extracts. It is believed that this newly proposed classification for gypsiferous soils can be applied to other locations and therefore will be useful for other soil scientists and engineers as well because this classification depends on soil texture, mineralogy, geochemistry and engineering properties, while the other existing classifications deal with only one of these variables.     

灌溉引起的黄土工程地质性质变化

引水灌溉改变了黄土的原生环境,使黄土在增湿乃至饱和的过程中,微结构、物理、力学及水理性质都不同程度地发生了变化,成为诱发黄土灾害的重要条件.以甘肃省黑方台灌区为研究区,开展从原位试验到室内测试、从传统土力学到非饱和土力学、从微观到宏观的多角度系统研究,揭示灌溉引起的黄土工程地质性质变化.研究结果表明,灌溉造成黄土原生结构破坏,孔隙总量和孔隙度普遍减小,造成天然含水量、天然密度、干密度等物理性质指标增高,天然孔隙比降低,黄土压缩性和湿陷性趋低,抗剪强度降幅尤为明显;从非饱和土力学角度看,灌溉使得黄土含水量增加,基质吸力降低,非饱和黄土强度参数也随之呈递减趋势;从黄土时效变形分析看,灌溉使得黄土更易发生蠕变变形和破坏.     

三江平原沼泽土微观特性试验研究

从微观形态、微结构特征、粒度分析、土颗粒间的排列方式、孔隙大小分布、有机质含量以及矿物成分等方面对三江平原的两种沼泽土和北京翠湖湿地土进行了一系列微观结构的对比试验.结果表明:沼泽白土和翠湖湿地土与一般软土性质相似,但沼泽黑土含水率、液性指数、孔隙比、孔隙数量、孔径和孔隙体积远远大于沼泽白土和翠湖湿地土,有机质含量最大,特性明显突出.研究成果有助于提高对沼泽土特性的认识,可为沼泽地陷落体救助和沼泽湿地保护和合理开发等工程建设提供参考.     

基于工程地质条件约束的水泥土搅拌桩强度设计

无置换情况下高饱和度软土容纳水泥浆的掺入量是有限的,以孔隙比、饱和度、气相体积为约束条件,可计算出桩体的最大水泥掺入比。在置换地基土才能使水泥掺入量满足设计要求的情况下,上返水泥土的存在改变了水泥掺入量的分配,桩体实际水泥掺入比随水泥土上返量大小及固相中水泥所占比例而改变。本文依据地基土性状,结合比重、密度、含水量等测试参数,以水泥上返量为线索推导出了桩体实际水泥掺入比公式。并通过工程实例对比分析了水泥土强度设计中考虑地质条件约束的实际意义。     

广东揭阳土壤镉含量的空间分布特征及影响因素

以广东省揭阳市土壤为研究对象,采集了1 330个表层土壤(0~20 cm)样品和331个深层土壤(150~200 cm)样品,通过 GIS 空间分析技术、半变异函数拟合和方差分析等方法对研究区土壤镉含量的富集特征、空间分布、结构特征以及影响因素进行了系统分析。结果表明,研究区表层土壤镉含量的均值为0.09 mg/kg,高于该区土壤背景值,但低于GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》的标准值。通过富集因子法研究表明,研究区表层土壤镉主要为轻微污染和中度污染。从结构特征来看,研究区表层土壤镉含量呈中等空间相关性。揭阳市表层土壤镉含量高值区主要分布在人类活动密集的东部和南部地区。土地利用类型、成土母质和土壤类型是影响表层土壤镉含量的重要因素,在不同土地利用方式下,建筑用地土壤镉含量最高;不同成土母质中,第四纪沉积物土壤镉含量显著高于其他母质;不同土壤类型中,水稻土的镉含量相对较高。     

A new and simple stress-dependent water retention model for unsaturated soil

The water retention curve (WRC) is an important hydraulic property of unsaturated soil needed for seepage analysis. Experimental evidence shows that the WRC is affected by various factors such as net stress and soil type. Many attempts have been made to describe the effects of net stress by including the void ratio in a water retention model. But the void ratio (i.e., soil density) is not the only parameter altered by the application of net stress. The pore structure, including the pore size distribution, pore shape and pore orientation, is also changed. Thus the influence of net stress on the WRC should not be treated as equivalent to density effects. In this study, it is verified that the inclusion of the void ratio cannot adequately capture the effects of net stress on the water retention behaviour. A new and simple water retention model is thus developed by considering the stress effects on the void ratio as well as the pore structure. The model is then applied to simulate the WRCs of three different soils tested over a wide range of stress conditions, including isotropic and anisotropic stress conditions. The results show that better predictions of experimental data can be made by incorporating the effects of net stress on both the void ratio and the pore structure.     

有机质对海相软土物理力学特性的影响效应分析

有机质是海相软土的重要组成部分,其对土体物理力学性质的影响有待深入研究。以连云港地区全新世海相软土为例,进行百组土体有机质物理力学试验。结果表明,研究区软土有机质含量平均值为0.98%,在0.90%～1.00%这个区间分布最为广泛。有机质含量在空间上分布不均,平行海岸线较垂直海岸线土体有机质含量变化小,自上向下变化规律...     

条子泥围垦区水盐特征与植被分布的关系

为了探究江苏东台条子泥围垦区的水盐分布规律,揭示圆环状植被分布与土壤水盐条件的关系,于2019年9月对围垦区内用作湿地恢复的区域进行测量和采样。在植被环附近测量了二维、三维大地电阻率,采集降水、地表水、土壤、地下水等样品,测试样品的水盐指标和D、18O同位素组成。结果表明:植被圆环下方3 m深度内均存在对应的高电阻率/低盐度区域,且随着植被类型由中心向外环变化,对应的土壤水盐度也逐渐增大;土壤水盐度是不同植被呈现圆环状分布的重要影响因素,其变化受降水入渗和土壤蒸发引起的盐分集结共同作用;土壤盐度直接影响了不同植被种群的分布格局,而植被对入渗和蒸发过程的影响也反作用于土壤盐度分布。     

A study on the limit void ratio characteristics of medium to fine mixed graded sands

The minimum and maximum void ratios, corresponding to states of densest and loosest packing, of 111 systematically prepared mixed graded sand samples are determined with Method 2A and Method B according to ASTM D 4253 and ASTM D 4254 standards, respectively. Although, those standards are applicable to soils that may contain up to at most 15% fines content, for the harmony of the results even for samples having fines content greater 15%, no other methods are used throughout the experimental program. The test results show that 3rd degree polynomial equations derived from existing experimental data, as a function of packing material percentage, are quite reasonable (R² ≈ 1.0) to estimate the variation of minimum and maximum void ratios for the sands considered. Furthermore, error analysis of the limit void ratios is also carried out. It is found that predictability of maximum void ratio for the soil types and gradations considered is more accurate than that of minimum void ratio.     

广南县幅岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量比空间变异分析

借助1∶25万云南省广南县幅土壤地球化学调查数据,并利用单因素方差分析、多重比较法以及地统计学方法,对岩溶区和非岩溶区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征及其空间分布进行了对比分析。结果显示:广南县幅岩溶区土壤中有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量显著高于非岩溶区,而碳氮比（C∶N）、碳磷比（C∶P）、氮磷比（N∶P）显著低于非岩溶区;无论是岩溶区还是非岩溶区,表层（0～20 cm）SOC、TN、C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均显著高于深层（＞100 cm）。克里格空间插值结果表明,研究区表层土壤中SOC、TN、TP含量具有东高西低的特征,而C∶N、C∶P、N∶P具有低值区集中于东部、高值区散布在西部的空间分布格局。成土母质和土壤类型等自然因素严重制约了研究区土壤碳氮磷的空间变异,同时土地利用变化等人为因素也起到了不可忽视的作用。      

天然沉积饱和有明粘性土的Burland 孔隙指数与归一化含水量的关系

如何评价土结构性对天然沉积饱和土的力学性状的影响是一个非常重要的研究课题。Burland在第30届郎肯讲座论文中导入孔隙指数对各种重塑土的压缩曲线进行归一化，提出固有压缩曲线用于评价天然沉积土的压缩性状。通过对广泛沉积在日本九洲岛的有明粘性土进行试验研究，探讨了灵敏有明粘性土的特征，提出一个比Burland孔隙指数更为简单实用的评价天然沉积土力学性状的指标——归一化含水量，定义为含水量与液限之比。根据大量的试验结果，得出了天然沉积有明粘性土的Burland孔隙指数与归一化含水量的相关关系，提出了对应于归一化含水量的固有压缩曲线。     

钙质砂压缩波速与物理性质参数关系研究

开展钙质砂纵波波速与物理性质参数关系的试验研究,对珊瑚礁地基无损检测及工程物探具有重要的理论指导意义和工程应用价值。控制试样的物性参数状态,利用制样装置进行波速测量,揭示钙质砂纵波波速与物性参数的相关关系。试验结果表明：含水率是影响纵波波速的主要因素,与纵波波速呈二次函数关系。CT扫描结果表明,试样粒径越大,颗粒内部孔隙越丰富,这导致试样孔隙比越大,波速故而越小,与粒径、孔隙比呈负相关关系。在密实度相同、不均匀系数不同时,级配良好的砂样纵波波速差异不大。经过侧限压缩后,含水率一定时,粉土纵波波速与孔隙比呈二次关系,且与密度呈良好的线性关系。利用粉土易压缩且与纵波波速紧密变化的特点,可积极探索声波在粉土地基密实度检测的工程应用。     

Correlations between Compression Index and Index Properties of Undisturbed and Disturbed Tehran clay

The compression index (Cc), which is used to calculate the consolidation settlement of fine-grained soils, can be determined through consolidation testing. Given that exploring the soil in a local region is highly important to determine the correlation between the Cc and other soil indices, the present study investigated these correlations in undisturbed and disturbed samples through 130 consolidation tests and determining the Cc of Tehran clay. The results are suggestive of the validity of the linear correlation between the Cc and the unit weight and initial void ratio of the soil, with several relations presented to estimate the Cc of Tehran clay soil. In contrast, the initial water content, liquid limit and the plasticity index do not produce reliable correlations with the Cc of the local clay soil, and a relation based on these index parameters cannot be recommended in this area. Further, the presented empirical correlations were compared with the existing ones. More over time-displacement and e-log σ’ graphs for undisturbed and disturbed samples are compared and stress history of the site are presented. The results are significant in terms of engineering applications, saving time and money and provides an initial estimation of compression index.

     

吉林省大安地区盐渍土室内冻胀试验研究

吉林省大安地区分布着大量盐渍土,冬季温度降低后土体发生冻胀会引,会引发一系列工程危害。本文对吉林省大安地区盐渍土体进行野外取样,并进行室内基本物理、化学及物质组成试验,通过室内冻胀试验模拟土体冻胀过程,查明土体冻胀特性。试验结果表明,研究区土体为碳酸盐渍土,钠离子含量较高,交换性阳离子含量较高;土体在冻胀过程中其击实度、含水率及土体中含盐量均不同程度影响着冻胀结果,对于各含盐量下土样均存在最佳击实度;盐分过少时对冻胀产生抑制作用,达到一定含盐量后产生盐胀,对冻胀产生促进作用;研究区起始冻胀含水率为21%。该结论为防治吉林省西部盐渍土地区由冻胀作用带来的工程灾害防治提供理论依据。     

Soil void ratio correlation with shear wave velocities and SPT N values for Indo-Gangetic basin

In this study attempt has been made to understand in-situ void ratio in Indo-Gangetic basin (IGB) and to form empirical relations between void ratio and shear wave velocity (V_s), N values considering subsoil investigation data. Multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) test and standard penetration test was carried out along with soil property measured at 25 locations. The general soil profile varied from silty sand to clay of low compressibility, ground water level fluctuated between 1-27 m, depth of borehole varied from 20-40 m. Regression analysis was conducted on 202 data sets of void ratio and shear wave velocity, 293 data sets of void ratio and SPT- N value, which resulted in inverse correlations between void ratio and V_s, SPT N value. The datas were segregated into fine, coarse grained data based on engineering classification and relations were developed separately. Until now, no studies have related in-situ void ratio to V_s and SPT N. These correlations will be useful to predict void ratio for sites having measured values of V_s and N value. These void ratios can be further used to assess liquefaction susceptibility.     

软土地区旋挖钻机施工技术研究

软土是天然含水量高、孔隙比大、压缩性高、抗剪强度低的细粒土。其固结系数小、固结时间长、灵敏度高、扰动性大、透水性差、土层层状分布复杂、各层之间物理力学性质相差较大。而在软土地区进行基础桩施工,需要综合考虑施工进度、场地地层条件及施工场地的实际情况,从施工机具合理选择配置、施工现场综合管理、人员协调管理等多方面进行针对性分析研究。结合项目情况,详细介绍了成孔技术优化、钻具优选、护筒选择、钻进速度控制、合理配置施工机械、优化施工次序及操作人员甄选等内容,提出了软土地区利用旋挖钻机进行灌注桩施工的技术措施和管理建议,对今后同类项目的开展具有现实的借鉴意义。     

颗粒级配及初始干密度对路基翻浆冒泥特性的影响

重载铁路路基翻浆冒泥病害广泛存在且危害性极大,严重影响了轨道的稳定性和列车运行的安全性。铁路路基土体性质,如颗粒级配、孔隙比等对列车荷载作用下路基翻浆冒泥特性有显著的影响。利用自主研发的试验模型对粉质黏土与不同含量高岭土重塑试样进行翻浆冒泥试验,研究了不同颗粒级配（高岭土含量）、不同初始干密度（孔隙比）对循环荷载作用下试样的轴向应变、超孔隙水压力以及细颗粒迁移特性的影响。研究结果表明：随着高岭土含量以及初始干密度的增加,动荷载作用下试样产生的轴向应变、超孔隙水压力均减小,细颗粒迁移的平均高度降低,路基翻浆冒泥的程度减轻。通过试验发现,动荷载作用下试样内部的超孔隙水压力梯度是驱动路基土体细颗粒迁移的主导因素,试样产生的夹层对路基翻浆冒泥病害的发展具有一定的促进作用。     

Laboratory Investigation into the Effects of Silty Fines on Liquefaction Susceptibility of Chlef (Algeria) Sandy Soils

In a number of recent case studies, the liquefaction of silty sands has been reported. To investigate the undrained shear and deformation behaviour of Chlef sand–silt mixtures, a series of monotonic and stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on sand encountered at the site. The aim of this laboratory investigation is to study the influence of silt contents, expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio on undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense and dense sand–silt mixtures under monotonic loading and liquefaction potential under cyclic loading. After an earthquake event, the prediction of the post-liquefaction strength is becoming a challenging task in order to ensure the stability of different types of earth structures. Thus, the choice of the appropriate undrained residual shear strength of silty sandy soils that are prone to liquefaction to be used in engineering practice design should be established. To achieve this, a series of undrained triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines contents ranging from 0 to 40 %. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant at 100 kPa. From the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not characterize the actual behaviour of the soil as well. The equivalent void ratio expressing the fine particles participation in soil strength is then introduced. A linear relationship between the undrained shear residual shear strength and the equivalent void ratio has been obtained for the studied range of the fines contents. Cyclic test results confirm that the increase in the equivalent void ratio and the fines content accelerates the liquefaction phenomenon for the studied stress ratio and the liquefaction resistance decreases with the increase in either the equivalent void ratio or the loading amplitude level. These cyclic tests results confirm the obtained monotonic tests results.