1962—2019年锡尔河-咸海三角洲湿地时空变化及驱动因素

咸海周边环境变化对中亚干旱区生态稳定有重要影响,研究锡尔河-咸海三角洲湿地演变对认识流域生态环境变化、实施生态修复等具有重要意义。基于多源遥感数据采用面向对象分层提取法方法,分析1962—2019年锡尔河下游三角洲湿地的时空变化特征,并结合咸海变化、耕地变化、河流水量和水利工程建设等探讨近60a湿地变化的驱动因素。研究表明:①近60 a在咸海持续萎缩的情况下,锡尔河下游三角洲湿地呈现先减小后增加的变化趋势,其中1962—1980年、1981—1991年和1992—2019年3个阶段的变化率分别为-38.29 km2/a、193.35 km2/a和14.36 km2/a;②湿地变化有明显的空间差异,锡尔河南、北2个入湖口区的湿地自1980年以来向咸海湖区扩张明显,耕地混合区的湿地自1991年以来向河道两侧扩张;③ 1962年后在入三角洲径流量总体减少的趋势下,灌渠建设和生态用水配置是三角洲湿地面积增加的主要原因,间接导致咸海入湖水量减少,咸海快速萎缩。锡尔河三角洲湿地恢复与咸海干涸形成了明显的生态反差,不利于咸海周边生态的整体恢复。     

咸海和巴尔喀什湖水文变化与环境效应对比

以咸海和巴尔喀什湖流域为研究对象,采用定性和定量分析相结合的途径,对两个湖泊的水文特征、主要补给河流的入湖径流特征、流域人类活动情况、生态环境问题及未来趋势等进行对比,分析咸海和巴尔喀什湖流域各方面的异同。研究发现:咸海的水位变化呈现相对单一趋势,从1960年开始急剧下降并于2009年分裂成4个水体;巴尔喀什湖的水位变化呈现明显周期性波动,从1970年开始出现下降并于1987年降至历史最低水位;目前的咸海仍不容乐观并将面临最终干涸,巴尔喀什湖正值丰水期并将进入枯水周期。在咸海和巴尔喀什湖两个跨界河流-湖泊流域的水资源和生态环境保护中,流域各国均负有重要责任。     

江汉平原沉积环境演化及对三峡贯通的指示

选取江汉平原孔深400.59m的新沟钻孔,通过对其40Ma以来的沉积物进行岩性描述及粒度特征的研究,探讨了此岩芯剖面沉积环境的演变过程。结果表明,该岩芯垂直剖面沉积物颗粒基本构成是以砂、粉砂、粘土为主,沉积环境变化频繁。根据粒度参数特征所反映的沉积环境意义,划分出4个沉积阶段: 3.93～3.66MaB.P.(深度400.59～375.03m)为深湖相沉积环境,   3.66～2.17MaB.P.(深度 375.03～.195.90m)为河湖相沉积环境,   2.17～1.77MaB.P.(深度195.90～147.08m)为浅湖相沉积环境,   1.77MaB.P.～0.11kaB.P.(深度147.08～0m)为河湖相交替频繁的沉积环境;  从而揭示了江汉平原新沟钻孔4.0Ma以来的沉积环境的演变过程。对比江汉平原新沟孔和周老孔的磁学参数及磁性矿物特征的研究结果,发现在新沟孔深度109.15～98.82m间江汉平原水系曾发生过重要调整,江汉平原的沉积环境和物质成分均发生了重大改变。该层位可能就是长江三峡贯通的层位,其贯通时间新沟孔古地磁年龄约为1.0MaB.P.左右。     

吉林大阳岔地区小阳桥寒武-奥陶剖面中海绿石矿物学研究

本文总结了小阳桥剖面的寒武系-奥陶系界线附近海绿石矿物学特征,并对该地层剖面附近的沉积环境进行讨论。     

咸海流域水文水资源演变与咸海生态危机出路分析

中亚的咸海问题已成为全球性的生态和社会问题,研究咸海流域水文水资源、经济社会发展演变与气候变化,对深入理解中亚地区咸海危机形成机理、未来发展趋势、探讨咸海生态危机出路具有重要意义,对类似区域跨界河流和我国西北干旱区水资源开发利用具有重要借鉴意义. 介绍了中亚五国咸海流域的水资源及其开发利用情况,重点分析了中亚五国咸海流域农业灌溉的发展演变、近80a来咸海流域气候变化趋势与主要河流水文演变情势及咸海水文特征演变. 结果表明,咸海生态危机完全是由人类自导并日益严重的水资源-生态-环境与社会危机,短期内难以遏制,长期来看也无法逆转. 结合咸海危机生态环境效应,讨论了3个跨流域调水方案拯救咸海的利弊与前景,探讨了立足于流域本身拯救咸海的综合治理措施. 最后,提出了咸海危机经验教训对我国内陆河水资源开发利用的若干启示.     

中亚干旱区咸海面积变化与人类活动及气候变化的关联研究

咸海是亚洲仅次于里海的第二大内陆咸水湖, 20世纪60年代以来湖泊面积急剧萎缩。基于1960 - 2018年咸海的面积数据、 CRU气温和降水数据以及咸海流域灌溉面积、 水库容量等资料, 定量分析了1960年以来咸海湖泊面积的变化情况, 并从气候变化与人类活动两方面探究了咸海面积变化的主要影响因素。结果表明： 1960 - 2018年咸海的面积由6.85×10⁴ km²持续萎缩至（8.32±0.19）×10³ km², 共减少了（6.02±0.02）×10⁴ km²（约87.85%）, 其中1960 - 2009年面积萎缩了（5.94±0.02）×10⁴ km²（约86.77%）, 而在2009 - 2018年其面积萎缩速率明显放缓, 减少了740.04 km²（约8.17%）。统计结果显示, 1960年以来强烈的人类活动（主要表现为灌溉用水和水库储水量的持续增加）是导致咸海面积急剧萎缩的主要因素, 其对咸海面积变化的影响远大于气候变化。在中亚地区气候继续向暖湿变化的背景下, 咸海流域应尽快调整以农业灌溉为主的用水结构, 否则在上游冰川融水达到峰值后, 咸海可能面临干涸的危险。     

河套盆地北部344 ka以来沉积环境演化

通过对河套盆地北部获取的377 m钻孔岩芯进行沉积相及粒度特征分析,并结合多种测年手段,揭示了河套盆地北部中更新世晚期以来的沉积环境演变过程。根据粒度参数特征变化把钻孔划分为6个沉积环境阶段:344~326 ka为滨湖相沉积环境;326~165 ka为半深湖相沉积环境;165~130 ka为滨湖三角洲相沉积环境;130~100 ka为浅湖相沉积环境;100~10 ka为滨湖—河流相沉积环境;10 ka~今为河漫滩相沉积环境。河套盆地中更新世晚期到晚更新世期间存在统一的古大湖,晚更新世以后古大湖分解并消失。      

北太湖沉积岩芯中有机氯农药HCH和DDT残留垂直分布特征及沉积环境意义

为了探讨有机氯农药HCH和DDT残留在湖泊沉积物中的赋存和演化过程,并利用其特有的时间标尺特征分析近现代在人类活动干扰下的湖泊沉积过程,2006年在太湖的竺山湾、梅梁湾利用重力采样器分别采集湖泊沉积岩芯ZS和ML,按1cm间隔分样。测定了两孔岩芯20cm深度以上的HCHs（六六六类）和DDTs（滴滴涕类）残留量,结合测年资料分析了两孔岩芯中近50年来HCHs和DDTs垂直分布特征及沉积环境意义。研究结果表明,竺山湾岩芯ZS中HCHs和DDTs的残留量分别为0.22～9.70ng/g和0.32～12.34ng/g;梅梁湾岩芯ML中HCHs和DDTs的残留量分别为0.18～11.02ng/g和0.52～13.44ng/g。尽管两孔岩芯中HCHs和DDTs的残留量不同,但指示的沉积时间一致:在20世纪50年代中期以后岩芯中HCHs和DDTs残留量均明显增加,在20世纪70年代末出现峰值,这与太湖流域有机氯农药HCH和DDT使用的历史相一致,岩芯ZS中HCHs和DDTs残留量以及岩芯ML中HCHs残留量在80年代初以后逐渐降低,这与有机氯农药HCH和DDT在1983年禁止使用的时间相对应。但在岩芯ML中20世纪90年代以后DDTs残留量又明显增加,显示有新的输入源,可能与90年代以来无锡、常州快速发展的"小化工、小农药"排污进入梅梁湾有关。研究结果同时还表明太湖沉积物中的HCHs和DDTs残留量在沉积岩芯上的变化序列可以作为指示太湖沉积过程的时间标尺,对太湖沉积环境变化的研究具有重要意义。     

德令哈盆地尕海湖DG03孔岩芯矿物组合与古环境变化

对气候敏感区德令哈盆地尕海湖DG03孔岩芯的矿物学分析表明,DG03孔岩芯的矿物主要包括石英、斜长石、微斜长石、绿泥石、伊利石、方解石、文石、白云石、石膏及石盐等。岩芯记录了尕海湖约11 ka以来（AMS 14C年龄）的古环境变化。根据矿物、碳酸盐含量及岩性的变化,整个岩芯可划分为三个部分:Ⅰ. 约11 ka～10 ka BP,晚冰期末期;Ⅱ. 10 ka～4 ka BP,全新世早中期;Ⅲ.4 ka至今,全新世晚期。矿物组合表明,自晚冰期以来,尕海湖先后经历了湖泊演化的逆向和正向演化阶段,即尕海湖先后经历了晚冰期的干冷气候,早全新世的暖干气候,中全新世的暖湿气候以及晚全新世以来的逐渐干冷的气候。岩性分析还表明,尕海湖沉积环境复杂,存在多种微相沉积。     

天津地区黄骅坳陷全新世沉积环境及其变化特征

在岩芯观察的基础上,通过对钻井沉积环境的分析,结合其岩性剖面和沉积构造等资料,详细分析了天津地区黄骅坳陷全新世的沉积环境特征、类型及其展布;认为该区主要有冲积、湖沼沉积、河口湾沉积、滨浅海沉积等4种主要沉积环境。全新世为一套松散堆积层,其岩性组合和生物化石组合特征及其变化,反映了天津地区黄骅坳陷全新世以来沉积环境由滨海—近岸浅海至河口湾、潟湖、滨海平原再至冲积平原的演变。     

气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响评估

中亚地区是我国天气的上游区,生态环境异常脆弱,必须要保证该地区生态环境和资源安全,水资源安全首当其冲.研究和评估气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响,具有重要的战略意义.近百年来中亚地区气候有暖湿化趋势,气温增温持续时间较长且增温幅度较大,近50a增暖更加明显(0.47℃·(10a)^-1),其中冬季增温最快,预估未来会延续变暖的态势;同时20世纪80年代之后降水量持续波动上升.气候变化对该地区水资源的时空分布及湖泊变迁造成了重大影响,人类活动加剧了水资源短缺,近50a来锡尔河和阿姆河入咸海径流量均呈减少的趋势,20世纪70年代之后拦水蓄水水库等水利工程的建设,加上灌溉用水的增加,导致两河入咸海水量骤减;而1987年之后两河入咸海水量回升,主要是气温回暖、降水增多,加速了常年积雪和冰川融化,使得进入河道的径流量增加.同时,湖泊水位下降,面积收缩,水质恶化.中亚水资源问题主要是跨国水资源分配和水环境恶化问题,要做好水资源评估和用水规划工作,建立覆盖全区域的水资源环境监测网络.中亚国家需要共同参与制定一套完整的、综合考虑人口、社会经济、生态环境等因素的水资源管理政治立法决策体系,构建中亚各国人水和谐、互利共存的水资源新秩序,以水资源可持续利用来支持经济与社会的可持续发展.     

Surface water and aerosol spatiotemporal dynamics and influence mechanisms over drylands

Under the background of global warming and excessive human activities, much surface water in drylands is experiencing rapid degradation or shrinkage in recent years. The shrinkage of surface water, especially the degradation of lakes and their adjacent wetlands in drylands, may lead to the emergence of new salt dust storm hotspots, which causes greater danger. In this paper, based on high spatial resolution global surface water (GSW) and multiangle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) AOD data, we systematically analyze the dynamic characteristics of surface water and aerosols in typical drylands (Central Asia, CA) between 2000 and 2018. Simultaneously, combined with auxiliary environment variables, we explore the driving mechanisms of surface water on the regional salt/sand aerosols on different spatial scales. The results show that the seasonal surface water features an increasing trend, especially a more dramatic increase after 2015, and the permanent surface water indicates an overall decrease, with nearly 54.367 % at risk of receding and drying up. In typical lakes (Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake), the interannual change feature of the surface water area (WA) is that a continuous decrease during the study period occurs in Aral Sea area, yet a significant improvement has occurred in Ebinur Lake after 2015, and the degradation of Ebinur Lake takes place later and its recovery earlier than Aral Sea. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) in CA shows obvious seasonal variation, with the largest in spring (0.192 ± 0173), next in summer (0.169 ± 0.106), and the smallest in autumn (0.123 ± 0.065). The interannual variation of AOD exhibits an increase from 2000 to 2018 in CA, with high AOD areas mainly concentrated in the Taklamakan Desert and some lake beds resulting from lake degradation, including Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake. The AOD holds a similar trend between Aral Sea and Ebinur Lake on an interannual scale. And the AOD over Ebinur Lake is lower than that over Aral Sea in magnitude and lags behind in reaching the peak compared with Aral Sea. The WA change can significantly affect aerosol variation directly or indirectly on the aerosol load or mode size, but there are obvious differences in the driving mechanisms, acting paths, and influence magnitude of WA on aerosols on different spatial scales. In addition, the increase of WA can significantly directly suppress the increase of Ångström exponent (AE), and the effects of WA on AOD are realized majorly by an indirect approach. From the typical lake perspective, the effects of WA on aerosol in Aral Sea are achieved via an indirect path; and the decrease of WA can indirectly promote the AOD rise, and directly stimulate the AE growth in Ebinur Lake.     

Investigations on Aral Sea Regressions from Mirabilite Deposits and Remote Sensing

Remote sensing techniques including radar (Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Envisat) and laser altimetry (Icesat), and moderate resolution spectro-radiometer (MODIS) images, are used to estimated current level and surface extent time variations of the Aral Sea. During the Holocene several phases of regression occurred, leading to desiccation of the Aral Sea. During the last 50 years, Aral Sea has drastically shrunk due to intense use of river’s water for irrigation purposes. It is currently separated into four distinct water bodies, namely, the Small Aral in the North, the Tchebas Bay in the North West, and the South West and the South East basins. The Kulandy strait connected the SW and SE basins until very recent times. These basins are now almost separated and salinity becomes very high (140–180 g/l) in the Eastern part. Rubanov discovered past deposits of mirabilite in the years 1970–1980. We investigate the significance of these deposits in the light of current evolution of the four water bodies that constitute the heritage of Aral Sea contemporary desiccation. Using remote sensing techniques, we have attempted to calculate the water balance of south Aral Sea during the last 3 years. We conclude in strong probability that the Kulandy strait carries water most of the time from the Eastern Basin to the Western Basin. We have demonstrated that it should have been the same process in the past to explain the Mirabilite deposit, but unfortunately, due to recent artificial water monitoring of the Aral Sea (dam in the Berg’s strait, new reservoirs in the Amu Darya’s delta), it is impossible to make definitive conclusion from actual Aral Sea water balance.     

Ongoing Changes of Ionic Composition and Dissolved Gases in the Aral Sea

Starting from 1961, the Aral Sea, a major saline lake in Central Asia, has been continuously shrinking because of deficiency in its water budget. Accordingly, the salinity of the once brackish lake increased by a factor of magnitude. During the desiccation, the salt composition of the Aral Sea has been subject to continuous changes because of chemical precipitation accompanying the salinity buildup. This paper provides a summary of these changes based on water samples collected from the so-called Large Aral Sea during the field surveys of 2002–2007. Once fully ventilated, the lake developed anoxic conditions and H₂S contamination is frequently observed in the bottom layers. However, hydrogen sulfide is a variable rather than a permanent feature of the present Aral Sea. Because of the precipitation of calcium carbonate, gypsum, and, possibly, mirabilite, which successively occurred as the salinity increased, the relative content of SO₄ ^? and Ca²⁺ ions decreased. Accordingly, compared with the pre-desiccation period before 1960, the sulfate-to-chloride mass ratio decreased by 10–30%, while the relative content of calcium decreased almost 7-fold. The depletion in calcium is more pronounced in the shallow eastern part of the lake, where salinity is much higher. However, the reduction of the sulfate-to-chloride ratio in the eastern basin is smaller than that for the western basin of the Aral Sea. Hypothetically, this could be explained through precipitation of halite already taking place in the eastern basin, but not yet in the western basin. Vertical profiles of the ionic content in the relatively deep western part of the lake reveal a decrease of calcium content and relative increase of sulfate ion content toward the bottom, which is consistent with the previously published concept that the bottom layers of the western trench contain a significant admixture of the water advected from the eastern basin.     

Sub–fossil Ostracoda and the death of the Aral Sea

The Aral Sea has become increasingly saline since 1960, resulting in decimation of the aquatic biota. Of the 11 ostracod species known to have been alive in the Aral Sea 30 years ago, only one, the euryhaline Cyprideis torosa, lives there today. Recent research has suggested that this species has survived because it is capable of strong hypo–osmotic regulation. The Quaternary history of the sea shows that there have often been water–level fluctuations, but recent dramatic environmental changes have had particularly severe consequences on the ostracod faunas .     

Control of wind strength and frequency in the Aral Sea basin during the late Holocene

Changing content of detrital input in laminated sediments traced by XRF scanning and microfacies analyses reflect prominent variations in sedimentation processes in the Aral Sea. A high-resolution record of titanium from a core retrieved in the northwestern Large Aral Sea allows a continuous reconstruction of wind strength and frequency in western Central Asia for the past 1500 yr. During AD 450–700, AD 1210–1265, AD 1350–1750 and AD 1800–1975, detrital inputs (bearing titanium) are high, documenting an enhanced early spring atmospheric circulation associated with an increase in intensity of the Siberian High pressure system over Central Asia. In contrast, lower titanium content during AD 1750–1800 and AD 1980–1985 reflects a diminished influence of the Siberian High during early spring with a reduced atmospheric circulation. A moderate circulation characterizes the time period AD 700–1150. Unprecedented weakened atmospheric circulation over western Central Asia are inferred during ca. AD 1180–1210 and AD 1265–1310 with a considerable decrease in dust storm frequency, sedimentation rates, lamination thickness and detrital inputs (screened at 40-μm resolution). Our results are concurrent with changes in the intensity of the Siberian High during the past 1400 yr as reported in the GISP2 Ice Core from Greenland.