3D geomodeling of the Lower Cretaceous oil reservoir, Masila oil field, Yemen

Oil was first discovered in the Masila area of Yemen in the late 1990s, with about 90% of the reserves found in the Lower Qishn Clastic Member of the Qishn Formation. The porosity determinations of the Lower Qishn Clastic are relatively high and the permeability ranges from 103 to 374?md. This paper tries to evaluate the hydrocarbons in the porous zones encountered in the Lower Cretaceous formations, which were penetrated by the eight wells in the study area. The water saturation shows low values, while the hydrocarbon saturation is in a reverse relation, i.e., the hydrocarbon increases where the water saturation decreases. Different cross-plots such as Rho-PHIN, Rho-DTN, and M-N were used in lithological identification for the two studied formations (Saar and Qishn) in the studied wells. Formation evaluation and presentation forms of the obtained petrophysical parameters have frequently proven that the formations have high hydrocarbon saturation in this area and contain many pay zones. On of the main targets of this paper is to build a detailed 3D geological modeling of the Lower Cretaceous Sequence conducted through an integrated study.     

Log-derived petrophysical characteristics and oil potentiality of the Upper Qishn Clastic Member,Masila Basin,Yemen

The Lower Cretaceous Qishn Formation at Masila Basin, Yemen, contains substantial amounts of proven crude oil. It is divided into a lower shaly silisiclastic member and an upper carbonate member. In the present work, detailed formation evaluation of the Upper Qishn Clastic Member was carried out using the digitized well logging data from 12 wells, via computer-assisted analysis, to accomplish its reservoir characteristics and oil potentiality. Accordingly, the true resistivity (R _t), porosity (total φ _t and effective φ _e), shale content (V _sh), permeability (K), water saturation (S _w), hydrocarbon saturation (S _h) (movable “S _hm” and residual “S _hr”) and lithologic composition in each well were estimated, analyzed, and illustrated versus depth on litho-saturation cross-plots. Likewise, the areal distribution of such parameters alongside the member in the investigated area and their relations to geological setting were defined from the constructed isoparametric contour maps. Based on the obtained results, the components of Upper Qishn Clastic Member of Masila Basin are mainly shaly sandstone and minor calcareous sandstone with considerable amount of shale. Regionally, the Member was deposited on an inner neritic to shallow-marine platform setting. It is interpreted as a good-quality reservoir rock which has been established from high total porosity (15–22 %), good effective porosity (8–13 %), and variable shale volume (24–31 %). A number of high hydrocarbon saturation zones (exceeding 55 %) are detected through intervals having S _w?<?60 % and S _hm?>?20 % which have been considered as economic oil producers. The storage and pay capacities of the reservoir intervals have been resolved. The obtained results were confirmed from the available data of core analyses and production tests. The Upper Qishn Clastic Member reveals promising reservoir characteristics which should be taken into consideration during future development of the oilfields in the area.     

Diagenesis and reservoir quality analysis in the Lower Cretaceous Qishn sandstones from Masila oilfields in the Sayun–Masila Basin,eastern Yemen

Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Qishn Formation have been studied by integrating sedimentological, petrological and petrophysical analyses from wells in the Masila oilfields of eastern Yemen. These analyses were used to define the origin, type of diagenesis and its relation to reservoir quality. The sandstones of the Qishn Formation are predominately quartz arenite to subarkose arenite with sublitharenite and quartz wackes displaying a range of porosities, averaging 22.33%. Permeability is likewise variable with an average of 2844.2 mD. Cementation coupled with compaction had an important effect on porosity destruction after sedimentation and burial. The widespread occurrence of early calcite cement suggests that the sandstones of the Qishn Formation lost significant primary porosity at an early stage of its diagenetic history. In addition to poikilotopic calcite, several different cements including kaolinite, illite, chlorite and minor illite–smectite occur as pore‐filling and pore‐lining cements, which were either accompanied by or followed the development of the early calcite cement. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar grains. The new data presented in this paper suggest the reservoir quality of Qishn sandstones is strongly linked to their diagenetic history; hence, the reservoir quality is reduced by clay minerals, calcite and silica cements but is enhanced by the dissolution of the unstable grains, in addition to partial or complete dissolution of calcite cements and unstable grains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆塔河油田下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层成因类型与评价

塔河油田油气主要产自下奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层中，储渗空间和储层类型研究对油田的勘探开发有重要意义。笔者通过岩芯及铸体薄片的详细观察，结合钻井资料和测井曲线，对下奥陶统碳酸盐岩的储渗空间特征进行了成因类型划分，并在储渗空间发育分布状况、物性和油气测试资料分析的基础上，对各成因类型储层的储集性进行了评价。研究表明，大型洞穴发育比较普遍，相应的洞穴型储层是区内下奥陶统最主要的储层类型，是储集性能好、油气高产的首要目标，其次是构造裂隙型储层。     

安哥拉下刚果盆地吉拉索尔深水油田

吉拉索尔油田位于西非安哥拉17号深水区块,水深1200～1400m,距安哥拉海岸150km。1996年发现,2001年产油,是安哥拉投入开发的第一个深水油田。油田面积约140km2,地质储量约为15.5×108bbl,可采储量约7.25×108bbl,为轻质油。油田所在的下刚果盆地主要经历了裂谷期、过渡期和热沉降期三个阶段的构造演化,相应沉积了裂谷期陆相地层、过渡期蒸发岩层和热沉降期海相地层。主要烃源岩为下白垩统Bucomazi组湖相页岩,有机质丰度高,类型好,成熟度适中,为很好的烃源岩。盆地深水区主要储层为上渐新统—中新统河道充填浊积砂岩复合体,砂岩固结差,物性良好。吉拉索尔油田主要由几个河道浊积砂岩复合体叠置组成,其中夹几个薄层席状砂岩,复合体之间被海相泥页岩分隔。上覆第三系泥岩为其主要盖层。     

塔里木盆地典型砂岩油气储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素测年研究与成藏年代探讨

塔里木盆地共发现 8套砂岩油气储层 ,对其中的 5套典型砂岩油气储层进行了自生伊利石K Ar同位素测年分析与研究。利用该项技术对其成藏史进行初步探讨是本次研究的主要目的。中央隆起下志留统沥青砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 383.4 5～ 2 35 .17Ma ,表明志留系古油藏形成于加里东晚期—海西晚期 ;上泥盆统东河砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 2 6 3.82～ 2 31.34Ma ,表明东河砂岩油气藏主要形成于海西晚期 ;库车坳陷依南 2气田 (依南 2井 )下侏罗统阳霞组砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 2 8.0 8～ 2 3.85Ma ,表明油气充注发生在中新世以来 ;喀什凹陷阿克莫木气田 (阿克 1井 )下白垩统砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 2 2 .6 0～ 18.79Ma ,表明中新世可能有古油气运移或古油藏形成 ;库车坳陷迪那 2气藏 (迪那 2 0 1井 )古近系砂岩中的伊利石主要为碎屑成因 ,不能用于进行油气成藏史研究 ,但该气藏白垩系砂岩的自生伊利石年龄为 2 5 .4 9～ 15 .4 7Ma ,表明可能为中新世成藏。本次研究表明 ,该项技术在塔里木盆地初步显示出较好的应用效果 ,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

应用烃类流体包裹体GOI和成分研究凝析气藏成藏过程：以准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区为例

The Grains containing Oil Inclusions(GOI)data in currently gas/condensate-beating Jurassic and Cretaceous reservoir sandstones of Well Pen 5(the Mosuowan area of central Junggar Basin,NW China)are generally greater than the empirical threshold line of 5%.This is consistent with the gas-condensate section originally containing a palaeo-oil column.In order to assess the origin of the oil trapped in the oil inclusion and its relationship to the free oil/gas-condensate,a detailed molecular geochemical study was carried out for correlation between the free and inclusion oils.The paleo oil is most likely sourced from the Lower Permian Fengeheng Formation,which generated hydrocarbons primarily during Late Triassic and the oils were later secondarily altered and dysmigrated along faults likely during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.In contrast,the current reservoired oil/gas-condensate mainly derived from the Middle Permian Lower Wuerhe Formation,whose peak generation time last from Late Cretaceous even to the present.This paper showed that integrated oil-bearing fluid inclusion analyses have likely allowed a complex multi-phase charge history to be recognized and resolved with a high degree of confidence.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组超低渗透油藏形成过程分析--以古峰庄-麻黄山地区为例

鄂尔多斯盆地古峰庄-麻黄山地区长6、长8超低渗透油藏具有典型性和代表性。通过流体包裹体均一温度与沉积埋藏史-热史综合分析表明,古峰庄-麻黄山地区长6、长8油藏为一期成藏,成藏时间为早白垩世。成藏过程中,长7油源成藏早期向长8单向充注,成藏中期向长6、长8双向充注,成藏后期则向长6单向充注。成藏过程的这种动态变化主要由源储距离及其垂向组合关系、油源岩生烃高峰、储层边致密边成藏等成藏要素联合作用控制。     

基于波动方程正演对九龙山地区茅口组地震响应特征识别研究

九龙山构造位于四川盆地西北部旺苍县和苍溪县境内,该构造具有构造规模大、隆起幅度高、保存条件好、纵向上多产层、钻井显示丰富等特点。本文主要针对九龙山构造范围内下二叠统茅口组储层的地质模型和正演结果,明确储层发育位置,找到对应的地震相特征,并对储层进行分级评价。通过测井响应特征、储集空间、储层厚度、曲率等综合分析,用波动方程正演模拟预测下二叠统茅口组地震响应特征。正演结果表明茅口组孤立溶洞型储层的地球物理响应特征为同相轴串珠状上拉、振幅减弱;茅口组缝洞系统储层的地球物理响应特征为茅口组顶界同相轴"扭曲断续、下拉"。在此基础上总结了孤立溶洞和缝洞系统两种地震响应识别模式,为储层的预测提供了参考依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙地区上古生界气藏高产地质因素分析

鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙地区上古生界气藏为一套致密低渗砂岩储层,产层分布在下石盒子组、山西组及太原组,其中测试高产层集中分布在盒3段及盒2段。这里在对产层特征进行研究的基础上,通过对各地质参数与产能的相关性研究,对控制高产的主要地质因素进行了分析讨论,结果表明,优质的储层条件是产层获得高产的基础,产层含气丰度及地层能量是控制高产的主要地质因素。产层电阻率的大小能反映出含气丰度大小,依据电阻率分布来评价高产层的平面分布,并提出了下一步主要勘探开发目标区。     

三维地质建模及油藏数值模拟一体化剩余油分布规律研究

剩余油分布规律研究一直是中后期油田开发的研究重点和难点,研究方法也多种多样.针对马岭油田中一区的开发特点,采用三维地质建模和油藏数值模拟一体化技术研究思路,在构造特征研究、精细地层对比、沉积相研究和流动单元研究的基础上,建立了中一区延长组到富县组的三维立体地质模型,从而为油藏数值模拟提供了初始静态地质模型.在历史拟合的基础上通过精细油藏模拟方法进行了油藏剩余油分布模拟计算,并结合沉积相和流动单元分析了剩余油分布规律,从而为油田下步方案调整提供了挖潜方向.     

楚玛尔河黏性土与砂土导热系数试验研究

为探究青藏工程走廊带楚玛尔河地区冻融土导热系数的基本规律,采用瞬态平面热源法测试了148个冻土试样和88个融土试样导热系数。对楚玛尔河地区黏性土和砂土导热系数的总体特征及影响因素进行分析;对黏性土、砂土导热系数与干密度和含水率之间进行二元回归方程拟合,并分别建立黏性土、砂土RBF神经网络预测模型。结果表明:楚玛尔河黏性土导热系数分布较为集中,砂土导热系数离散度高,分布范围较广;二元回归方程对黏性土、砂土导热系数平均拟合优度较低;与二元回归方程相比,以干密度和含水率作为输入因子所建立的楚玛尔河黏性土、砂土导热系数RBF神经网络预测模型具有更高的精确度。研究成果可有效预测青藏工程走廊带土体导热系数,对冻土温度场计算具有重要指导意义。     

华池油田H152区开发中后期储层地质建模

华池油田H152区为低孔低渗油藏,已进入开发中后期.本文分析了华池油田长_3储层地质特征和沉积微相特征,认为其属于三角洲前缘和前三角洲亚相沉积,并详细分析了区内出现的三角洲前缘水下分流河道、分流河道间湾、河口坝、远沙坝和前三角洲泥等微相的岩性和电性特征.采用序贯指示模拟方法建立了研究区沉积微相,应用序贯高斯方法建立储层参数模型,为成功挖潜剩油提供依据.     

中国海相油气田勘探实例之四 塔里木盆地塔河油田的发现与勘探

塔河油田位于塔里木盆地沙雅隆起阿克库勒凸起西部,目前井控含油气面积约1800km2。它发现于1990年,是我国发现的第一个陆上古生代海相大油田。2004年探明石油储量为5.3×108t,原油年产量为358×104t。油田的主要产层为奥陶系浅海台地—斜坡相碳酸盐岩,其盖层为下石炭统区域性泥岩和膏盐岩,油源为寒武系—下奥陶统碳酸盐岩烃源岩。岩溶储集体发育,油气藏圈闭类型多样。论述了油田的发现和勘探开发历程、油藏的地质特征、油气分布规律,以及寻找海相碳酸盐岩油气田的启示。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷三叠系源上砂砾岩扇—断—压三控大面积成藏模式

准噶尔盆地玛湖富烃凹陷下三叠统百口泉组新近发现了我国首个源上大面积连续型砂砾岩油藏群,是对全球"连续型"油气藏研究的新补充,但其成藏机理和模式并不很清楚。为加强对其的理论认识,并为下步勘探提供参考,基于油气生、储、盖、圈、运、保等基础石油地质条件,并结合油气藏特征,进行了成藏条件与成藏模式的综合研究。结果表明,优质充足的下二叠统风城组碱湖油气来源、规模有效的扇三角洲前缘砂砾岩储层、多重组合的扇三角洲平原致密砾岩、泥岩和断裂封盖保存、沟通良好的高角度断裂输导体系、平缓连续的构造背景奠定了大面积连续成藏的地质基础。在此背景下,高成熟的风城组所生成油气,在切穿烃源灶和储层的高角度压扭性断裂沟通下,优先充注物性相对好的扇三角洲前缘水下河道砂岩和砂质细砾岩,并且在地层异常高压促进下,控制着油气富集程度,使得油气成藏表现为大型缓坡浅水扇三角洲沉积控制下的源上扇-断-压三控大面积"连续型"。百口泉组油气藏具有的油质轻且含气、微裂缝广泛发育,以及异常高压等,决定了砾岩储层虽总体低孔低渗,但依旧能够高产。在油源断裂沟通的斜坡区上倾方向,叠合地层异常高压以及扇三角洲前缘水下河道砂砾岩的区域是下步有利勘探方向。     

Organic geochemical characteristics of crude oils from the Masila Basin, eastern Yemen

The Masila Basin is an important hydrocarbon province in Yemen, but the origin of hydrocarbons and their generation history are not fully understood. In this regard, 10 crude oils from different petroleum reservoir sections in the Masila Basin were characterized by a variety of biomarker and non-biomarker parameters using GC, GC-MS and stable carbon isotope techniques. Oils from the Masila Basin display pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios ranging from 1.7 to 2.0, low sulfur content, high C₃₅ homohopane index, relatively high C₂₇ sterane concentrations and relatively high tricyclic terpanes suggesting a marine clay source rock that was deposited in mildly anoxic to suboxic conditions with dominantly algal organic matter. C₂₉ 20S/(20S + 20R) steranes and ββ/(ββ + αα) sterane ratios indicate that the Masila oils have reached peak oil window maturity. Another related feature of these oils is the absence of 18α (H)-oleanane, which suggests a source age older than Cretaceous. The carbon isotope compositions are similar to those of the potential source rocks, which range from −25.4‰ to −28.3‰, indicating a marine environment. The new data presented in this paper suggest that the Masila oils constitute one oil family and that the oil originated from the Upper Jurassic Madbi source rock in the basin.     

中亚卡拉库姆盆地油气分布特征与成藏模式

卡拉库姆盆地是世界上仅次于西西伯利亚盆地和波斯湾盆地的第三大富气盆地。本文以获取的最新油气田储量数据为基础，采用石油地质综合分析方法，探讨了该盆地油气的层系和区域分布特征及其成藏模式。受区域盖层控制，盆地内的油气主要富集于两套层系：中侏罗统卡洛阶-上侏罗统牛津阶碳酸盐岩储集层和下白垩统欧特里阶沙特利克组砂岩储集层。前者富集了盆地内68.0%的石油储量、84.0%的凝析油储量和44.2%的天然气储量，后者富集了盆地内36.4%的天然气储量。上侏罗统蒸发岩之下的盐下油气田的区域分布主要受有利储集相带和古隆起构造展布的控制；生物礁和古构造主要发育于盆地东北部的北阿姆河亚盆地，并导致盆地内已发现的盐下油气储量主要分布于此。受蒸发岩区域盖层和深大断裂的控制，盐上油气田主要分布于蒸发岩发育区之外、蒸发岩较薄且主要为硬石膏的地区、以及蒸发岩发育区内的深大断裂附近。蒸发岩之上的盐上层系并非油气特别是天然气勘探的禁区，源自盐下烃源岩的天然气可以在盐上储集层内聚集并形成大气田。     

新疆塔里木盆地白垩—第三纪沉积相及储集体分析

根据沉积特征、岩石矿物特征、生物特征及地球化学特征的综合分析，将塔里木盆地白垩-第三系划分为3个沉积相组、12个沉积相、20个沉积亚相和若干个沉积微相，并首次在塔北发现海相沉积，塔里木盆地白垩-第三纪储集体包括碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩两种，东北坳陷区储层主要为碎屑岩，特别是下白垩统卡普沙良群亚格列木组是沙雅隆起上的重要储层，上白垩统巴什基奇克组是库车前陆盆地的重要储层，西南坳陷区储层包括碎屑岩储层和碳酸盐岩储层两种岩性，如下白垩统上部乌鲁克恰特组滨岸海滩硝砾岩及上白垩统依格孜牙组生物丘灰岩等也构成较好的储集层。     

Melut盆地富含CO2油气藏的成因及期次

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