南秦岭东河群碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其板块构造意义

南秦岭微陆块是秦岭造山带的重要构造单元,其早白垩世沉积物是研究物源区及南秦岭微陆块构造演化的理想对象.南秦岭微陆块南缘观音坝盆地早白垩世砂砾岩中的碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄给出了5个年龄峰,范围分别是2600～2300Ma、2050～1800Ma、1200～750Ma、650～400Ma和350～200Ma,对应于Kenor、Columbia、Rodinia、Gondwana和Pangaea等5次超大陆事件.碎屑锆石源区复杂,但主要源自华北克拉通和北秦岭增生带,表明晚古生代南秦岭微陆块是秦岭-华北联合大陆板块的一部分,而非独立的微陆块.最年轻的锆石年龄峰给出了勉略洋向秦岭-华北大陆俯冲的时限,即350～ 200Ma;扬子与秦岭-华北联合大陆板块的碰撞造山作用始于三叠纪-侏罗纪之交,强烈的挤压造山作用发生在侏罗纪,而非三叠纪或更早.     

大别山及邻区侏罗和石炭纪时期盆-山耦合：来自沉积记录的认识

侏罗纪时期大别造山带是合肥盆地的物源区。因此通过盆地中的沉积记录可以了解该造山带的地质演化,并重建造山带的古地理面貌。在合肥盆地最古老的中生代地层中(防虎山组,J_1),底部的沉积物源区主要为华北陆块早古生代和吕梁期(1700～1900Ma)的岩石。但是,从防虎山组沉积早-中期开始直至晚侏罗世,来自俯冲的扬子陆块折返的物质则构成为大别山的主体。防虎山组地层含高 Si 含量的碎屑多硅白云母和三叠纪年龄的锆石,三叠纪年龄的锆石含超高压(UHP)矿物包裹体,证明扬子大陆深俯冲(至地幔)的物质在早侏罗世时期已出露至大别山地表。高压-超高压的变质岩广泛分布於中-晚侏罗世时期东-中部的大别山,但向西逐渐消失。大别山北缘石炭系沉积岩的微量元素组成特征强烈指示它们应来源於一个被剥蚀的大陆岛弧。其碎屑锆石年龄结构主要由具有秦岭和二郎坪群特征(400～480Ma)的岩石组成、因此,大别山北缘石炭纪沉积主要来源于华北大陆南缘相当於秦岭和二郎坪群的岩石,物源区在早古生代时期曾经历过与秦岭造山带相似的岛弧构造环境的演化。大别山北缘晚石炭世沉积物中高 Si 含量碎屑多硅白云母的发现指示其沉积物源区可能出露有高压-超高压的变质岩。     

北秦岭柳叶河盆地上三叠统物源区及其与鄂尔多斯盆地的关系——来自碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄的证据

对陕西省周至地区北秦岭晚古生代—中生代柳叶河盆地上三叠统石英砂岩进行单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素分析。以岩浆锆石为主的77个测试点给出的年龄值形成7个年龄组:256~475Ma、1500~1680Ma、1750~2190Ma、2190~2310Ma、2400~2650Ma、2700~2800Ma和2850~2960Ma。其中最年轻的锆石年龄为256±4Ma,最老的锆石年龄是2954±25Ma。峰值年龄以1750~2190Ma古元古代年龄组为代表(占总测点的64%)。将柳叶河盆地上三叠统与石炭系碎屑锆石年龄结构进行对比,前者新元古代年龄结构缺失,表明晚古生代介于柳叶河与鄂尔多斯盆地间的北秦岭北部具新元古代年龄结构的古陆,晚三叠世相对沉降,成为盆地次要物源区。结合与周缘地体年龄结构对比,北秦岭南部二郎坪群、秦岭群、丹凤群、南缘的沉积楔形体刘岭群及北秦岭与加里东期活动陆缘沟-弧-盆体系相关的岩浆作用产物此时则成为盆地主要物源区。北秦岭内部北降南升。柳叶河盆地上三叠统碎屑锆石与鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘上三叠统延长组砂岩碎屑锆石较好的可对比性,以及柳叶河盆地北侧源区(北秦岭北部)的构造变动、化石等证据表明,柳叶河盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地在晚三叠世很有可能连通,柳叶河盆地可能代表鄂尔多斯盆地的南部边缘。     

山东长岛地区蓬莱群辅子夼组碎屑锆石年龄谱研究

山东烟台长岛地区出露的蓬莱群辅子夼组浅变质沉积岩主要为变质石英砂岩夹变质粉砂岩和变质粘土岩。前人对蓬莱群的沉积时代存在较大争议, 本文根据长岛地区蓬莱群辅子夼组碎屑锆石年龄谱资料, 将辅子夼组的地层时代置于新元古代。碎屑锆石中出现1600Ma和1200~1100Ma左右两个年龄峰值, 后者表明辅子夼组曾接受来自具有格林威尔期构造热事件物源区的碎屑物质。这一物源区所反映的地质演化特点既不同于华北陆块, 也不同于扬子陆块, 应引起高度重视和进行深入的探索。     

华北板块中部晚二叠世-早三叠世砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及物源判别

华北板块陆内盆地晚二叠世-早三叠世地层沉积物的物源一直存在较大争议.对华北板块中部鄂尔多斯盆地东缘（山西柳林县）上二叠统孙家沟组（2个）和下三叠统刘家沟组（2个）以及沁水盆地（山西沁水县）上二叠统孙家沟组（1个）地层砂岩样品进行了全岩地球化学分析和碎屑锆石LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb年龄测定.364个单颗粒锆石中,古生代碎屑锆石约占21%,具有～275 Ma(218～333 Ma,65颗)和～431 Ma的两个峰值年龄（368～442 Ma,10颗）;前寒武纪碎屑锆石约占79%,具有明显的～1 888 Ma(1 562～2 222 Ma,178颗)和～2 529 Ma(2 253～3 167 Ma,111颗)两个峰值年龄.在前人研究基础上,采用最年轻单颗粒年龄（YSG）和最年轻的碎屑锆石加权平均年龄（TuffZirc）限定地层最大沉积年龄的方法,确定刘家沟组的2个样品沉积下限年龄为253±7 Ma和250±7 Ma,孙家沟组3个样品沉积下限分别为256±7 Ma(MSWD=1.1,n=31)、264±11 Ma(MSWD=4.3,n=7)、250±6 Ma(MSWD=3.6,n=6...     

武功山杂岩高滩组沉积时代与物源特征:来自含榴云母石英片岩锆石U-Pb年龄与稀土元素组成的新证据

武功山地区高滩组是华南板块分布较为广泛的早古生代地层之一,经历了绿片岩相?角闪岩相变质,其沉积时代限定与物源性质确定对客观重建华南板块早古生代地壳演化过程具有重要的意义.本文利用LA-ICP-MS对高滩组中的含榴云母石英片岩进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb测年与稀土元素分析,获得含榴云母石英片岩最年轻一组碎屑锆石年龄为524±12 Ma,结合区域上高滩组被早古生代约462 Ma花岗岩侵入的地质关系,初步限定武功山地区高滩组的沉积时代为524~462 Ma.高滩组含榴云母石英片岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄变化于3 622~497 Ma之间,最主要的年龄峰值为956 Ma,4个次要的年龄峰值分别为2 456 Ma、1 644 Ma、850 Ma与524 Ma.对比扬子、华夏陆块早古生代沉积岩系的碎屑锆石年龄图谱,发现高滩组与华夏陆块早古生代地层具有相似的物源特征,指示早古生代期间武功山地区属于华夏陆块的组成部分.      

丹凤地区秦岭岩群片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄:北秦岭地体中-新元古代岩浆作用和早古生代变质作用的记录

秦岭岩群被认为是出露于北秦岭地体内最古老的前寒武纪基底岩石,记录了北秦岭造山带的地壳形成和演化历史。本文报道丹凤-西峡地区五件秦岭岩群片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄结果,限定其形成和变质时代,探讨北秦岭地体的构造归属。定年结果表明,岩浆成因锆石颗粒的年龄集中在1400～1600Ma左右和850～950Ma左右,记录两期主要岩浆活动。6粒锆石具有变质成因特征,低Th/U比值(0.03),206Pb/238U年龄变化在510～465Ma之间,加权平均值477±18Ma。这一古生代变质叠加时代与北秦岭地体南北缘高压变质作用时代基本一致,说明秦岭岩群遭受到北秦岭造山带俯冲-碰撞造山过程的变质作用。秦岭岩群主要形成于中元古代晚期至新元古代早期,基底岩石缺乏早元古代和太古代岩浆活动的记录。在岩浆作用时代上,北秦岭地体与广泛发育新元古代中-晚期岩浆作用的扬子陆块北缘有差别,也不同于晚太古代-早元古代的华北陆块南缘,可能是中-新元古代形成的独立微陆块。     

南秦岭刘岭群砂岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

秦岭造山带的构造演化是理解华北与扬子陆块缝合过程的关键,位于商丹断裂带以南的刘岭群是揭示秦岭造山带晚古生代构造演化历史的重要窗口。采用LA-ICP-MS对刘岭群3个变质砂岩样品中的碎屑锆石进行了U-Th-Pb同位素测定,获得最年轻的一组年龄区间为377~395Ma,主要年龄峰值约为442Ma、780~850Ma和900~970Ma,表明刘岭群沉积时代可以持续到晚泥盆世,物质来源于北秦岭构造带。结合刘岭群北侧武关杂岩的最新研究成果可以确定,刘岭群和武关杂岩共同构成了华北陆块南缘中—晚泥盆世弧前盆地的沉积序列,暗示古秦岭洋的最终闭合发生在泥盆纪之后,而华北与扬子陆块碰撞的主缝合线应位于刘岭群的南侧。     

南秦岭佛坪泥盆纪砂岩锆石U-Pb 定年及Hf 同位素分析：对物质源区和构造环境的制约

泥盆纪地层广泛分布于南秦岭地区,为揭示南秦岭地质演化过程提供了重要的信息。目前,对于南秦岭泥盆纪沉积物源、构造环境存在争议,相关泥盆纪物质源区地壳生长仍旧缺乏深入讨论。本文通过对采自南秦岭佛坪地区泥盆纪砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb 年代学研究揭示,样品中锆石年龄主要分布于500～400 Ma 和1 300～700 Ma,少量为～1.85 Ga、～2.5 Ga和～2.7 Ga。这些碎屑锆石U-Pb 年龄和相应Hf同位素数据表明,该时期碎屑物质主要来自于南、北秦岭和华北板块南缘,缺少来自扬子板块北缘的物源供给。综合已发表的刘岭群碎屑锆石Hf同位素数据,我们识别出南秦岭泥盆纪物质源区存在3 期地壳生长事件,并且分别对应于北秦岭早古生代（500～407 Ma）弧岩浆岩事件、华北板块南缘新太古末期-古元古代早期（～2.5 Ga）和新太古代中期（～2.7 Ga）的岩浆事件。结合累积曲线分布特征和前人研究成果,我们认为刘岭群该时期为前陆盆地沉积环境。     

秦岭南缘勉略带构造属性及晚古生代地质背景:来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学的制约

勉略构造带作为秦岭造山带内重要的构造边界,关于其构造属性及晚古生代以来的地质背景,一直是学术界争论的焦点。碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学在限定地层单元的最大沉积年龄、研究区域构造岩浆事件及约束构造地质背景等方面行之有效。基于此,通过对勉略带内五郎坪北侧两河口变沉积地层和侵入其中的变形花岗岩脉体进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。获得2件变形花岗岩脉的结晶年龄均为406±1Ma。碎屑锆石主年龄谱分别为422～456Ma和558～826Ma,峰值年龄为441Ma和771Ma、813Ma,次级年龄谱分别为942～1495Ma和1658～2981Ma,峰值年龄不明显。依据最小一组碎屑锆石的峰值年龄(441Ma),和侵入其中的变形花岗岩脉(406±0.6Ma),限定该变沉积地层形成时代为406～441Ma(S_1-D_1)。碎屑锆石年龄谱显示该套变沉积地层物质来源较为复杂,其中秦岭造山带及扬子板块北缘早古生代、新元古代岩浆岩为其提供了74%±的物源,古老变质基底为其提供了26%±的物源。通过与区域上已有资料对比,认为勉略构造带内晚古生代沉积地层形成环境与邻区大致相同,且本次所获得的变沉积岩碎屑锆石年龄谱也与邻区泥盆系相似。综合认为,勉略构造带与邻区在晚古生代应属同一构造环境,晚古生代"勉略海盆"应当包括整个南秦岭。     

锆石裂变径迹年龄和逐层蒸发法铅年龄测定对比研究

本文阐述了颗粒锆石裂变径迹法及双带源逐层蒸发法的方法原理，对取自美国菲什（Fish）峡谷凝灰岩中的锆石裂变径迹年龄国际标准样及取自香港花岗岩中锆石的两种年龄结果进行了对比，并分析了它们年龄差异的原因，认为铅年龄代表锆石的结晶年龄，而裂变径迹表观年龄代表岩体的冷却年龄或最后一次热事件的年代。开展不同方法的对比研究，可以得到更多的信息，以期更好地探讨研究区的演化历史。     

The age of Canberra landforms

The interpretation of Canberra's landforms as unexhumed survivals from Bowning faulting and mid‐Devonian vulcanicity is opposed. Some major faults are truncated whereas sharp scarps coincide with others. In the nearby Taemas area, the Canberra‐Yass Plains cut across Tabberabberan folds. Summit surface remnants surviving high in the A.C.T. Ranges and discordant river gorges are incompatible with extreme age of the relief. River nick‐points and steps between surfaces are some related and some unrelated to faults, with like import. Stripping of the Murrumbidgee Batholith, also of Bowning age, would have caused substantial filling of the Canberra Rift; during subsequent removal, erosion would not have entirely respected Silurian rocks similar in resistance to Devonian fill. Permian rocks to the east must in part derive from erosion of the Canberra area. Local rates of denudation of 5 cm/1000 y. are hard to reconcile with survival of high steep relief from the mid‐Devonian.

Alternative explanations are given for those characters of the Fyshwick Gravels which led them to be regarded as Permian glaciofluvials.

The same evidence supports Browne's standpoint that the relief is polycyclic through epeirogenic uplift at intervals, together with posthumous movement along some old faults.     

The age of continental roots

Determination of the age of the mantle part of continental roots is essential to our understanding of the evolution and stability of continents. Dating the rocks that comprise the mantle root beneath the continents has proven difficult because of their high equilibration temperatures and open-system geochemical behaviour. Much progress has been made in the last 20 years that allows us to see how continental roots have evolved in different areas. The first indication of the antiquity of continental roots beneath cratons came from the enriched Nd and Sr isotopic signatures shown by both peridotite xenoliths and inclusions in diamonds, requiring isolation of cratonic roots from the convecting mantle for billions of years. The enriched Nd and Sr isotopic signatures result from mantle metasomatic events post-dating the depletion events that led to the formation and isolation of the peridotite from convecting mantle. These signatures document a history of melt– and fluid–rock interaction within the lithospheric mantle. In some suites of cratonic rocks, such as eclogites, Nd and Pb isotopes have been able to trace probable formation ages. The Re–Os isotope system is well suited to dating lithospheric peridotites because of the compatible nature of Os and its relative immunity to post-crystallisation disturbance compared with highly incompatible element isotope systems. Os isotopic compositions of lithospheric peridotites are overwhelmingly unradiogenic and indicate long-term evolution in low Re/Os environments, probably as melt residues. Peridotite xenoliths from kimberlites can show some disturbed Re/Os systematics but analyses of representative suites show that beneath cratons the oldest Re depletion model ages are Archean and broadly similar to major crust-forming events. Some locations, such as Premier in southern Africa, and Lashaine in Tanzania, indicate more recent addition of lithospheric material to the craton, in the Proterozoic, or later. Of the cratons studies so far (Kaapvaal, Siberia, Wyoming and Tanzania), all indicate Archean formation of their lithospheric mantle roots. Few localities studied show any clear variation of age with depth of derivation, indicating that >150 km of lithosphere may have formed relatively rapidly. In circum-cratonic areas where the crustal basement is Proterozoic in age kimberlite-derived xenoliths give Proterozoic model ages, matching the age of the overlying crust. This behaviour shows how the crust and mantle parts of continental lithospheric roots have remained coupled since formation in these areas, for billions of years, despite continental drift. Orogenic massifs show more systematic behaviour of Re–Os isotopes, where correlations between Os isotopic composition and S or Re content yield initial Os isotopic ratios that define Re depletion model ages for the massifs. Ongoing Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf–Os isotopic studies of massif peridotites and new kimberlite- and basalt-borne xenolith suites from new areas, will soon enable a global understanding of the age of continental roots and their subsequent evolution.     

Depositional age,provenance and metamorphic age of metasedimentary rocks from southern Madagascar

Southern Madagascar is the core of a > 1 million km² Gondwanan metasedimentary belt that forms much of the southern East African Orogen of eastern Africa, Madagascar, southern India and Sri Lanka. Here the Vohibory Series yielded U–Pb isotopic data from detrital zircon cores that indicate that it was deposited in the latest Tonian to late Cryogenian (between ~ 900 and 640 Ma). The deposition of the Graphite and Androyen Series protoliths is poorly constrained to between the late Palaeoproterozoic and the Cambrian (~ 1830–530 Ma). The Vohibory Series protoliths were sourced from very restricted-aged sources with a maximum age range between 910 and 760 Ma. The Androyen and Graphite Series protoliths were sourced from Palaeoproterozoic rocks ranging in age between 2300 and 1800 Ma. The best evidence of the timing of metamorphism in the Vohibory Series is a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 642 ± 8 Ma from 3 analyses of zircon from sample M03-01. A considerably younger ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U metamorphic age of 531 ± 7 Ma is produced from 10 analyses of zircon from sample M03-28 in the Androyen Series. This ~ 110 Ma difference in age is correlated with the early East African Orogeny affecting the west of Madagascar along with its type area in East Africa, whereas the Cambrian Malagasy Orogeny affected the east of Madagascar and southern India during the final suturing of the Mozambique Ocean.     

On the age of KREEP

Many lunar highland rocks have been extensively metamorphosed during the late heavy bombardment of the Moon 3.9–4.0 AE ago. Rubidium and other, more volatile elements were preferentially mobilized during this event, which resulted in a considerable scatter of RbSr model ages. This scatter can be considerably reduced by estimating the original Rb content on the basis of Sm or other, less mobile, incompatible elements. The principal uncertainty on the corrected model ages of 4.25–4.45 AE comes from the original Sm/Rb ratio.Highland rocks enriched in incompatible elements in most cases are mixtures between KREEP-basalt and other highland rock types. After corrections for Rb mobilization 3.9–4.0 AE ago, slight isotopic differences among KREEP-enriched rocks from different landing sites becomes noticeable. These differences correspond to different meteoritic groups as defined by Morgan et al. (1974). Apparently there existed slightly different KREEP basalt reservoirs, with formation ages ranging from 4.25 to 4.45 AE. These reservoirs were partly exposed through impacts of basin-forming planetesimals 3.9–4.0 AE ago. The resulting impact melts were contaminated with meteoritic material from the bombarding planetesimals.The $\text{4.63 ± 0.1}$ AE RbSr isochron of trace element poor highland rocks (Schonfeld, 1976) is determined by a K,Rb- and Ba-rich component, which formed earlier and independently of KREEP basalts.     

Bayesian estimation of isotopic age differences

Isotopic dating is subject to uncertainties arising from counting statistics and experimental errors. These uncertainties are additive when an isotopic age difference is calculated. If large, they can lead to no significant age difference by classical statistics. In many cases, relative ages are known because of stratigraphic order or other clues. Such information can be used to establish a Bayes estimate of age difference which will include prior knowledge of age order. Age measurement errors are assumed to be log-normal and a noninformative but constrained bivariate prior for two true ages in known order is adopted. True-age ratio is distributed as a truncated log-normal variate. Its expected value gives an age-ratio estimate, and its variance provides credible intervals. Bayesian estimates of ages are different and in correct order even if measured ages are identical or reversed in order. For example, age measurements on two samples might both yield 100 ka with coefficients of variation of 0.2. Bayesian estimates are 22.7 ka for age difference with a 75% credible interval of [4.4, 43.7] ka.This paper was presented at Emerging Concepts, MGUS-87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 13–15 April 1987.     

论Cystophrentis带的时代

<正> 1931年,俞建章教授建立了华南区下石炭统的四个珊瑚化石带,即Cystophrentis带,Pseudouralinia带,Thysanophylloides(原称Thysanophyllum)带和Yuanophyllum带,分别代表革老河灰岩、汤粑沟砂岩、旧司砂岩和上司灰岩。Cystophrentis及其所代表的相关地层在华南浅水相区有广泛的分布。湖南、贵州、广西、广东、四川等地,均有Cystophrentis产出。而它所代表的地层时代,俞建章(1931,1937,1963,1979)、吴望始(1964,1974,1981)、张良(1985)的研究,代表我国早石炭世早期的沉积。吴望始等(1981)研究了位于孟公坳组之下的邵东组的珊瑚,她将邵东组的珊瑚分为两个带,即下部的Ceriphyllum elegatum带和上部的Caninia dorlodoti带,代表华南早石炭世最早期的沉积,这样更使邵     

Maximum depositional age estimation revisited

In a recent review published in this journal,Coutts et al.(2019)compared nine different ways to estimate the maximum depositional age(MDA)of siliclastic rocks by means of detrital geochronology.Their results show that among these methods three are positively and six negatively biased.This paper investigates the cause of these biases and proposes a solution to it.A simple toy example shows that it is theoretically impossible for the reviewed methods to find the correct depositional age in even a best case scenario:the MDA estimates drift to ever smaller values with increasing sample size.The issue can be solved using a maximum likelihood model that was originally developed for fission track thermochronology by Galbraith and Laslett(1993).This approach parameterises the MDA estimation problem with a binary mixture of discrete and continuous distributions.The‘Maximum Likelihood Age’(MLA)algorithm converges to a unique MDA value,unlike the ad hoc methods reviewed by Coutts et al.(2019).It successfully recovers the depositional age for the toy example,and produces sensible results for realistic distributions.This is illustrated with an application to a published dataset of 13 sandstone samples that were analysed by both LA-ICPMS and CA-TIMS U–Pb geochronology.The ad hoc algorithms produce unrealistic MDA estimates that are systematically younger for the LA-ICPMS data than for the CA-TIMS data.The MLA algorithm does not suffer from this negative bias.The MLA method is a purely statistical approach to MDA estimation.Like the ad hoc methods,it does not readily accommodate geological complications such as post-depositional Pb-loss,or analytical issues causing erroneously young outliers.The best approach in such complex cases is to re-analyse the youngest grains using more accurate dating techniques.The results of the MLA method are best visualised on radial plots.Both the model and the plots have applications outside detrital geochronology,for example to determine volcanic eruption ages.