华北克拉通怀安杂岩中早前寒武纪两期变质表壳岩的重新厘定:岩石学及锆石U-Pb年代学证据

华北克拉通怀安杂岩中早前寒武纪变质表壳岩具有变质程度深（麻粒岩相）、连续性差、变形及构造置换强烈等特征,地层划分及形成时代一直存在较大争议.通过详细的地质调查、岩石学及年代学研究,新厘定出新太古代桑干岩群铁英岩岩组、石榴黑云片麻岩岩组以及古元古代集宁岩群黄土窑岩组石榴高压基性麻粒岩-大理岩岩段和含石墨矽线石榴片麻岩-变粒岩-大理岩岩段4套变质表壳岩单元,并建立了相应的岩石学识别标志.新太古代变质表壳岩一般呈透镜体或带状体产出于新太古代变质深成岩中,且锆石年龄存在~2.5 Ga和~1.8 Ga两个峰值.铁英岩岩组原岩为一套基性火山岩夹磁铁石英岩建造,产出阿尔戈马型BIF铁矿,形成年龄为2 489±19 Ma;石榴黑云片麻岩岩组主体岩石为条带状石榴黑云斜长片麻岩,原岩为杂砂岩建造,物源来自新太古代TTG岩石.古元古代石榴高压基性麻粒岩-大理岩岩段原岩为一套基性火山岩夹大理岩建造,形成年龄早于~2.03 Ga;含石墨矽线石榴片麻岩-变粒岩-大理岩岩段野外呈带状构造岩片体产出,连续性较好,为一套"有层无序"的孔兹岩组合,碎屑锆石年龄介于2.30~1.99 Ga,与区域上孔兹岩年龄结构一致,形成时代为古元古代晚期（1.99~1.95 Ga）.新太古代和古元古代变质表壳岩均卷入古元古代末期的造山过程（1.95~1.80 Ga）,遭受麻粒岩相变质与变形作用.区内孔兹岩可能是造山过程卷入的构造岩片.本研究进一步明确了晋冀蒙交界地区存在与孔兹岩不同的新太古代陆源碎屑岩和古元古代洋壳残片,这对重新认识本区早前寒武纪地质演化具有重要意义.      

华北克拉通怀安杂岩新太古代和古元古代富铝变质表壳岩的地球化学特征及构造意义

晋冀蒙三省交界地区富铝变质表壳岩的时代归属及形成的构造背景长期存在争议。通过天镇地区1∶5万区域地质调查,在怀安杂岩中识别出两期富铝变质表壳岩组合,分别为新太古代榴云片麻岩岩组和古元古代黄土窑岩组,两者在岩石组合、特征矿物组合、含矿性、同位素年龄以及岩石地球化学特征等方面存在明显区别,为不同沉积环境的产物。新太古代榴云片麻岩岩组野外呈带状、似层状或透镜状产出,以石榴黑云斜长片麻岩为主体,含少量斜长变粒岩,局部与BIF共生,矿物组合为石榴子石+黑云母+斜长石+石英±条纹长石±夕线石。岩石地球化学研究表明石榴黑云斜长片麻岩样品富Na_2O、Al_2O_3和CaO,低K_2O,属于过铝质岩石,铕异常不明显,轻重稀土元素分异相对较强((La/Yb)_N=3.69～27.76)。古元古代黄土窑岩组以构造岩片形式产出,为一套孔兹岩系组合,产出石墨矿。其中变泥砂质岩石的矿物组合为石墨+夕线石+石榴子石+条纹长石+斜长石+石英,为过铝质,富Al_2O_3和K_2O,低Na_2O和CaO,负铕异常明显(δEu=0.47～0.80),轻重稀土元素分异弱((La/Yb)_N=3.37～10.58)。两套富铝变质表壳岩具有相似的微量元素蛛网图特征,富集大离子亲石元素如Rb和Ba,高场强元素如Zr、Hf含量相对较低,明显亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等元素。石榴黑云斜长片麻岩中碎屑锆石年龄峰值为～2.45Ga,黄土窑岩组中岩石碎屑锆石年龄主要介于1.99～2.30Ga,两套岩石均遭受古元古代末期(1.81～1.85Ga)麻粒岩相变质-深熔作用叠加改造。新太古代榴云片麻岩岩组的原岩为一套含黏土质杂砂岩建造,成熟度较低,来源于英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩风化源区,形成于大陆岛弧环境。黄土窑岩组孔兹岩系原岩为一套富铝黏土岩和杂砂岩建造,夹少量碳酸盐岩和石英砂岩,沉积物源以古元古代中期(2.3～2.0Ga)上地壳长英质成分为主,可能形成于相对稳定的大陆边缘环境。怀安杂岩中两期富铝变质表壳岩组合均卷入了古元古代末期的造山作用,两者的厘定为研究华北克拉通北部新太古代—古元古代大陆地壳演化及构造格局恢复具有重要地质意义。     

冀东地区新太古代麻粒岩相变质作用及其大地构造意义

冀东地区的早前寒武纪基底保留有太古宙克拉通普遍发育的"穹窿-龙骨构造",如卢龙-双山子表壳岩系呈近南北向带状分布于以TTG片麻岩为主构成的太平寨卵形构造域、迁安片麻岩穹窿和安子岭片麻岩穹窿之间,洒河桥线性构造带呈北东向切割太古宙构造线分布。在太平寨卵形域和洒河桥线性带中常见有零散分布的麻粒岩相表壳岩块体和古元古代变质基性岩墙。表壳岩块体包括基性和泥砂质麻粒岩和BIF型铁矿等,变质基性岩墙也发育高压麻粒岩相组合,变质锆石年龄为～1.81Ga。本文总结了近年来对该区麻粒岩的研究进展。太平寨卵形域中的基性麻粒岩以中粒二辉麻粒岩为主,有些样品的角闪石周围出现叠加变质形成的微粒矿物组合,个别样品见辉石周围发育石榴石冠状体,形成‘红眼圈’结构;利用稀土元素温度计确定二辉麻粒岩的峰期达到了～1000℃的超高温条件,麻粒岩中的锆石仅记录新太古代末期变质年龄(～2.50Ga),与周围TTG质岩石的结晶时间近于相同。洒河桥线性带中的基性麻粒岩以细粒高压麻粒岩组合为主,偶见中粒二辉麻粒岩残留,其峰期P-T条件分别为800～860℃/1.0～1.2GPa和950～1070℃/1.0GPa;麻粒岩中锆石主体记录新太古代末期变质年龄,但出现少量古元古代变质锆石(1.97～1.83Ga),石榴石-全岩Lu-Hf等时线年龄为1.77～1.78Ga。由此推测太平寨和洒河桥地区都经历了新太古代末期超高温麻粒岩相变质作用,又在古元古代晚期遭受了高压麻粒岩相差异性叠加,太平寨地区受叠加较弱,仍然保留太古宙的卵形构造,而洒河桥一带受叠加较强,形成了线性变形带。太平寨卵形域的泥砂质麻粒岩可识别出4阶段的变质矿物组合:包括包体组合、峰期组合、固相线(或最后)组合以及叠加组合。相平衡模拟表明固相线组合的P-T条件为870～890℃/～0.7GPa,峰期组合可达到1000℃/1.1GPa,石榴石中富钙斜长石包体指示麻粒岩早期经历了低压高温变质阶段。由此构建麻粒岩P-T轨迹为逆时针型,包括3个阶段:低压加热至超高温(AG-I),近等温升压至压力峰期(～1.1GPa)(AG-II),和峰后降压降温至固相线(AG-IIIa)以及在亚固相线下的降温降压过程(AG-IIIb)。锆石定年表明泥砂质麻粒岩原岩沉积年龄稍早于2.50Ga,变质年龄为2.48～2.50Ga。泥砂质麻粒岩的峰期变质条件和时代均与二辉麻粒岩一致,叠加组合的P-T条件与高压麻粒岩相似,反映泥砂质麻粒岩也受到了古元古代晚期变质作用影响。依据太平寨麻粒岩的逆时针型P-T轨迹,推测麻粒岩相变质作用包括如下构造过程:(i)AG-I指示表壳岩层受到后续地幔极高温岩浆喷发被埋深加热,或者受到下部TTG质岩浆海的加热过程;(ii)AG-II指示被加热的岩石(总伴有BIF铁矿层)被破碎并在在密度驱动下沉入岩浆海深部,达到下地壳深度;(iii)AG-IIIa/b对应沉入岩浆海深部的岩石伴随穹窿上升发生减压冷却的过程。很多地质观测和数值模拟研究表明太古宙克拉通的形成受太古宙特有的垂直构造体制控制,与太古代之后线性造山带的构造体制完全不同。     

胶北南山口古元古代高压基性麻粒岩和钙硅酸盐岩的岩石地球化学特征探讨

胶北莱西古元古代的高压基性麻粒岩和钙硅酸盐岩的基本矿物组合分别为以铁铝榴石为主的石榴石-普通辉石-铁紫苏辉石和钙铝榴石-黝帘石-葡萄石-钠长石.矿物岩石学研究表明钙硅酸盐岩是由含石榴石高压基性麻粒岩经退变质和钙质交代作用形成.南山口高压基性麻粒岩记录了麻粒岩相变质作用前、麻粒岩相变质作用、退变质和钙硅酸盐岩化共同作用以及完全钙硅酸盐岩化的四个阶段的地质作用,其矿物组合分别为Cpx+ Pl+ Qtz(M1),Grt+ Cpx+ Rt+ Qtz(M2),Cpx+Pl+ Opx+ Ilm+ Mgt+ Ep(M3)和Grs+ Zo+ Prh+ Ab+ Cal(M4).微量元素研究表明,高压基性麻粒岩中大离子亲石元素Ba、Rb、K、Rb、Th富集,而高场强元素Nb、Zr、Ti、Y亏损,具有轻稀土富集的右倾型稀土配分曲线.稀土元素和微量元素配分图解显示了岛孤拉斑玄武岩的特征.主元素、微量元素的构造判别图解进一步分析表明高压基性麻粒岩及其钙硅酸盐岩的原岩形成于大陆边缘的岛弧环境.综合高压基性麻粒岩岩石学、元素地球化学特征认为,莱西高压基性麻粒岩的原岩是拉斑玄武岩质岩石,可能是形成于孤后扩张背景下基性的侵入岩或喷出岩.岩石形成以后,在胶-辽-吉带碰撞闭合过程中,经历了麻粒岩相变质作用,又在后来的抬升过程中经历退变质和钙硅酸盐岩化作用.     

华北中部造山带五台-恒山地区古元古代变质作用与构造演化

华北克拉通古元古代造山带的时空分布与构造属性尚有很大争论,一种观点认为华北克拉通从新太古代至古元古代受大洋俯冲闭合控制,在1.85~1.95 Ga之间先后发生3次陆-陆碰撞形成3条造山带,即孔兹岩带、胶-辽-吉带和中部造山带;另一种观点强调华北克拉通这3条元古代造山带在1.80~1.98 Ga之间经历了相同的漫长演化过程,指示当时特有的热俯冲和碰撞环境.通过总结中部造山带中的五台-恒山地区变质作用研究进展,阐述该区古元古代造山时代与构造属性.五台-恒山地区的主要变质岩石-构造单元包括恒山杂岩、五台杂岩和滹沱群.恒山杂岩和五台杂岩主体为新太古代TTG片麻岩和表壳岩,它们在古元古代晚期经历了两期变质作用改造.第一期变质作用为中压型,是由于陆-陆碰撞导致弧后伸展盆地闭合、地壳加厚造山所致,从南向北形成一个递增序列:包括五台群下部和南恒山杂岩南部的低角闪岩相、南恒山杂岩北部高角闪岩相和北恒山杂岩的高压麻粒岩相,其压力峰期所对应的地热梯度为~15 ℃/km.变质锆石所记录的年龄峰值随着变质程度增高而降低,依次为~1.95 Ga、~1.92 Ga和~1.85 Ga,这是因为在变质过程中锆石生长受流体和熔体行为控制:在亚固相线下,变质锆石可记录峰期变质年龄,而在超固相线条件下记录伴随熔体结晶的退变质年龄.由此确定该区中压相系变质作用压力峰期时间为~1.95 Ga,对应地壳加厚造山的峰期.加厚地壳由于重力均衡导致变质岩从深部地壳折返至中部地壳,在P-T轨迹上表现为压力峰期之后发生等温减压（ITD）至0.5~0.7 GPa,岩相学上表现为峰期石榴石分解形成斜长石"白眼圈"等,指示缺流体条件.南恒山北部高角闪岩相岩石中的变质锆石记录的折返时间为~1.92 Ga,指示第一次造山结束.第二期变质作用为中-低压型,系为板内变形所致,表现为折返至中地壳的岩石伴随挤压型剪切变形和流体注入形成平衡矿物组合.朱家坊韧性剪切带就是这次板内变形的强构造域,其中也记录了顺时针型P-T轨迹,但所反映的地壳加厚程度有限,第二期变质-变形峰期时间为~1.85 Ga.由于朱家坊韧性剪切带左行走滑,导致北恒山麻粒岩地体抬升.五台-恒山地区在1.80~1.96 Ga之间经历两期变质-变形事件,这一认识或对讨论华北克拉通其他地区的古元古代造山带演化有一定启示意义.      

胶北地体多期变质事件的P-T-t轨迹及其对胶-辽-吉带形成与演化的制约

胶北地体位于华北克拉通东部陆块胶-辽-吉带南端,主要由闪长质-TTG-花岗质片麻岩、变质表壳岩系和变质镁铁-超镁铁质岩所组成。本文通过对胶北早前寒武纪变质岩系的岩石学、矿物化学、变质反应结构和序列、变质温度和压力估算与同位素年代学资料的综合研究和总结,得出以下重要结论:(1)与华北克拉通东部陆块其它地区太古宙变质基底类似,本区也存在~2500Ma区域性新太古代变质事件,且与本区2550~2500Ma岩浆作用在时间上非常接近,其变质作用发生的时间比岩浆作用要晚10~50Myr,指示本区~2500Ma区域性变质事件可能与大规模的幔源岩浆底侵作用存在密切的成因关系。(2)胶北还存在1950~1850Ma区域性古元古代变质事件,并导致了大量高压基性和泥质麻粒岩的形成,高压基性麻粒岩主要以不规则透镜体、变形岩墙群或岩脉群的形式赋存于闪长质-TTG-花岗质片麻岩之中,并集中分布在安丘-平度-莱西-莱阳-栖霞一带,大致沿北东-南西向断续带状分布,构成了一条长约300km的古元古代高压麻粒岩相变质带。(3)本区古元古代高压麻粒岩以记录近等温减压(ITD)及随后近等压降温(IBC)的顺时针P-T-t轨迹为特征,指示本区变质杂岩在古元古代晚期曾强烈地卷入了与俯冲-拼贴-碰撞造山有关的构造过程,并可能经历了如下复杂的构造演化:(I)在古元古代晚期2000~1950Ma,随着有限大洋地壳的持续俯冲作用,本区各类变质岩的原岩开始经历一次构造增厚事件,并导致了它们的原岩经历了早期绿片岩相-角闪岩相进变质作用;(II)1950~1870Ma,大洋地壳俯冲作用结束,本区开始发生弧-陆拼贴和陆-陆碰撞作用,大陆地壳持续缩短和加厚,在加厚下地壳或岛弧根部带约50km的深度,发生了区域性高压麻粒岩相变质作用,并导致了本区变基性岩和变泥质岩分别形成了石榴石+单斜辉石+斜长石±角闪石±石英±铁-钛氧化物和石榴石+蓝晶石+钾长石+斜长石+黑云母+石英+铁-钛氧化物+熔体的高压麻粒岩相矿物组合。(III)1870~1800Ma,在同碰撞峰期变质结束之后,本区造山作用进入了后碰撞构造折返-伸展演化阶段,先后经历了早期快速构造折返和晚期缓慢冷却降温两个构造热演化阶段。其中,在早期快速构造折返阶段,高压麻粒岩经历了峰后近等温或略微增温减压退变质作用的叠加,高压基性麻粒岩表现为沿石榴石边部形成了含斜方辉石的后成合晶。与此同时,早期快速构造折返阶段还伴随着热松弛和伸展作用,出现一系列的幔源基性岩浆活动,不仅导致了本区大量未经历高压麻粒岩相变质的变基性岩群的形成,同时也诱发了区内大规模的地壳深熔作用的发生。自温度高峰期之后,本区地壳岩石还经历了一个近等压冷却降温过程,并发生了区域性角闪岩相退变质作用,高压基性麻粒岩表现为石榴石和斜方辉石边部常出现含角闪石的退变边或后成合晶。最终,在1800Ma左右,本区含电气石花岗伟晶质岩脉的大量出现,则标志着胶北地体古元古代晚期(2000~1800Ma)俯冲-拼贴-碰撞造山作用的最终结束。     

扬子陆块~2.0 Ga的区域变质事件对南北黄陵古元古代差异演化的启示

扬子陆核黄陵地区发育较为完整的太古宙—古元古代片麻岩、表壳岩组合(即崆岭杂岩),前人调查研究认为南北黄陵Ar-Pt1具有一致的物质组成和地质演化过程。笔者分别对南北黄陵太古宙花岗质片麻岩进行锆石年代学研究发现,北黄陵2件样品(HL013-1、HL013-2)均存在大量锆石发育岩浆核-变质边结构,都获得～2.8 Ga原岩结晶年龄和～2.0 Ga变质年龄;而南黄陵1件样品(HL005-3)以具振荡环带结构的岩浆锆石为主,仅获得～2.9 Ga原岩结晶年龄。结合前人研究成果发现,～2.0 Ga的变质年龄在北黄陵太古宙—古元古代的花岗片麻岩、表壳岩中广泛发育,而在南黄陵相似建造中均未获得,一定程度上说明北黄陵地区广泛遭受～2.0 Ga的区域变质作用而南黄陵不发育,南北黄陵在古元古代可能处在不同地块或者同一地块不同部位。2.1～1.6 Ga的构造岩浆事件的分布特点说明扬子陆块可能存在多条古元古代造山带,扬子陆块古元古代以多块体拼贴为特点,广泛记录2.1～1.6 Ga的构造岩浆事件说明扬子陆块是全球哥伦比亚超大陆的重要组成部分。     

北阿尔金地区古元古代ca.2.0Ga岩浆-变质事件

中国有三个主要的克拉通,分别是华北、华南和塔里木,它们在显生宙经造山过程聚集到一起。塔里木克拉通位于中国的西北部,面积超过60万平方千米,其北侧为中亚造山带,南侧为西昆仑造山带和阿尔金造山带。塔里木克拉通的前寒武纪岩石主要出露在其南北两侧边缘,包括库鲁克塔格、敦煌、阿尔金、铁克里克和阿克苏地块,它们记录了塔里木克拉通早期的构造演化。北阿尔金地块的阿克塔什塔格地区位于塔里木克拉通的东南边缘。该地区最老的岩石被称为米兰群或阿克塔什塔格杂岩。主要岩石包括太古宙的TTG岩石和表壳岩,以及古元古代的片麻状花岗岩,另有少量变质基性岩呈包体状出露在强变形的长英质侵入体中。本文对该区闪长质片麻岩开展了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,同时还对变质基性岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年和地球化学分析,目的是要约束北阿尔金地区古元古代的岩浆-变质事件。闪长质片麻岩的结晶年龄为2.04～2.03Ga,它们形成于岛弧环境。地球化学分析表明,变质基性岩的原岩是拉斑玄武岩。它们有类似于E-MORB的平坦的稀土配分模式,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf不亏损,说明它们形成于大洋板内环境。在变质基性岩中还识别出两期变质锆石,其中2.05～2.01Ga的早期锆石代表了麻粒岩相的变质作用,而1.98～1.96Ga的晚期锆石可能与角闪岩相的退变质作用有关。无论该区岩浆作用还是变质作用都与约2.0Ga发生的俯冲增生造山事件有关。     

南秦岭勉略构造带高压基性麻粒岩变质作用及其锆石U-Pb年龄

勉县-略阳地区是勉略蛇绿构造混杂岩带的代表区段,本文在勉县北部徐家坪地区确定了主要矿物为Grt+Cpx+Pl和具有典型"白眼圈"反应结构的两类高压基性麻粒岩,分别对其进行细致的岩相学研究,并利用THERMOCALC3.33程序进行P-T视剖面图计算。一类高压基性麻粒岩的峰期矿物组合为Grt1+Cpx+Pl1+Qz,对应温压条件为T=800～860℃,P=12.4～14.6kbar,晚期退变质矿物组合为Grt2+Hbl+Pl2+Qz。另一类是具有典型"白眼圈"反应结构的高压基性麻粒岩,"白眼圈"结构中斜长石为富Na的钠-更长石,以此推断该高压基性麻粒岩早期矿物组合中含绿辉石,因此其变质峰期矿物组合可能为Grt1+Omp(?)+Qz或Grt1+Cpx(?)+Pl+Qz,对应温压条件分别为T=775～900℃,P>19.2kbar和T=750～850℃,P=16.5～19.8kbar;该岩石后期经历了以矿物组合Grt2+Opx+Hbl1+Pl1+Qz为代表的麻粒岩相及以Grt3+Hbl2+Pl2+Qz为代表的角闪岩相两期退变质作用。造成这两种高压基性麻粒岩峰期变质矿物组合及其温压条件存在差异的原因可能是岩石原始成分的不同。对高压基性麻粒岩及其中的浅色脉体分别进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析,得到高压基性麻粒岩214±11Ma的变质年龄及脉体215±5Ma的结晶时代,并结合锆石微量元素特征分析,认为214±11Ma的年龄值代表该高压基性麻粒岩角闪岩相的退变质时代,同时获得该高压基性麻粒岩原岩形成时代可能为477Ma。综合两件高压基性麻粒岩的P-T演化轨迹及变质时代,建立高压基性麻粒岩的P-T-t演化轨迹,据此反映秦岭造山带在印支期沿勉略构造带发生俯冲-碰撞造山过程。     

天镇-怀安地区变质基性岩墙群:华北克拉通古元古代末期碰撞-伸展构造体制转换标志

古元古代是华北克拉通形成过程中重要的造山构造演化阶段，该阶段形成的基性岩墙群，为深入理解裂解-俯冲-碰撞-抬升的造山构造-岩浆过程提供了重要信息.本文报道了天镇-怀安地区广泛分布于新太古代-古元古代变质基底中的变质基性岩墙（二辉麻粒岩），野外产状与区域主期构造面理协调一致，主要由单斜辉石、斜方辉石、斜长石和少量角闪石组成.LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得变质基性岩墙的变质年龄为1 820~1 834 Ma，与区内麻粒岩相变质事件一致，结合区域基性岩墙年龄记录，推测其原岩形成年龄为1.95~1.91 Ga.根据岩石地球化学特征可将变质基性岩墙划分为高Mg低Ti型和低Mg高Ti型两类，两者经历了不同程度的橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石的分离结晶.两类基性岩墙均亏损高场强元素（如Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和Hf），结合锆石Hf同位素分析，研究表明基性岩墙来源于俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔或者受到过地壳物质的混染.华北克拉通古元古代存在2.16~2.04 Ga和1.97~1.83 Ga两期基性岩墙侵位事件:早期代表在初始克拉通基础上发生的板内裂解过程，晚期记录了由俯冲碰撞到伸展的转换过程，即碰撞造山构造体制由水平挤压转变为垂向抬升，构造转换时限大致介于1.95~1.91 Ga.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.