广西防城区地下水水化学特征及离子来源分析

查明防城区地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源,对该地区地下水资源保护和开发利用具有重要意义。以防城区地下水为研究对象,通过分析水化学组分和氢氧同位素特征,研究地下水水化学特征,确定补给来源,识别其主要组分的物质来源。研究结果表明:研究区地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Mg·Ca型、SO_4·Cl-Ca·Mg型和SO_4·Cl-Na型,阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Na~+为主,阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主。同位素分析显示,研究区地下水以大气降水补给为主。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,而高位养殖、农业活动、工业排污等导致地下水中SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、K~+、Cl~-、NO_3~-含量增加。     

毕节市北部岩溶地下水水文地球化学特征

我国西南地区赋存丰富的岩溶水资源,这些水资源是当地居民生产生活用水的主要来源。以贵州省毕节市北部海子街镇及其邻区岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过分析常规水化学组分和氢氧同位素,确定研究区岩溶水的补给特征,识别岩溶水主要组分的物质来源和判断发生的水岩相互作用过程。结果显示:研究区地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3—Ca型、HCO_3·SO_4—Ca型和HCO_3—Ca·Mg型。阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,而阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,部分水样N_3O~-和SO2-4含量偏高。氢氧同位素分析显示,研究区地下水以当地大气降水补给为主。补给入渗的大气降水与碳酸盐岩、石膏和盐岩矿物发生反应致使岩溶水化学组分以HCO-3、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,而生活污水、农业药物和采矿活动导致地下水中NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)含量增加。相应成果可为当地地下水资源的开发和管理提供科学依据。     

福建泉港区浅层地下水水化学特征及水质综合评价

福建泉港区作为现代化港口城市,研究浅层地下水化学特征,进行地下水水质综合评价有利于水资源可持续利用。对福建省泉港区浅层地下水水化学特征等指标进行统计分析,运用数理统计方法对浅层地下水水化学特征和水质进行综合评价分析可知,该区水中Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_2~-、NO_3~-指标变异系数大于100%,是受外界影响的敏感因子,TDS、总硬度、Ca~(2+)等其他指标CV%较小,受外界影响较小。根据Durov图,该区水化学类型以Cl~-·HCO_3~-+Na~+·Ca~(2+)型为主。最后参照《地下水质量标准》做水质综合评价,结果表明该区水质整体较差,处于(Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水平)占86.4%,超标因子主要为NO_3~-、NO_2~-及部分重金属为主,超标因子与该地区的石化工业污水排放、农业生产、生活污水乱排有关。     

典型华北型煤矿区主要充水含水层水文地球化学特征及控制因素

地下水形成、演化过程中控制因素不同所造成的水化学组分的差异性是矿井涌水水源识别的基础,为揭示矿井主要充水含水层水化学作用及控制因素,以位于太行山东麓的典型华北型煤矿区——鹤壁矿区为研究对象,采用统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子相关性分析与主成分分析法对矿区122个地下水水化学资料进行了分析研究。结果表明鹤壁矿区主要充水含水层中地下水的化学组分主要受岩石的风化作用控制。奥灰水主要水化学类型为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,水中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)主要来自碳酸盐岩(方解石和白云石)的溶解。二灰水主要水化学类型为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型或SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,其中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-的主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,SO_4~(2-)来自硫酸盐岩的溶解作用和黄铁矿的氧化作用。砂岩水主要水化学类型为HCO_3-Na型,Na~+、Cl~-与HCO_3~-主要来自盐岩的溶解和硅酸盐矿物的风化作用。八灰水既有HCO_3-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型,也有HCO_3-Na型,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_~3-和SO_4~(2-)的来源与二灰水一致,Na~+和Cl~-可能来自盐岩的溶解作用以及砂岩水与八灰水的混合作用。     

安庆大别山区矿泉水化学特征及成因模式

安庆大别山区位于大别山造山带东侧,调查研究了该区饮用天然矿泉水6处(锶偏硅酸型2处,锶型1处,偏硅酸型3处),理疗天然矿泉水硅酸水3处。在分析矿泉水的水化学特征和环境同位素特征的基础上,进一步探讨其成因模式。冷泉(井)水(AH1、AH3、AH4、AH5、AH8和AH9)的主要离子为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+和HCO_3~-,水化学类型为HCO_3·Ca型、HCO_3-Ca·Na型或HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,TDS值为90～239 mg/L;温泉(AH2、AH6和AH7)的主要离子为Na~+和SO_4~(2-),水化学类型为SO_4-Na型或SO_4·HCO_3-Na型,TDS值为253～426 mg/L。利用δ~2H值和δ~(18)O值估算的冷泉水的补给区高程为217～346 m,平均温度为17.7℃;温泉水的补给区高程为457～668 m,平均温度为12.6℃。9处矿泉水均为大气降水补给,沿断裂带或裂隙带历经一定深度的循环,在山谷、河谷地带出露地表。温泉地下水的循环深度大、水-岩作用时间长,TDS值、特征化学组分含量均高于冷泉水。     

蓟县盘山地区浅层地下水水质分布特征及影响因素识别

针对天津市蓟县盘山地区官庄镇开展了丰水期(2013年7~9月)与枯水期(2014年3~4月)地下水水质取样与分析。利用多元统计法研究了该区地下水总硬度、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-、TDS、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+和COD_(Mn)等9项指标的季节变化。采用因子分析法对地下水水质影响因素进行了识别,并通过一元线性回归分析识别地下水水质因子与研究区人口密度、耕地比例、禽类养殖、农家院数量和工业产值等之间的相关性,识别出地下水污染来源。结果显示:丰水期水质劣于枯水期水质,溶滤作用和生活污染是研究区水质的主要影响因素,工业污染和商业服务均对该区地下水造成明显影响。     

珲春盆地地下水水化学特征分析

为查明珲春盆地地下水化学特征,对珲春盆地地下水进行了取样测试,对测试结果采用Aquchm、SPSS和MAPGIS等软件进行了水化学特征分析。结果表明珲春盆地地下水中TFe、Mn~(2+)和NO_3~-超标比较严重,总体珲春河南区比珲春河北区水质差。地下水化学类型以HCO_3-CaMg为主,部分地区为C1HCO_2、ClSO_4CO_3、SO_4C1HCO_3等型水。地下水中TDS、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-(以N记)相关性较高,地下水化学演化过程主要是溶滤作用。     

贵州省晴隆县光照镇地热成因及化学特征研究

晴隆县属于贵州地热地质条件相对较差的区域,为研究该区域地热特征,以晴隆县光照镇为研究对象,对区域地热地质条件、成因模式和地热流体化学特征进行研究,结果可知:(1)研究区热源主要来自于地幔热传导,花鱼井断层(F_3)深部沟通热源,沿深大断裂带向地下深部下渗并赋存于热储含水层中的大气降水与来自于地幔热传导的热源汇合,并与围岩相互作用中溶虑、溶解岩石和气体中的化学组分而成为有开发价值的地热水,地热勘查类型属Ⅱ-3型;(2)从对研究区勘探孔地热流体水质分析检测结果看,其主要化学特征为:井口水温36℃;pH值为7.78,按酸碱度分类为中性水;总硬度值为426.62 mg/L,按硬度分类为硬水。水中阴离子以HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、NO_3~-为主,阳离子以Na~+、Ca~+、Mg~(2+)为主,水化学类型为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型。研究结果对远期地热开采及规划具有指导意义。     

叶尔羌河流域地下水环境背景值研究

采用数理统计方法,对新疆叶尔羌河流域地下水水化学指标Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、TH、TDS、F~-和NO_2~-的环境背景值进行分析计算。结果显示:地下水水化学指标多以正态和对数正态分布,不同的地质地貌、水文地质单元以及水动力条件等因素对研究区地下水水化学指标的空间分布起主要控制作用。Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、TH、TDS和F~-天然环境背景值高,它们的过量富集主要受控于原生地质环境,而NO_2~-的天然背景值很低,它的过量富集主要受后期人类活动的影响。     

青岛市大沽河流域地下水水化学时空演化及影响因素分析

为探讨滨海流域地下水水化学成分的时空演化规律及影响因素,以青岛市大沽河流域为研究对象,运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图解法、离子比例系数等方法对2001~2012年137个地下水样的水化学成分进行系统分析。研究结果表明:流域内地下水以碱土金属Ca~(2+)为优势阳离子,重碳酸根HCO_3~-为优势阴离子,主要离子含量年际变化不大,基本符合枯升丰降的原则,但区域差异较为明显;2001~2012年地下水化学类型由Ca~(2+)—Mg~(2+)—SO_4~(2-)—Cl~-、Ca~(2+)—Mg~(2+)—HCO_3~-—Cl~-型变为Ca~(2+)—Mg~(2+)—SO_4~(2-)—Cl~-、Ca~(2+)—Na~+—HCO_3~-—Cl~-、Na~+—Ca~(2+)—Cl~-—HCO_3~-混合型水;岩石风化作用是区内地下水化学组分的主要控制因素;农业活动中氮肥的过度施用、粪便及生活污水等人为来源的输入则为区内NO_3~-含量较高的主要影响因素。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.