Ore—Fluid Systems of Fine Disseminated Gold Deposits Along the Southeastern Margin of the Yangtze Plate

Fine disseminated gold deposits occurring along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Plate belong to the epithermal type resulting from different systems of ore-forming fluids.According to their sources, the ore-forming fluids can be divided into four systems: a)meteoric water system; b)oil-brine system; c)basin-brine system;and d)magmatic-formation water system.The four hydrothermal systems are responsible for four types of gold deposits, respectively.The meteoric water system produces hot spring gold deposits. The basin-brines,which are derived from fissure water, structural water and absorbed water sealed up in strata, are responsible for the absin-brine-type deposits.The oil-brine system, having the same source as the bain-brines ,is characterized by the involvement of organic matter and is responsible for the oil-brine-type deposits. Inclusion fluid data show that there are obvious differences in chemical composition and carbon, oxygen,hydrogen and sulfur isotopes for these hydrothermal systems.Different metallogenic provinces, in which one of the four systems is dominant, can be recognized in the region.     

Differences of Hydrocarbon Enrichment between the Upper and the Lower Structural Layers in the Tazhong Paleouplift

<正>The Tazhong paleouplift is divided into the upper and the lower structural layers,bounded by the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician carbonate rock.The reservoirs in the two layers from different parts vary in number,type and reserves,but the mechanism was rarely researched before.Therefore,an explanation of the mechanism will promote petroleum exploration in Tazhong paleouplift.After studying the evolution and reservoir distribution of the Tazhong paleouplift,it is concluded that the evolution hi late Caledonian,late Hercynian and Himalayan periods resulted in the upper and the lower structural layers.It is also defined that in the upper structural layer,structural and stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are developed at the top and the upper part of the paleouplift,which are dominated by oil reservoirs,while for the lower structural layer,lithological reservoirs are developed in the lower part of the paleouplift,which are dominated by gas reservoirs,and more reserves are discovered in the lower structural layer than the upper. Through a comparative analysis of accumulation conditions of the upper and the lower structural layers,the mechanism of enrichment differences is clearly explained.The reservoir and seal conditions of the lower structural layer are better than those of the upper layer,which is the reason why more reservoirs have been found in the former.The differences in the carrier system types,trap types and charging periods between the upper and the lower structural layers lead to differences in the reservoir types and distribution.An accumulation model is established for the Tazhong paleouplift.For the upper structural layer,the structural reservoirs and the stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are formed at the upper part of the paleouplift,while for the lower structural layer,the weathering crust reservoirs are formed at the top,the reef-flat reservoirs are formed on the lateral margin,the karst and inside reservoirs are formed in the lower part of the paleouplift.     

A Mineralogical Study of Diatomite in Leizhou Peninsula

In this paper diatomite samples taken from the Leizhou Peninsula have been studied by chemical analysis, DTA, TG, XRD, IR ,SEM and X-ray Energy Spectroscopy.The study shows that the diatomaceous genera and species and their organic contents are variable with buried depth ,from Melosira to Stephanodiscus and then to Cyclotella. Various impurities in the samples, such as quartz, kaolinite and montmorillonite indicate different sedimentary environments. When heated, the diatom would change in shape due to the phase transformation in which amorphous silica crystallized from disordered opal to ordered cristobalite. The temperatures of phase transformation are different for various diatoms due to the presence of different impurities and constituents of diatomaceous genera and species.     

Phytoremediation of Nephrolepis auriculata （L.） for arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium in the multiple contaminated softs

In recent years, the concentrations of heavy metals in Chinese herb of Ligusticum chuanxong Hort are overranging the standard of national port of green herbs in GAP bases of Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province. The aim of the research is to disclose the remediation behavior ofNephrolepis auriculata （L.）, a novel pteridophyta found in our research with abundant arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium from soils. The concentrations of arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium in the series samples corresponding to roots, stems, leaves ofNephrolepis auriculata （L.） which had been trained in lab with a series of potted incubation experiments through the orthogonal test, were analyzed. Based on the results, methods of the range analysis and variance analysis were used, and it is demonstrated that （1） Nephrolepis auriculata （L.） has a function to beneficiate heavy metals of arsenic and lead, and can well concentrate cadmium and mercury from soils. The distributive behaviors of arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium in N. sauriculata （L.） follow the order： roots〉leaves〉corms〉stems, stems〉leaves〉roots〉corms, roots〉stems 〉corms〉leaves, stems〉leaves〉roots〉corms; the correlations of the concentrations for arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury in different tisses of Nephrolepis auriculata （L.） and soils were carried out. Then, the effects of pH value, contents of EDTA and humic acid in soils to arsenic and mercury accumulated by Nephrolepis auriculata （L.） were further studied.     

The antioxidase activities in a macrophyte, C. demersum under the stress of several common organic solvents

Antioxidase can play an important role in protecting the plants from damage under the stress of pollutants. In this work, in order to know the effects of antioxidase system in a macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum is cultured in Hoagland solution for 7 days under room temperature and natural light with the concentration of 0.2 ml/L organic solvents which are acetone, ethanol, petroleumether, N~ N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. The chlorophyll and protein contents are analyzed, and the activities of antioxidase such as （POD）, superoxidedismutase （SOD） were measured.     

How many sutures in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt：Insights from East Xinjiang-West Gansu（NW China）？

How ophiolitic mèlanges can be defined as sutures is controversial with regard to accretionary orogenesis and continental growth.The Chinese Altay,East junggar,Tianshan,and Beishan belts of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt（CAOB） in Northwest China,offer a special natural laboratory to resolve this puzzle.In the Chinese Altay,the Erqis unit consists of ophiolitic melanges and coherent assemblages,forming a Paleozoic accretionary complex.At least two ophiolitic melanges（Armantai,and Kelameili） in East Junggar,characterized by imbricated ophiolitic melanges,Nb-enriched basalts,adakitic rocks and volcanic rocks,belong to a Devonian-Carboniferous intra-oceanic island arc with some Paleozoic ophiolites,superimposed by Permian arc volcanism.In the Tianshan,ophiolitic melanges like Kanggurtag,North Tianshan,and South Tianshan occur as part of some Paleozoic accretionary complexes related to amalgamation of arc terranes.In the Beishan there are also several ophiolitic melanges,including the Hongshishan,Xingxingxia-Shibangjing,Hongliuhe-Xichangjing,and Liuyuan ophiolitic units.Most ophiolitic melanges in the study area are characterized by ultramafic,mafic and other components,which are juxtaposed,or even emplaced as lenses and knockers in a matrix of some coherent units.The tectonic settings of various components are different,and some adjacent units in the same melange show contrasting different tectonic settings.The formation ages of these various components are in a wide spectrum,varying from Neoproterozoic to Permian.Therefore we cannot assume that these ophiolitic melanges always form in linear sutures as a result of the closure of specific oceans.Often the ophiolitic components formed either as the substrate of intra-oceanic arcs,or were accreted as lenses or knockers in subduction-accretion complexes.Using published age and paleogeographic constraints,we propose the presence of （1） a major early Paleozoic tectonic boundary that separates the Chinese Altay-East Junggar multiple subduction system     

Moessbauer and XRD characterization of contaminated sediments by coal mining drainage in Neath Canal, South Wales, UK

Sediment cores were collected from the upstream of the Neath Canal in South Wales and characterized for their mineral compositions and iron speciation in order to understand the influence of sedimentary properties on the contaminants of heavy metals. The sediments in the canal have been polluted by ocherous precipitate with heavy metals such as arsenic since a major mine water discharge in spring 1993. The sediment core was obtained just from the discharge point in the canal and distinguished into three layers in the field regarding to their physical properties including visible color, sediment particle composition and dryness. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and M6ssbauer spectroscopy revealed vertical variations of minerals and iron species in depth of the sediment profile. The upper layer, reddish-brown, is wet muddy precipitant and is very fine in particle size, consisting mainly of iron oxide and hydroxide. Arsenic is rich in this layer; probably the sorption on iron oxide surface is the main mechanism. The middle layer, 22.0-27.0 cm, is soft deposit in a yellow color and contains sheet silicate, calcite and goethite. The lower part below 27.0 cm is gray to dark gray in color and contains quartz, pyrite, coal particles that are much more similar to normal aquatic sediment. The upper two layers in brown and yellow colors as newly precipitated mud from AMD contain high concentrations of As, Ni under oxic conditions. The lower part as the old canal sediments under reducing conditions contains high Cu and Zn. Chromium is enriched in the limited part of the low layer, just beneath the boundary between the middle and low parts of the sedimentary column, where the redox conditions shifted from oxic to anoxic. It is clear that the distribution of these heavy metals is closely associated with the redox condition reflected in the iron speciation. Thus different treatments are necessary for each layer of the sediment since different mineral and geochemical properties of the sediment will give different impacts on the heavy metals.     

Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis coupled with chromatography as a thermal simulation experimental method and its application to gaseous hydrocarbons from different source rocks

In this paper a thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis method coupled with chromatography （TG-DTA-GC） has been adopted to simulate the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons from different hydrocarbon source rocks such as coals, mudstones, and carbonate rocks with different maturities. The temperature programming for thermal simulation experiment is 20℃/min from ambient temperature to 700℃. As viewed from the quantities and composition of generated gaseous hydrocarbons at different temperatures, it is shown that low-mature coal has experienced the strongest exothermic reaction and the highest loss of weight in which the first exothermic peak is relatively low. Low-mature coal samples have stronger capability of generating gaseous hydrocarbons than high-mature samples. The amounts and composition of gaseous hydrocarbons generated are closely related not only to the abundance of organic carbon in source rocks, but also to the type of kerogen in the source rocks, and their thermal maturity. In the present highly mature and over-mature rock samples organic carbon, probably, has already been exhausted, so the production of gaseous hydrocarbons in large amounts is impossible. The contents of heavy components in gaseous hydrocarbons from the source rocks containing type- Ⅰ and - Ⅱ kerogens are generally high ; those of light components such as methane and ethane in gaseous hydrocarbons from the source rocks with Ⅲ-type kerogens are high as well. In the course of thermal simulation of carbonate rock samples, large amounts of gaseous hydrocarbons were produced in a high temperature range.     

Geochronology of the Dong Tso Ophiolite and the Tectonic Environment

The wedge shaped Dong Tso ophiolitic block is distributed near the transition point from the western to the middle sub-belt of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.The ophiolite is characterized by well-developed cumulate rocks that are mainly composed of cumulate and massive gabbros.In the cumulate gabbros,the adcumulate amphiboles are distributed extensively around the plagioclase and residual pyroxene grains; hence,the rocks are named adcumulate amphibole-gabbro.In this study,the formation age of the ophiolite has been estimated to be 166 ± 4 million years （Ma） by the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe （SHRIMP） Ⅱ U-Pb isotopic analysis of the zircons from the adcumulate amphibole-gabbro; the 40Ar/39Ar plateau age was estimated to be 148.19 ± 1.53 Ma,which should represent the emplacement time of the ophiolite,by isotopic dating of the pure amphibole mineral from the amphibole-schist.Two different suits of volcanic lavas have been recognized in this work.The purple colored pillow basalts have high TiO2 and P2O5 contents,and are rich in light rare earth elements （LREEs）,large-ion lithospheric elements （LILEs） and high-field-strength elements （HFSEs）,the characteristics that are the typical of the oceanic island basalt （OIB）.On the other hand,other massive basaltic andesites of celadon color are poor in MgO; rich in Fe2O3,LREEs,LILEs,and HFSEs; and especially characterized by negative Nb and Ta anomalies,the properties that establish the andesites as continental arc volcanic rocks.It is concluded that hotspots had developed in the old Dong Tso basin,the oceanic basin that had been developing from middle Jurassic （166 Ma） or even before and emplaced northward in late Jurassic （about 148 Ma）.     

Petrogenesis,Geodynamics and Radioactivity of the Granitic Rocks of the Nugrus Weakness Zone,South Eastern Desert,Egypt

The studied granitic bodies belong to the south Eastern Desert of Egypt. They extend in a NNW–SSE trend along the same strike of the Nugrus weakness zone by which they are structurally controlled. These rocks are composed of biotite and biotite-muscovite monzogranites to syenogranites. Geochemically, a higher abundance of Ba and Rb in biotite granites with a relatively low abundance in biotite-muscovite granites as well as the diversity of Th, U, Nb, Ta, Zr, and REE reflects their origin from different sources and geodynamic settings. The biotite granites are predominantly metaluminous to low peraluminous whereas the biotite-muscovite granites have a peraluminous nature. Potassium enrichment at the expense of calcium in these rocks reflects a derivation from crustal sources by partial melting in the presence of a volatile system. Radiometric investigation showed high abundances of U(up to 38 ppm) and Th(up to 26 ppm) in biotite-muscovite granites relative to biotite granites(up to 5 ppm U and 18 ppm Th). Radioactive anomalies furthermore have been recorded in parts of biotite-muscovite granites that were affected by the faults(up to 116 ppm eU and 97 ppm eTh). Consequently, biotite-muscovite granites form a potentially fertile source for uranium mineralization.     

宋代西村窑与耀州窑青瓷胎釉化学组成特征

利用微聚焦X射线荧光光谱仪对西村窑与耀州窑18件青瓷标本进行原位无损分析检测,结果表明,两个窑口大部分瓷胎中均具有高Al2O3低SiO2的特征;西村窑在瓷胎的主量元素中,具有高K2O低TFe2O3的特征;而在微量元素中,西村窑具有低Cr、Zr、Sr,高Rb的特征;两个窑口的瓷釉中均选用草木灰作为助熔剂,耀州窑的瓷釉均属钙釉,而西村窑瓷釉中既有钙釉也有钙碱釉,同时西村窑瓷釉具有低Sr、高Rb的特征。这些特征将会为西村窑瓷器产地判别提供非常重要的科学依据。     

闽西老虎洞组下部(竹蜓)类生物地层的再研究

基于闽西上杭和宁化两地石炭系老虎洞组下部带的系统研究 ,通过类生物地层划分和对比及岩相古地理的分析 ,认为上杭—宁化一线类生物地层存在着横向变化 ,上杭Profusulinella带与宁化 Pseudoendothyra ninghuaensis带应为同期异相的化石带。与之相关的老虎洞组底部的白云岩层年代地层应分别归属于滑石板阶上部及达拉阶下部。     

不同窑口古瓷断面能量色散X射线荧光光谱线扫描分析

利用能量色散X射线线扫描分析技术，同时借助体视显微镜、偏光显微镜等分析手段，对我国古代邢窑、巩窑和宜阳窑三个窑口具有典型化妆土、中间层、析晶层的5块瓷器样品进行了分析测试，结果表明，化妆土、中间层、析晶层的显微形貌、化学元素组成及其分布模式，都具有各自的特征，此结果可为三者之间的区分及其形成机理的研究提供一定的依据。     

浙江省老虎洞组和黄龙组地层划分与对比

浙江省老虎洞组、黄龙组生物地层的研究较薄弱，尤其是笾化石带的建立不够系统，使地层的正确划分和对比存在一些问题。笔者通过精测浙江省桐庐县杨家老虎洞组、黄龙组地层剖面，系统采集了筵化石样品，经筵薄片研究。自下而上新建2个筵化石带：Profusulinella simplex带和FusulineUa bocki—Fusulina mayiensis带(二带化石归属达拉阶)。并与浙江长兴、杭州、常山地区的老虎洞组、黄龙组剖面进行了生物地层和岩石地层的划分对比。对比结果表明：Profusulinella simplex带上延至黄龙组中一下部，     

南京附近宁镇山脉下石炭统层序地层特征

本文从南京附近宁镇山脉的下石炭统中识别出７种沉积相，并在高骊山组中识别出５个底栖生态群落。据沉积相和群落生态分析，本文对该区早石炭世层序地层进行了分析，识别出５个沉积层序，并恢复了南京地区早石炭世海平面变化特征。这一时期该地区的海平面变化特征与全球海平面变化曲线并不完全一致，其原因在于该区当时特殊的古地理位置。     

Structural characteristics of the Altar Basin,Northwest Sonora,Mexico

Eight two-dimensional, multichannel seismic reflection lines were acquired, processed, and interpreted to study the structure of the Altar Basin, which is part of the Salton Trough tectonic province. We identified two basin-bounding zones characterized by different degrees of strain: the Cerro Prieto–Altar deformation zone (CPADZ) and the Altar–Caborca deformation zone (ACDZ). The CPADZ is bounded on the west by the Cerro Prieto fault and on the east by the Altar fault. To the north, the strike of both faults changes slightly from a NW to more NNW direction. In the CPADZ, the thickness of the crust decreases southward towards the Gulf of California, and is associated with a deformation-developing fault. The CPADZ has a rotation component orientating these faults in an oblique direction to the Cerro Prieto fault, whereas within the ACDZ, a geometric coherence of synthetic and antithetic faults exists, creating horsts and graben striking N37° W. The Altar fault is recognized by basement interruption, with a vertical component of ～1 km, striking at N37° W and dipping 83° SW. On the northeastern side of the Altar Basin, the basement configuration shows that the minimum time of basement record (～0.4 s of two-way travel time) and the time curve gradient decrease in the NE–SW direction. The depocentre is ～6 km deep in the central-west portion of the basin. We identified a graben between the Rosario and Tinajas Altas mountains (Rosario Basin). The extension–connection of the Altar and Rosario basins to the south is not well defined; nevertheless, these basins could represent the link between the Colorado River and the Gulf of California during the late Miocene, whereas this link was abandoned in the Pliocene as subsidence migrated towards the northwest into the Cerro Prieto and Laguna Salada basins.     

Rare earth elements of the Altar Desert dune and coastal sands, Northwestern Mexico

Twenty-one surficial sand samples from the Altar Desert coastal and desert dune systems were analysed for rare earth elements (REE) content. This was done to observe the provenance signatures for four strategic dune localities near the Colorado River Delta, the El Pinacate dune fields, and the beaches of the north of the Gulf of California in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Our goals are to show which mechanisms (i.e., aeolian, marine) exert more influence on the composition of the Altar Desert dune sands. This study also shows the usefulness of REE spatial distribution to determine the relative mobility of the sand. Some sand samples from the dune systems in San Luis Río Colorado (SLRC), Golfo de Santa Clara (GSC), and Puerto Peñasco (PP) displayed dissimilar REE concentrations with respect to the rest of the sand samples from the same sites. These differences can be related to short aeolian transport distance in the sands with high REE concentrations and long aeolian transport distance in the sands with low REE concentrations. Besides, high REE concentration in the sands might be due to their closeness to the Colorado River Delta sediments and to recycled sands derived from granitic rocks. In contrast, all the sand samples from the El Pinacate (EP) site have similar REE concentration values, suggesting that the El Pinacate dune sands are influenced by more selective aeolian processes and less diverse heavy mineral content. The Altar Desert dune sands are derived from granitic sources eroded by the Colorado River. Our results also indicate that the Altar Desert dune sands are low in heavy mineral content (with the exception of Fe and Ti bearing minerals) and enriched in carbonates with phosphates (especially at the PP site) yielding poor correlations between REE and major element concentrations. The REE geographical distribution values in the Altar Desert dune sands indicate that light and heavy REE concentration values are related to aeolian transport, maturity of the sands, their low weathering rates, proximity of the source rocks, and the biogenic debris input from beach sands into the dune.     

玉雕香炉、香插在创作角度方面的审美差异

器以载道,关于炉瓶器皿的审美,中国传统文化里有相当庞杂的论述。但这些论述多出自干欣赏者,鲜见创作者发声。事实上,创作者对它们美学风格的解读或许更为深刻,并且基于这种解读,能在很大程度上促进炉瓶器皿创作局面的改观,也能促进炉瓶器皿美学意义上的丰富和进阶。因为文化底蕴深厚和玉雕技艺出众,苏州玉雕在炉瓶器皿件的创作成绩上享誉全国。玉雕香炉和香插虽然同为香器,但它们之间存在的差别直接导致了两者审美上的差异。在玉雕香炉的审美上,综合了观、触、嗅、听四种体验,也就分别在空间造型、人与器的互动、“敬”“静美”四个层次上对它的创作提出了要求;玉雕香插则因为从造型到内在所要求体现出的灵气之美,使得对于它的创作必须兼顾简素、天然、巧妙等审美要素。     

内生金与控矿层位和褶皱体系的形成时代关系

内生金矿产与控矿地层及其构成的褶皱构造体系,在形成时代上有时因属于同一大地构造阶段而差距不大;有时因属于不同大地构造阶段而相互间差距很大。重点讨论第二种情况。许多由前寒武纪至古生代地台构造层构成的褶皱构造体系及其所控制的内生金矿产,是在中一新生代形成,一些于前地槽,地槽阶段形成的褶皱构造体系所控制的内生金矿产,在形成时代上也属于中一新生代。     

数值模拟查明地下水系统隐伏边界位置及其性质方法探讨

本文以瓮安县老虎洞磷矿岩溶水系统为实验场,以群孔干扰抽水试验资料为依据,利用数值模拟的方法对地下水系统隐伏边界的位置和性质进行了探讨,提出了在复杂岩溶水系统利用数值模拟方法查明隐伏边界的方法。