Laboratory study of static and dynamic compaction grouting in triaxial condition

This research paper is focused on the fundamental behaviour of applying static and dynamic compaction grouting techniques on completely decomposed granite (CDG) soils in Hong Kong. Using the modified triaxial apparatus and a novel pulse wave generator, laboratory tests were performed to identify the critical controllable factors of static and dynamic compaction grouting techniques in optimizing compaction effectiveness. The distinguishing feature of this laboratory apparatus is that it can simulate triaxial condition of static and dynamic compaction grouting. The effective confining pressure, the lateral pressure coefficient, excess pore water pressure, back pressure and void ratio change of the specimen were measured in this study. At the same time, the dynamic compaction grouting pressure, dynamic compaction frequency, and dynamic compaction duration were controlled. Moreover, the effects of effective confining pressure and injection rate on the compaction efficiency in static tests were studied. The study focused on the effect of dynamic compaction frequency, dynamic compaction duration, lateral pressure coefficient and initial dry density on the compaction efficiency of Hong Kong CDG soils.     

盾构隧道施工土体扰动范围研究

盾构隧道施工,隧道周边土体应力场发生改变,临近隧道土体因应力扰动出现塑性区,塑性区的分布范围与注浆压力、注浆量等注浆参数密切相关。塑性区被认为是施工扰动比较严重的区域,为分析盾构施工扰动范围,基于小孔扩张理论研究了注浆压力、注浆量对土体扰动塑性区的影响,推导了塑性区与注浆压力和注浆量之间的函数关系。在定义扰动评价标准基础上,提出应用有限元计算盾构施工塑性区和扰动范围的一种简捷实用的数值方法。最后采用静力触探现场测试盾构施工扰动范围,并与理论公式及有限元方法进行比较,理论公式、有限元及现场测试三者取得了较为一致的结果,验证了推荐方法的有效性。其研究结果可对盾构施工注浆参数的正确选择提供理论支持。     

压密注浆的能量分析方法

为了能够从能量的角度分析压密注浆的力学机理,并给出注浆压力的理论解,将整个注浆过程视为无限土体中的圆孔扩张问题,根据注浆过程中能耗区土体在注浆压力和静止土压力作用下的应力、应变和体变关系以及注浆扩孔过程中的能量和体变守恒原理,推导出压密注浆极限注浆压力的理论解答。计算和分析表明,理论解的计算结果与工程实际比较吻合,而且球形扩孔的注浆压力比柱形扩孔的注浆压力要小得多,初步证实了理论解的可靠性。     

注浆抬升地层的机制、解析解及数值模拟分析

注浆抬升地表是地下工程施工控制地层和邻近建筑物沉降的常用工法。目前,注浆设计主要依靠现场监测和工程经验。数值方法模拟注浆效果通常是通过提高注浆区域的土性参数来实现的,但该方法忽略了注浆抬升对地层的补偿作用。通过研究注浆引起的土体体积膨胀的机制,将注浆体积、土体体积应变增量、位移大小三者联系在一起。采用了一种模拟注浆抬升地层的数值方法。在该数值方法中,给出了土体体积应变的计算方法,提出了施加“虚拟”膨胀压力来增加单元体积,并通过判断单元体积应变增量是否达到土体体积应变增量来控制模拟注浆的过程。其方法的优点在于：施加在单元上的膨胀压力可以是一个虚拟的压力,而无需是实际注浆压力。通过解析解与数值解对比分析,验证了这种数值方法的正确性和可行性。     

基于流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析

劈裂注浆作为一种有效的土体加固方法,其理论研究落后于工程实践。提出了基于弥散裂缝模型和流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析方法,并通过ABAQUS二次开发编写劈裂注浆有限元程序。数值分析结果能与室内试验较好吻合,验证了有限元算法的合理性。在此基础上研究了注浆孔埋深和注浆流量对劈裂浆脉形状的影响。结果表明,劈裂注浆过程可分为起劈和劈裂发展两个阶段。当劈裂浆脉扩展到模型边界后,继续注浆会引起注浆压力的大幅提高和已有浆脉宽度的增加。随着注浆孔埋深的增加,浆脉分支减少,长度减小,宽度增加,劈裂浆脉形状的主要控制因素从土体参数的随机性变成大小主应力值的差异。注浆量一定的情况下,注浆速率越大,劈裂浆脉长度越短,宽度越大,注浆终压也越大。研究为劈裂注浆的工程应用提供理论支撑。     

岩溶地区土洞地基灌浆处理过程研究

[摘 要] 灌浆是岩溶土洞地基处理的一种常用方法,灌浆压力对灌浆施工的有效性有着至关重要 的作用。针对岩溶地区土洞地基所处地质环境的复杂性,为了科学合理地确定其灌浆施工过程中的灌 浆压力,本文通过传统理论力学分析方法以及数值模拟方法对灌浆过程中灌浆压力变化及其引起的整 个地基应力应变场的变化进行了分析与研究,同时与施工现场监测结果进行了对比研究。研究结果表 明:在灌浆施工过程中,合理适当的灌浆压力既能确保浆液充分填充土洞,又不会破坏原土体结构;通过 对原土体抬升位移的监测,能准确预测与控制施工时的灌浆压力;理论分析与数值模拟结果和现场情况 吻合较好,为灌浆工艺施工提供了可靠的理论依据与指导。     

水平旋喷桩施工引起周围土体变形分析

水平旋喷桩施工期间,大量高压流体注入土层,引起土层内部产生较大的膨胀作用,致使周围一定区域的土体发生变形。水平旋喷桩施工引起土体变形可以归结为压力膨胀和体积膨胀共同作用的问题。依托单根水平旋喷桩施工的现场实例,建立了水平旋喷桩施工引起土体变形的数值模型。将水平旋喷桩施工引起的土体变形问题简化为圆孔的膨胀问题,可以统筹考虑注浆压力和注浆流量的影响。首先需要确定注浆压力的影响半径和注浆流量引起的体积膨胀比,然后可以通过数值模型计算膨胀引起的土体变形。数值分析结果与现场实测值的对比表明,当注浆压力影响半径为成桩半径的6倍时,数值计算结果与现场实测值吻合较好。     

全风化花岗岩地层中高固相离析浆液灌浆机理研究

全风化花岗岩地层稳定性差、遇水易发生崩解,工程上使用常规材料防渗加固注浆时效果较差。针对这一情况,依托湖南省郴州市莽山水库防渗加固灌浆项目,通过自主设计的全风化花岗岩地层注浆室内模拟试验装置,进行模拟注浆试验,实现了浆液在整个注浆过程中的扩散情况模拟,对不同注浆压力、不同位置点所取试样开展单轴抗压、抗剪强度及渗透率测试试验,对不同注浆压力下完整结石体取样观察,研究以全风化花岗岩颗粒为配方主体材料的高固相离析浆液在全风化花岗岩地层的防渗加固效果及浆液扩散模式。结果表明:该浆液在全风化花岗岩地层扩散过程中经历了渗透扩散、挤密压缩、劈裂扩展三个阶段,是一种复合注浆形式;以全风化花岗岩颗粒为主体的高固相离析浆液在全风化花岗岩地层注浆中效果显著,随着注浆压力提升,单轴抗压强度显著提升为原土体的3.25～13.67倍,抗剪强度在不同法向压力情况下提升为原土体的1.63～2.69倍,渗透系数从10?4 cm/s下降至10?5 cm/s甚至10?6 cm/s。     

High pressure jet-grouting column installation effect in soft soil: Theoretical model and field application

This paper presents a theoretical model for investigating the installation effect of high pressure jet grouting column in soft clay. The model is formulated by assuming the installation process as a series of pressure-controlled spherical cavity expansion in semi-infinite soil, of which the approximate solutions are derived by combining use of two fundamental solutions of spherical cavity expansion in finite spherical symmetry soil and displacement-controlled spherical cavity expansion in semi-infinite soil. The approximate solutions are then validated by comparing the predictions with FEM results as well as published results. The comparison results show that the presented approximate solutions are suitable for the problem of pressure-controlled spherical cavity expansion in semi-infinite soil, particularly in evaluating the limit expansion pressure as well as the expansion pressure-ground surface displacement relation. Subsequently, the proposed approximately solutions are applied to interpret the limit injection pressure and the grouting pressure-ground surface displacement during the installation process of HPJ-GC. Some parametric studies are also conducted. Furthermore, an instrumented field test study of HPJ-GC is conducted in the thick soft soils comprising quaternary alluvial and marine deposits of the Lianyungang-Yancheng Highway located in Jiangsu Province, China. The measured ground heave is compared with the analytical predictions using the proposed theoretical model. Reasonable agreement is achieved.     

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Ground Deformation Using Chemical Grouting for Pipeline Foundation

Based on experimental and numerical investigations, the present paper focuses on under ground scope (UGS) chemical grouting method that can actually improve the pipeline surrounding foundation to solve pipeline saggy damage. According to the experimental results, a solution-type injection material could make lager soil deformation, using less total slurry amount than suspension-type injection material. Therefore, a suspension-type injection material with shorter gel time is more suitable for the UGS method, making it more effective to reinforce the pipeline foundation and restore pipelines. The results of some patterns of injection tests revealed relationship between the behavior of the grouting material and the deformation of the soil. It is found that the material can be injected into a foundation by fracture grouting if the permeation coefficient is lower than 1.00 × 10⁻³ mm/s. The situation was analyzed by using 2-D finite element method analysis software Phase2, and the analysis result proposes that the real data and simulation data are nearly the same in impermeable soil. Furthermore, even if the construction object is permeable soil, it can also be become impermeable soil by two phases grouting: soil improvement grouting and restoration grouting.     

Effects of boundary conditions and partial drainage on cyclic simple shear test results—a numerical study

Owing to imperfect boundary conditions in laboratory soil tests and the possibility of water diffusion inside the soil specimen in undrained tests, the assumption of uniform stress/strain over the sample is not valid. This study presents a qualitative assessment of the effects of non‐uniformities in stresses and strains, as well as effects of water diffusion within the soil sample on the global results of undrained cyclic simple shear tests. The possible implications of those phenomena on the results of liquefaction strength assessment are also discussed. A state‐of‐the‐art finite element code for transient analysis of multi‐phase systems is used to compare results of the so‐called ‘element tests’ (numerical constitutive experiments assuming uniform stress/strain/pore pressure distribution throughout the sample) with results of actual simulations of undrained cyclic simple shear tests using a finite element mesh and realistic boundary conditions. The finite element simulations are performed under various conditions, covering the entire range of practical situations: (1) perfectly drained soil specimen with constant volume, (2) perfectly undrained specimen, and (3) undrained test with possibility of water diffusion within the sample. The results presented here are restricted to strain‐driven tests performed for a loose uniform fine sand with relative density D_r=40%. Effects of system compliance in undrained laboratory simple shear tests are not investigated here. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of the coupled hydro-mechanical effects in dynamic compaction of saturated granular soils

Dynamic compaction is a widely used method for improvement of loose granular deposits. Its applicability in saturated layers generally considered to be less effective because of the fact that part of the applied energy is absorbed by pore water. Up to now the majority of numerical simulations have focused on the analysis of dynamic compaction in dry/moist soils. In this paper, a fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite element code has been developed and employed to evaluate the dynamic compaction effects on saturated granular soils. After verification of the results by comparing the numerical results with those measured in a real field case of DC treatment in a highway, some sensitivity analyses have been performed to evaluate the effect of water phase on the dimensions of the zone of improvement in the soil beneath the tamper. The results indicate that in the DC process the soil demonstrate two different behaviors. At the very early stage after impact, the soil behaves in an undrained manner and high oscillation of pore pressure occurs. After this phase, consolidation begins during which the pore-water-flow out of the soil mass takes place. The numerical analysis reveals that most of the DC improvement occurs during the undrained phase. The main mechanism responsible for the densification of soil during the undrained phase seems to be the compressibility of pore water. The simulation results indicate that the improvement zone diminishes when the degree of saturation increases.     

Influence of initial density of cohesionless soil on evolution of passive earth pressure

This paper focuses on the influence of the initial void ratio on the evolution of the passive earth pressure and the formation of shear zones in a dry sand body behind a retaining wall. For the numerical simulation a rigid and very rough retaining wall undergoing a horizontal translation against the backfill is considered. The essential mechanical properties of cohesionless granular soil are described with a micro-polar hypoplastic model which takes into account stresses and couple stresses, pressure dependent limit void ratios and the mean grain size as a characteristic length. Numerical investigations are carried out with an initially medium dense and initially loose sand using a homogeneous and random distribution of the initial void ratio. The geometry of calculated shear zones is discussed and compared with a corresponding laboratory model test.     

Numerical investigation of tunneling in saturated soil: the role of construction and operation periods

This paper numerically investigates the slurry shield tunneling in fully saturated soils with different hydraulic conductivities in short- and long-term scales. A fully coupled hydromechanical three-dimensional model that accounts for the main aspects of tunnel construction and the hydromechanical interactions due to tunneling process is developed. An elasto-plastic constitutive model obeying a double hardening rule, namely hardening soil model, is employed in the numerical simulations. The research mainly focuses on assessing the influence of soil hydraulic conductivity and the method to simulate backfill grouting in the tail void on the evolution of ground subsidence, excess pore water pressure and lining forces. Two different consolidation schemes have been taken into account to computationally address the tunnel construction in soil with low and high hydraulic conductivities. In addition, different methods are employed to simulate the tail void grouting as a hydromechanical boundary condition and to study its effects on the model responses. Finally, the influences of infiltration of the fluidized particles of grouting suspension into the surrounding soil and its corresponding time–space hydraulic conductivity evolution on the displacements and lining forces are studied.     

Elastic‐plastic solutions for expanding cavities embedded in two different cohesive‐frictional materials

An analytical solution of cavity expansion in two different concentric regions of soil is developed and investigated in this paper. The cavity is embedded within a soil with finite radial dimension and surrounded by a second soil, which extends to infinity. Large‐strain quasi‐static expansion of both spherical and cylindrical cavities in elastic‐plastic soils is considered. A non‐associated Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion is used for both soils. Closed‐form solutions are derived, which provide the stress and strain fields during the expansion of the cavity from an initial to a final radius. The analytical solution is validated against finite element simulations, and the effect of varying geometric and material parameters is studied. The influence of the two different soils during cavity expansion is discussed by using pressure–expansion curves and by studying the development of plastic regions within the soils. The analytical method may be applied to various geotechnical problems, which involve aspects of soil layering, such as cone penetration test interpretation, ground‐freezing around shafts, tunnelling, and mining. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

注浆成型螺纹桩抗拔承载特性的数值分析

注浆成型螺纹桩为一种利用施工工艺创新,结合钻孔灌注和二次注浆技术的新型螺纹抗拔桩型,目前已在软土地区开展应用。为了对其受力承载特性深入研究,使该桩型得到广泛推广,通过数值分析方法对其抗拔性能和承载机制进行了三维有限元数值模拟。首先,通过数值模拟桩-土界面室内大型直剪试验得到了有限元分析需要的桩-土接触面参数,而后将得到的参数带入注浆成型螺纹桩抗拔三维有限元数值模型,通过计算得到了不同距径比S/D（即螺距与桩径的比值）螺纹桩的抗拔荷载-位移曲线和轴力分布,并观察了抗拔过程中桩周土体塑性变形的发展。数值分析表明,螺纹桩与桩周土体的机械咬合作用增大了桩侧摩阻力,从而使桩体极限抗拔承载力较等截面圆桩提高约2～5倍;同时,其承载能力与桩体的S/D有关,当S/D取最优时,荷载-位移曲线的初始切向刚度最大,极限承载力最高,桩周土体形成的连续拱形破坏区域最大。     

A general semi-analytical solution for consolidation around an expanded cylindrical and spherical cavity in modified Cam Clay

This paper presents a general semi-analytical solution for undrained cylindrical and spherical cavity expansion in Modified Cam Clay (MCC) and subsequent consolidation. The undrained cylindrical and spherical cavity expansion response in MCC model is obtained through the similarity solution technique. Then, the subsequent consolidation process around the cavity is governed by the classical partial differential equation for consolidation. Finite Difference Method (FDM) is selected for solving the consolidation equation numerically. The proposed semi-analytical solution is validated by comparing the prediction of the dissipations of the pore pressure with Randolph’s closed-form solution for elastic-perfectly plastic soil. Parametric study shows that G₀/p₀′, R and M have significant influence on the cavity wall excess pore pressure dissipation curve, while it is not sensitive to the value of ν′. It is also found that the negative pore pressure generates around the expanded cylindrical and spherical cavity wall during the consolidation process when R > 5 for typical Boston blue clay. The developed solution has potential applications in geotechnical problems, such as the pile foundation, in-situ test, tunnel construction, compaction grouting, and so forth.     

An FEM/VOF hybrid formulation for fracture grouting modelling

A numerical model using a hybrid formulation of a finite element method (FEM) coupled with the volume of fluid (VOF) technique to simulate the fracture grouting processes in soils is described. The numerical model considered the couplings of the stress distribution, with two-phase fluid flows, and the mesh element damage. The hardening of grout in soil is described by a time-dependent Young’s modulus and viscosity. Crack initiation, branching, propagation, and grout vein growth in homogeneous and heterogeneous soils can be numerically reproduced. Although the method is developed particularly for simulating fracture grouting, the processes of compaction grouting and permeation grouting can also be numerically simulated. Some grouting cases have been simulated with results similar to the experimental results. This further confirms the adequacy and the power of the numerical approach.     

土工膜与土界面剪切特性细观研究

填埋场衬垫系统中,土与土工膜界面剪切强度较低,易造成失稳破坏。目前国内外学者主要采用室内试验对土与土工膜界面的宏观剪切特性进行研究,而对界面剪切特性的细观研究较少。为了从细观角度研究土与土工膜界面的剪切特性,本文采用EsyS-particle程序对土工膜与土界面直剪试验进行了离散元数值模拟分析。采用摩擦接触模型模拟砂土;采用黏结模型颗粒模拟土工膜,通过紧密排列土工膜颗粒以模拟土工膜的光滑表面。通过室内拟合试验,选取和校准材料的细观参数。分析结果表明,离散元模型能较好的模拟界面应力-应变关系;剪切带的厚度约为两倍平均土颗粒直径;剪切带中的土颗粒发生较大位移,孔隙比增大,而剪切带之外的土颗粒位移和孔隙比变化较小;随着剪切位移的增加,颗粒间接触力逐渐向左端集中,力链方向由垂直逐渐倾斜。