莱州湾海岸带表层沉积物的黑碳及其与POPs的相关性研究

在莱州湾海岸带采集了62个表层沉积物样品,对黑碳(BC)的含量及其空间分布特征进行了研究,同时探讨了BC与持久性有机污染物(POPs)的关系。结果表明:(1)莱州湾海岸带表层沉积物中BC的含量范围为0.02~9.35 mg/g,平均为0.98 mg/g,低于欧美和我国其他海岸带区域;(2)河流沉积物中的BC含量呈现出明显的空间差异,主要是受点源排放、河流本身的特征和沉积物粒度等因素的影响;海洋沉积物中的BC分布不仅受到沉积物粒度的影响,河流输入和沉积速率也是其重要的影响因素;(3)由于POPs的来源和理化性质差异,POPs与BC和总有机碳(TOC)的相关性也存在一定程度的差异,其中六氯苯(HCB)与BC、TOC的相关性最好。就河流和海洋分区而言,海洋沉积物中POPs与BC、TOC的相关性明显好于河流沉积物,但都没有表现出POPs与BC的相关性优于POPs与TOC的相关性的现象。     

2010—2018年北京市人体中六溴环十二烷的残留特征与风险评估

六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)作为一种持久性有机污染物,具有生物累积性及多种生物毒性,以母乳、血清、头发及脂肪组织为介质,评价人体HBCDs的残留特征和健康风险受到广泛关注。本文以北京地区为研究区域,连续采集和分析2010—2018年母乳样品中的HBCDs,探究北京人体中HBCDs的残留特征与变化趋势,同时评估婴幼儿通过母乳喂养摄入HBCDs是否存在健康风险。研究共招募85名志愿者采集233份母乳样品,采用液液萃取-多级净化法进行样品处理,高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定样品中HBCDs及其异构体含量。样品的测定结果显示：(1) HBCDs的检出率为100%,浓度范围为0.46～93.5ng/g lw(脂重),均值和中值分别为7.27ng/g lw和5.77ng/g lw,高端暴露量第95百分位值为15.6ng/g lw;(2)α-HBCD为主要异构体,3种非对映异构体的含量占比大小为：α-HBCD>γ-HBCD>β-HBCD;(3)婴幼儿HBCDs的每日估计摄入量EDI中值为20.5ng/kg bw/day,第95百分位值为71.4ng/kg bw/day,高...     

黄河口及邻近渤海海域悬浮体和沉积物中有机碳、氮的分布特征及其影响因素

利用元素分析仪对2007年获取的黄河口及邻近渤海海域悬浮体和沉积物进行了有机碳、氮含量分析.结果表明,在同一站位有机碳大体上的分布为,表层沉积物中TOC含量≤底层悬浮体中POC含量<表层悬浮体中POC含量;依据表层沉积物中TOC、TN含量和悬浮体中POC的分布,研究区可划分为5个区,依次为莱州湾西部靠近黄河口区(Ⅰ和Ⅱ...     

2012年秋季黄河口及莱州湾颗粒有机碳的地球化学特征及其影响因素北大核心CSCD

根据2012年9月在黄河口及莱州湾取得的悬浮体和水文调查资料,探讨了非调水调沙期间黄河15及莱州湾颗粒有机碳（POC）的地球化学特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）2012年秋季黄河口及莱州湾POC浓度介于42．25-1018．87gg／L之间,平均为316．35μg／L,底层POC浓度高于表层,这与沉积物再悬浮有直接关系;（2）黄河口POC呈现近岸区高,远岸区低的趋势,高值区出现在新、老两个河口区域,指示了陆源输入对河口区POC的直接控制作用;（3）在盐度为26～28（psu）之间黄河口POC有高值,表明絮凝沉降作用对POC空间分布的影响;底层POC与浊度显著相关,表明海底沉积物再悬浮对研究区POC空间分布的直接影响;悬浮物含量超过20mg／L时,生命态颗粒有机碳对总颗粒有机碳的贡献明显下降;（4）POC／PN值显示黄河15及莱州湾POC来源的复杂性,生物作用、沉积物再悬浮和黄河水沙输入对研究区的POC生物地球化学过程都有一定的影响。     

长江口吴淞-浏河滨岸带沉积物AVS和SEM含量的空间分布特征

对长江口吴淞-浏河滨岸带37个站位沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）和同时可提取态重金属（SEM）含量及其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,SEM在37个站位沉积物中浓度范围为0．20～1．37μmol／g,平均值为0．74μmol／g;AVS的浓度范围为0．20—0．80μmol／g,平均值为0．23μmol／g;沉积物中AVS含量与总有机碳（TOC）和含水率呈显著正相关关系,而SEM分别与TOC和含水率呈显著正相关关系,与沉积物中值粒径呈显著负相关关系。依据SEM／AVS比值评价方法以及美国EPA（SEM—AVS）差值评价方法对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的判断表明,除了B2站点无显著生物毒性外,吴淞-浏河滨岸带沉积物中重金属对水生生物均处于中等毒性水平。     

广西三娘湾海域表层沉积物多环芳烃特征及风险评价

为研究广西三娘湾海域表层沉积物有机质中烃类化合物的分布特征及来源,于2019年10月在三娘湾海域采集了表层沉积物样品,利用加速溶剂萃取GC-MSD法对沉积物中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。结果表明: 三娘湾海域表层沉积物样品中多环芳烃的含量为37~241.8 ng/g,总体处于含量较低的水平,但与往年相比研究区PAHs含量增加明显。通过组分分析等方法进行PAHs的来源分析,结果指示其主要来源为燃烧源,夹杂石油源的混合来源; 通过效应区间法对多环芳烃进行生态风险评价,认为其总体处于风险较低的水平。综合研究表明,三娘湾海域总体生态环境较好,但人类活动对多环芳烃含量及分布特征的影响较明显,需要持续关注。     

浙闽淤泥质港湾表层沉积物的地球化学特征

采用原子吸收光谱法,对乐清湾及三都澳表层沉积物的15只样品,进行了分析,其结果显示,沉积环境,沉积物类型和泥沙来源,控制着乐清湾和三都澳金属元素及有机质迁移富集规律,并显示具有极为相似的分布特征。本区重金属元素的含量与其它区域相比,以及Fe/Mn比值,充分显示了它们的继承性和亲陆性,同时进一步说明本区表层沉积物,主要由潮流作用从口外海域搬运而来,受到长江口泥沙扩散的影响,其次是周围岛屿和山溪性河流的补给。     

云南抚仙湖沉积物有机质来源与时空变化特征

为揭示抚仙湖沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)的时空分布特征及其主要来源,对抚仙湖表层沉积物和沉积物柱芯的TOC、TN和有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg)进行了分析。结果表明,表层沉积物的TOC和TN含量分别为2.02%~3.40%和0.16%~0.36%;沉积物柱芯的TOC和TN含量分别为0.41%~6.63%和0.08%~0.77%,呈现出北湖高南湖低、表层高底部低的分布特征。内源有机质是抚仙湖沉积物中有机质的主要来源,不同湖区外源有机质的输入差异明显,其中南湖沉积物有机质中陆源比例较高。沉积物柱芯C/N值从底部到表层逐步增大,表明抚仙湖沉积物有机质中陆源有机质所占比例持续增加。与内源有机质相比,外源有机质输入增加更快,指示流域内人为活动增强导致流域侵蚀和水土流失加剧。     

南太平洋东劳扩张中心表层沉积物氨基酸组成所揭示的生物地球化学意义

通过对南太平洋劳盆地东劳扩张中心(ELSC)表层沉积物进行水解氨基酸(THAA)分析、氨基酸对映异构体比值(D/L)分析及总有机碳(TOC)分析,对沉积物中氨基酸含量和来源、有机质降解程度和采样区域生物活动性及温度特征等问题进行了探讨。结果表明,ELSC区域样品中有机质含量较低,TOC含量为0.70～2.15 mg/g(干重),THAA含量为30～511μg/g(干重),热液活动区域原位化能合成作用对沉积物中氨基酸的相对富集有较大的贡献。沉积物中THAA含量和生物群落活动状况与分布范围有关,样品矿物组分对氨基酸的保存亦有一定的影响。由于各采样点热液活动、沉积物类型、生物群落的类型及分布均有所不同,样品中个体氨基酸的组成分布特征有较大差异。以TOC中氨基酸态碳所占百分比TAAC%作为指标对样品有机质活性进行了判别,热液喷口区域样品有机质新鲜程度要普遍高于非热液喷口区域样品,高温热液环境对氨基酸降解途径有一定的影响。样品中个体氨基酸D/L比值变化范围较大,天冬氨酸(Asp)为0.08～0.46,谷氨酸(Glu)为0.06～0.19,丝氨酸(Ser)为0.01～0.81,丙氨酸(Ala)为0.10～0.30。根据样品中THAA含量、TAAC%及个体氨基酸的D/L比值可以粗略判断生物活动性的大小及细菌对THAA的相对贡献,但并不能准确地区分热液活动活跃区域和非活跃区域在温度和生物活动性方面的差异。     

烟台、日照近海及南四湖沉积物中的多氯联苯

本对南四湖、日照与烟台近海表层沉积物中的36种多氛联苯(PCBs)异构体的含量、分布特征、毒性当量浓度及其来源进行7初步探讨。总PCBs含量以南四湖最高(0．随心g和0．63ng/g)。日照、烟台近海分别为0．27ng/g和0．35ng/g，均落在国内外海洋近岸表层沉积物含量范围的低值区。近海沉积物中多氛联苯主要以低氛代PCBs(一至五氛)为主，而南四湖南、北部沉积物都是以四、五、六氛代PCBs为主要组分，反映了山东内陆湖与沿海多氛联苯的来源有别。烟台近海沉积物中共平面PCBs对总毒性当量浓度的影响高达三分之一，表明有相对较大比例的共平面多氛联苯的输入来源。     

北疆积雪中溶解性砷和汞的空间分布特征及来源分析

为了解北疆积雪中砷（As）和汞（Hg）的空间分布特征及来源,基于2018年1月在北疆地区58个采样点采集的积雪样品,采用原子荧光光谱法测定积雪中溶解性砷和汞的含量,用反距离加权插值法分析空间分布特征,并利用后向轨迹模型探讨了其来源。结果表明：积雪中溶解性砷和汞的浓度分别在0.21~2.69 μg?L^-1和5.32~64.09 ng?L^-1,均低于地表水I类水质标准限值,说明积雪中砷和汞元素污染较轻。反距离加权插值法分析表明,积雪中砷和汞污染物的空间分布存在差异性,其中准噶尔盆地和天山北坡地区的浓度分布较高。结合后向轨迹聚类分析结果,推断积雪中砷和汞污染物主要来自局地活动,周边国家气团远距离传输所产生的影响较小。研究结果可为评估北疆生态环境质量及区域污染防治提供科学支持。     

Distribution and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of different tropical water ecosystems in Niger Delta,Nigeria

Sediments are considered as suitable matrices to study the contamination levels of aquatic environment since they represent a sink for multiple contaminant sources. In this study, the influence of sediment characteristics on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its potential risk in euryhaline, freshwater and humic aquatic bodies of Douglas/Stubbs creek, Ikpa River and Eniong River, respectively, were investigated. The level of PAHs in sediment was quantified using GC–MS, while sediment properties including total organic carbon (TOC) content and grain size were determined by the wet oxidation and hydrometer methods, respectively. The results revealed that the total levels of PAHs in sediment varied significantly between the euryhaline, freshwater and humic freshwater ecosystems. In Ikpa River freshwater ecosystem, a total PAHs load of 1055.2 ng/g was recorded with the suites concentration ranging from 13.0 ng/g (for acenaphthylene) to 161 ng/g (for pyrene). The humic ecosystem of Eniong River had a total PAH load of 11.06 ng/g, while the suites level recorded ranged from 0.04 ng/g for acenaphthene to 2.65 ng/g for chrysene. The total level of PAHs detected in the euryhaline Douglas/Stubbs creek was 14.47 ng/g, and suite concentrations varied between 4.27 ng/g for naphthalene and 5.13 ng/g for acenaphthylene. This shows variation in quantity and quality of PAH contaminants with the nature of ecosystems. It implies complex and diverse contamination sources as well as different capabilities to recover from PAH contamination. Correlation analysis has shown that sediment particle and TOC content influenced PAHs burden in bottom sediments, but the effects varied with the molecular weight of PAHs and the nature of the ecosystems. The TOC was the most significant determinant of PAHs load and distribution in sediment of the freshwater Ikpa River and euryhaline Douglas/Stubbs but had little or no influence in the humic sediment of Eniong River, while the influence of particle size was generally indefinite but slightly associated with PAHs accumulation in the euryhaline sediment. Generally, the total PAH levels (11.0–1055.2 ng/g) recorded were low and below the allowable limit for aquatic sediments. The ecological risk assessment revealed that these levels were lower than the effects range low and effects range medium values. This indicates no acute adverse biological effect although the accumulation of PAHs in freshwater ecosystem of Ikpa River may pose ecological risks as most of the carcinogenic PAH suites had relatively high pollution indices compared to other ecosystem types studied.     

Identifying semi-volatile contaminants in fish from Niyang River, Tibetan Plateau

This study investigated the contamination levels and profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in fish from the Niyang River, Tibetan Plateau. The total concentrations of ∑PCB, ∑PBDE and ∑OCP were in the range of 0.246–1.056 ng/g (mean 0.540 ± 0.289 ng/g), 0.280–2.220 ng/g (mean 0.914 ± 0.643 ng/g) and 7.24–13.80 ng/g (mean 10.70 ± 2.31 ng/g), respectively. The total mercury concentration (HgT) in fish ranged from 85 to 217 ng/g dw with an average of 129 ng/g dw, and the concentrations of methyl mercury (MeHg) ranged from 61 to 160 ng/g dw with an average of 102 ng/g dw. The proportion of MeHg contributed to 66–91 % (average 80 %) of HgT for all samples, indicating that organic mercury was the predominant form of mercury in fish muscle. The results revealed that the fish from the Niyang River were contaminated with various persistent toxic pollutants and the potential influencing factors on the bioaccumulation concentration in fish were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis.     

从沉积物组成变化看三峡水库蓄水对大宁河沉积环境的影响

对2006年10月采自长江重要支流大宁河中上游河底沉积物约42cm长的岩芯样品进行X射线衍射（XRD）、总碳（TC）和有机碳（TOC）分析。实验结果表明:（1）该研究时段内沉积物中主要的矿物类型是石英和方解石,总碳含量为33～57g／kg,有机碳含量为8～34g／kg;（2）沉积剖面中总碳和有机碳含量从10cm深的部位向岩芯顶部都发生了急剧的下降,沉积物颜色也在此处由灰色转为红褐色,这可能反映了三峡水库蓄水后,在较低的流速状态下,原来处于位置较高、含碳较低的褐红色粘土受水体淹没并被大量输入河流沉积物中,从而引起了泥沙沉积速率的迅速增加;（3）双龙沉积剖面中有机碳的变化结果还显示,在17～10cm深处沉积物有机碳含量大幅度增加,可能是本区域内该时段人类活动引起有机物质急剧输入到河流中的反映。      

鄱阳湖龙口地区沉积物中有机氯农药的垂向分布特征

采用电子捕获检测器气相色谱仪(GC-ECD)测定鄱阳湖龙口地区4个沉积物柱样中有机氯农药含量。结果表明,4个沉积物柱样间有机氯农药含量差异显著,总有机氯农药(∑OCPs)含量为7.78~93.7ng/g,总六六六(∑HCHs)含量为0.73~39.6ng/g,总滴滴涕(∑DDTs)的含量为2.44~49.4ng/g。与国内其他同类样品相比,研究区各化合物的含量水平明显偏高;沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)和OCPs有较好的相关关系;与沉积物风险评估值对比,鄱阳湖龙口地区的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险。     

Methylation of Hg downstream from the Bonanza Hg mine,Oregon

Speciation of Hg and conversion to methyl-Hg were evaluated in stream sediment, stream water, and aquatic snails collected downstream from the Bonanza Hg mine, Oregon. Total production from the Bonanza mine was >1360 t of Hg, during mining from the late 1800s to 1960, ranking it as an intermediate sized Hg mine on an international scale. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution, transport, and methylation of Hg downstream from a Hg mine in a coastal temperate climatic zone. Data shown here for methyl-Hg, a neurotoxin hazardous to humans, are the first reported for sediment and water from this area. Stream sediment collected from Foster Creek flowing downstream from the Bonanza mine contained elevated Hg concentrations that ranged from 590 to 71,000 ng/g, all of which (except the most distal sample) exceeded the probable effect concentration (PEC) of 1060 ng/g, the Hg concentration above which harmful effects are likely to be observed in sediment-dwelling organisms. Concentrations of methyl-Hg in stream sediment collected from Foster Creek varied from 11 to 62 ng/g and were highly elevated compared to regional baseline concentrations (0.11–0.82 ng/g) established in this study. Methyl-Hg concentrations in stream sediment collected in this study showed a significant correlation with total organic C (TOC, R² = 0.62), generally indicating increased methyl-Hg formation with increasing TOC in sediment. Isotopic-tracer methods indicated that several samples of Foster Creek sediment exhibited high rates of Hg-methylation. Concentrations of Hg in water collected downstream from the mine varied from 17 to 270 ng/L and were also elevated compared to baselines, but all were below the 770 ng/L Hg standard recommended by the USEPA to protect against chronic effects to aquatic wildlife. Concentrations of methyl-Hg in the water collected from Foster Creek ranged from 0.17 to 1.8 ng/L, which were elevated compared to regional baseline sites upstream and downstream from the mine that varied from <0.02 to 0.22 ng/L. Aquatic snails collected downstream from the mine were elevated in Hg indicating significant bioavailability and uptake of Hg by these snails. Results for sediment and water indicated significant methyl-Hg formation in the ecosystem downstream from the Bonanza mine, which is enhanced by the temperate climate, high precipitation in the area, and high organic matter.     

Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface soils of Hassi Messaoud, Algeria

An increase in heavy metal pollution in the soils of Hassi Messaoud (Algeria) due to intense industrialization and urbanization has become a serious environmental problem. There are three large industrial complexes that have been established in the region of Hassi Messaoud for petroleum extraction field and refinery. The region hosts several industrial facilities which are the main sources for hazardous wastes. Surface soil samples from 58 sampling sites (systematically sampled; 1 × 1 km regular grid), including different functional areas in Hassi Messaoud, were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn in soil of Hassi Messaoud were up to 13.17, 35.78, 121.21, 130.97 and 61.08 mg/kg, respectively. Ni concentrations were comparable to background values, while Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations were higher than their corresponding background values. Among the functional areas, the industrial regions displayed the highest metal concentrations, while the lowest concentrations occurred in rural soil. Principal component analysis coupled with cluster analysis showed that: (1) Pb and Zn had anthropogenic sources; and (2) Ni, Cu and Mn were associated with parent materials. Contaminations in soils were classified as geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor. Pollution index values of Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn varied in the range of 0.04–5.41, 0.46–2.49, 0.01–5.73, 0.62–152.9 and 0.09–53.01, with mean values of 1.32, 1.08, 1.26, 5.64 and 3.1, respectively. The integrated pollution index (IPI) of all the analyzed samples varied from 0.42 to 31.59, with a mean of 2.48, and more than 5.45 % of samples are extremely contaminated; 18.18 % are heavily contaminated; 60 % are moderately contaminated; and others are low contaminated. The spatial distribution of IPI showed that desert and rural areas displayed relatively lower heavy metal contamination in comparison with other areas.     

Use of Pyracantha coccinea Roem. as a possible biomonitor for the selected heavy metals

In this study, copper, iron, manganese and nickel levels of branches and leaves of Pyracantha coccinea Roem. (firethorn) were measured for determining the heavy metal pollution in Mugla Province. Plant samples were collected from 34 different localities in four different areas of Mugla Province, during 2006 vegetation period. Unwashed and washed leaf samples and unwashed branch samples were subjected to analysis and copper, iron, manganese and nickel concentrations of samples were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The obtained data were analyzed with “statistical package for the social sciences” statistics program. As a result of measurements, the highest average and lowest values and their collected stations were as follows; the highest average (5.89 ± 0.04 μg/g dw) and the lowest (5.20 ± 0.03 μtg/g dw) values of copper were measured near highways. The average highest iron value (9.53 ±1.68 μtg/g dw) was in industrial area while the lowest was near highways (1.73 ± 0.54 μtg/g dw). The highest value of magnesium accumulation (1.00 ± 0.16 μtg/gdw) was measured near highways. The lowest value was determined in urban area (0.40 ± 0.14 μtg/g dw). The average highest level of nickel was in industrial area while the lowest was determined in urban area. The values were 14.34 ± 1.59 μtg/g and 4.05 ± 0.51 μtg/g dw. As a result, it was proven that P. coccinea could be used as a biomonitor species for some of these heavy metals especially for copper and nickel.     

Risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the West Port semi-enclosed basin (Malaysia)

Sediment samples collected from the West Port, the west coastal waters of Malaysia, were analyzed by standard methods to determine the degree of hydrocarbon contamination and identify the sources of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of PAHs in the port sediments ranged from 100.3 to 3,446.9 μg/kg dw. The highest concentrations were observed in stations close to the coastline, locations affected by intensive shipping activities and industrial input. These were dominated by high-molecular-weight PAHs (4–6 rings). Source identification showed that PAHs originated mostly pyrogenically, from the combustion of fossil fuels, grass, wood, and coal or from petroleum combustion. Regarding ecological risk estimation, only station 7 was moderately polluted, the rest of the stations suffered rare or slight adverse biological effects with PAH exposure in surface sediment, suggesting that PAHs are not considered as contaminants of concern in the West Port.     

广西百朗地下河水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

为了解典型岩溶地区广西乐业百朗地下河表层水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征,采集地下河不同断面的水和沉积物样品,利用气相色谱仪测定了19种有机氯农药。结果表明:(1)百朗地下河表层水中19种有机氯农药总量(∑OCPs)浓度为1.95～71.45ng/L,HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为未检出至58.40ng/L和未检出至0.44ng/L;(2)沉积物中∑OCPs浓度为0.75～14.85ng/g,HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为0.11～3.52ng/g和0.03～2.90ng/g;(3)地下河表层水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与吸附作用、环境温度以及和地下河连通的天坑的底部的土壤侵蚀有关,即因温差作用,大气沉降的有机氯农药易富集在天坑底部(“冷陷阱效应”),并在土壤侵蚀作用下向水体移动,使地下河沉积物中有机氯农药浓度升高;(4)百朗地下河出口沉积物吸附系数最低,但水中有机氯农药浓度较高且种类最多,推测可能是地下河沉积物中因有机氯农药被释放而引起二次污染;(5)表层沉积物中大多数断面的异狄氏剂浓度及乐业县城附近断面的DDTs和DDD浓度在风险评估低值与风险评估中值之间,表明百朗地下河处于较低的生态风险水平;(6)目前,流域部分断面尚有新的γ-HCH(林丹)和DDTs农药输入。由于有机氯农药长期累积,可能对地下河生态系统造成危害,应采取防治措施。