神府?东胜矿区高强度开采顶板涌水特征及防治技术

针对我国西部矿区煤炭开采顶板水害威胁问题,以神府?东胜矿区为研究对象,统计了50个工作面的涌水量数据,总结了不同煤?水组合下5种典型的工作面顶板涌水特征:动态补给主导的持续增长型;“动?静”储量共同作用的先增后稳型;微涌水持续稳定性;水文地质条件差异化局部凸显型以及静储量主导先增后减型。针对每种涌水规律,分析了其成因机制,并提出相应的水害防治思路及措施:当工作面受侧向补给较强时,根据实际水文地质条件可采用帷幕截流措施为主、疏水降压措施为辅的防治手段;当工作面受顶板含水层静储量补给为主时,可提前疏水降压,削峰平谷;当工作面受顶板含水层局部富水区域或采空区涌水补给时,可有针对性地采取疏放、注浆治理等综合措施,消除局部水患等。研究成果对于受顶板水害威胁的西部矿区水害防治工作具有借鉴意义。      

智能开采工作面三维地质模型构建及误差分析

地质条件的复杂性是影响当前智能开采进一步发展的关键问题之一,亟需构建高精度回采工作面三维地质模型。通过分析智能开采地质模型的构建方法,并以黄陵一号矿某智能工作面为例,结合工作面所有的地质勘探资料,利用TIM-3D建模软件分别构建了工作面初始静态模型和回采工作面动态模型,搭载透明工作面数字孪生系统对智能开采地质模型进行展示;通过对比回采揭露真实煤厚值与地质模型预测煤厚值,分析静态地质模型与动态地质模型的误差,探讨模型误差产生的原因。分析认为:静态地质模型精度不能达到智能化开采的地质要求;更新后的动态地质模型可显著缩小煤厚预测误差,基本能达到智能化开采的地质需求;模型的误差是测量误差、采样数据量及其分布、插值算法选取共同造成的。综合认为模型的建立要充分融合工作面所有地质信息,模型建立巷道标志点的间隔应该小于10 m,模型动态更新的推采距离应该小于15 m。研究结果对于充分认识当前智能开采地质模型精度水平有重要意义,为下一步智能开采地质保障技术的发展具有借鉴意义。      

薄冲积层下开采地表动态移动规律与特征

位于采煤影响区的高压线、输气输油管道、河道等设施对地表动态移动极为敏感。以甘肃某煤矿在金沙河下开采为背景,通过现场地表移动监测,获得薄冲积层条件下综放开采地表动态移动变形规律。研究表明：薄冲积层下综放开采地表具有下沉移动起始期很短、活跃期较长等特点。地表移动活跃期位于工作面前方110 m至工作面后方400 m范围内,历时185 d,期间地表点下沉量可达到该点总下沉量的90.7%;地表移动剧烈期在工作面后方50 m至150 m范围内,但剧烈扰动时间相对较短,历时约60 d。基于测点下沉曲线为S型分布、下沉速度曲线类似为正态分布特点,建立了考虑开采时间和工作面推进速度因素的地表下沉及下沉速度动态模型,并追踪刻画出地表测点往复式下沉与水平运动的轨迹。薄冲积层下开采,地表裂缝更易平行于工作面走向方向发育,并且随工作面的推进,地表裂缝具有前移和密集区向工作面外侧小范围扩大的时空特征。     

宁东煤炭基地金凤煤矿GPS地面变形监测研究

掌握采空区地面变形规律是科学预防和治理地面塌陷的前提与基础,是煤矿地质环境动态变化的重要监测内容。以宁东煤炭基地金凤煤矿为例,在收集、了解金凤煤矿0110202和011805工作面开采时间、开采深度、开采煤厚、工作面长度、工作面宽度、工作面走向等参数的基础上,建立工作面地表自动化GPS监测点,将工作面开采进程与地面变形时间、空间统一起来,研究工作面地面变形时间和变形量的规律。结果表明,金凤煤矿011202工作面地面变形一般在采后13个月左右进入变形活跃阶段,从开始变形到地面开始稳定的持续时间为16～19个月,最大累积变形量约为3300mm;011805工作面采空区地面变形一般在采后10～11个月进入变形活跃阶段,从开始变形到地面开始稳定的持续时间为13～16个月,最大累积变形量约为2600mm。研究结果为金凤煤矿后续工作面开采地表变形规律及类似开采条件下采空塌陷的预防与治理提供了定量化的依据。     

浅埋煤层回采中顶板含水层涌水量的时空动态预测技术

针对煤层回采工作面顶板涌水量超前预测精度低,预测结果的时间空间概念不清,对生产实际的指导性不强等问题,从煤层回采的时空变化和地下水流演化过程入手,从理论上分析了以大井法、廊道法为代表的解析法预测工作面顶板涌水量存在的主要问题,提出了浅埋煤层回采过程中顶板含水层充水水量由脉动式静储水量释放与渐增式动态补给水量共同组成,并给出了随矿井采掘过程进行的渐进式矿井涌水量时空动态预测方法,不仅计算了全矿井涌水量的大小,也给出了涌水量的时间变化过程和空间分布特征。大大提高了预测结果的精度,对生产有实际指导意义。结合一实际矿井的采掘规划与生产接续计划,引进了新增水量、干扰水量及残余水量的概念,计算预测了矿井2011年-2015年生产过程中矿井涌水量及其动态变化过程。      

综采工作面回撤巷强矿压显现机理及控制技术

为保障厚煤层综采工作面回撤巷的安全使用,以鄂尔多斯纳林河二号井31102工作面回撤巷强矿压显现为背景,通过现场监测与理论分析相结合的方法,对厚煤层综采工作面开采过程中回撤巷强矿压显现进行研究。结果表明:厚煤层综采工作面回撤巷强矿压显现,主要为工作面采动引起的超前支承压力、相邻采空悬顶引起的双向支承应力,以及回撤巷开掘引起的静载三者耦合作用的结果。根据强矿压发生机理,提出回撤巷道及相邻巷道钻孔卸压和补强支护相结合的控制方案,使其处于“强支、强卸”状态。在相邻31103工作面回撤巷实施强矿压控制技术,通过现场观测和数据分析,表明强矿压控制技术效果良好,可有效保障回撤巷的安全使用。      

基于钻孔雷达的透明工作面构建方法

煤岩界面的高精度探测是构建智能开采三维地质模型的关键难点。提出利用煤矿井下顺层孔实施单孔反射雷达,联合多孔探测结果构建区域煤岩界面地质模型实现透明工作面的方法。对单孔雷达数据,利用巷道波同相轴斜率计算煤层雷达波速度,采用空间约束偏移成像实现煤层顶/底板反射界面精准归位。形成3种匹配实际开采的透明工作面构建模式:回采前长钻孔模式、回采中短钻孔模式和联合模式。在山西某矿31004工作面对回采中短钻孔模式进行试验性应用,基于钻孔雷达构建的工作面地质模型与原始地质模型相比,局部信息刻画更精细,顶、底界面及煤厚与实际数据误差分别小于0.57、0.54、0.30 m。结果表明:钻孔雷达能高精度探测煤厚与顶、底界面,可实现透明工作面的构建。      

Porosity model and air leakage flow field simulation of goaf based on DEM-CFD

The air leakage in goaf can easily lead to disasters such as spontaneous combustion process of residual coal and gas accumulation, threatening production safety in underground coal mines. In order to study and master air leakage flow field distribution in goaf, the particle flow numerical simulation software PFC^3D is used for the simulation of the collapse of overlying rock strata with the actual situation of the 3308 working face of Liangbaosi Coal Mine in China taken as an example. The quantitative porosity data of goaf are extracted and imported into FLUENT to simulate the air leakage flow field in goaf. The results show that (1) the porosity in the central part and near the working face of goaf is relatively large. With the increase of the length of goaf, the porosity decreases, and with the increase of the height of goaf, the porosity in the two cross headings is first larger than that in the central part and then smaller than that in the central part. (2) The data of air flow along the dip direction of working face obtained through the CFD numerical simulation is consistent with the actual measurement results basically, which validate the simulation. (3) The main air leakage occurs in the range of 0–10 m along the dip direction of working face. In the case of relatively large air supply rate, the residual coal spontaneous combustion area in goaf is far from the working face and the spontaneous combustion area becomes relatively large, resulting in increased risk.     

Analysis of Secondary Roof Structure of the Working Face in Shendong Mining Area

A new form of roof—”secondary roof structure” form, according to the characteristics of significant differences existing between the measured roof pressure and the roof pressure calculated by “support-surrounding rock” formulas, exists in working face that was mined under the upper gob at short range in Shendong mining area. The reasons why additional static load of secondary roof came into being were gained through the analysis of main roof weight distribution coefficient. It is that main roof can not transfer all the static load to the front coal wall and the rear caved gangue, and partial weight of the gangue of upper gob served as the additional static load attaching to the roof of working face. The roof parameters of five working faces mining under the upper gob were counted based on the field measurement and theoretical analysis. What is more, here, the relationship between the M/L value and the roof form was analyzed. Also the roof pressure of 21305 working face of 1^?2 coal seam was calculated based on the secondary roof structure model, and the additional static load coefficient (T) was used as measurement of the additional static load of secondary roof. Finally, the directions which can be made a breakthrough in theoretical research of secondary roof were introduced.     

Development law of air leakage fractures in shallow coal seams: a case study in the Shendong Coalfield of China

Continuous air leakage from ground mining-induced cracks is a significant cause of coal spontaneous combustion, low oxygen at the working face and other disasters in shallow coal seams. This paper studies mining-induced cracks and air leakage caused by the repeated mining of shallow coal seams at the Bulianta coal mine, Shendong Coalfield, China. A similar simulation experiment was carried out in the laboratory, and then the ground mining-induced cracks were observed and the crack air leakage was detected. The results showed that the surface air flowed into the composite goaf before the fractures redeveloped to the surface during the process of lower coal seam mining. Due to the different development processes of vertical fractures in various regions, the width of the vertical fractures in the boundary area of the overlying goaf increases significantly after the repeated mining of coal seams, while the vertical fractures in the central area of the overlying goaf experience almost no change. The distribution of the surface air leakage cracks is in the shape of “回”. Graben-type cracks and half-graben-type cracks are surface air leakage cracks, which are the focus of surface air leakage problems, especially the half-graben-type cracks. The results are important in engineering for reducing air leakage from surface mining-induced cracks.     

基于顶板水预疏放的首采工作面涌水规律

为了建立符合蒙陕接壤区煤炭开采防治水技术体系,以纳林河二号矿井首采工作面为例,开展了覆岩破坏规律、水文地质条件、涌水量预计、顶板水预疏放等研究,结果表明:应用钻探取心、钻孔冲洗液漏失量观测和钻孔彩色电视探测手段,实测得到首采工作面导水裂缝带高度为103.23 m,裂高（导水裂缝带高度）采厚比为18.8,导水裂缝带可沟通3段含水层,其中直罗组底部含水层钻孔涌水量92.0~136.0 m3/h、水压4.0~5.6 MPa,呈"水量大、水压高、分布不均"的特点,是威胁工作面回采安全的最主要含水层。回采过程中顶板水主要由静态储存量和动态补给量构成,采用"动静储量结合法"计算得到静态储存量和动态补给量分别为2.596×106 m3和417.6 m3/h。对顶板水开展分段预疏放条件下,整个工作面回采过程中采空区涌水量与推采步距呈正相关关系,随着顶板周期性滞后垮落,导水裂缝带也周期性发育至高点（直罗组底部含水层）,采空区涌水量又呈台阶式增长。最终总预疏放水量4.235×106 m3,采空区总涌水量5.313×106 m3,首采工作面总排水量为622.8 m3/h,与预计排水量596.9 m3/h相差4.2%。涌水量准确预测和顶板水提前预疏放,是实现首采工作面防治水安全的关键,可以为鄂尔多斯盆地北部深埋区提供防治水技术支撑。      

Borehole stress monitoring analysis on advanced abutment pressure induced by Longwall Mining

The paper presented the research on the dynamic advanced abutment stress induced by longwall mining with borehole stress meters on mining side coal mass. Twenty vibrating wire borehole stress meters were installed into the extracting coal mass wall of a first mining roadway of 910 m depth in Zhuji Coal Mine, China, and were used to monitor dynamic changes in vertical and horizontal stresses. Three months of continuous monitoring and further analysis showed that the impacting distance of advanced abutment stress induced by mining in the strike of the working face along its central axis was the farthest, greater than 250 m (the face length is 220 m); it gradually decreased in the radial direction of the face from its central axis outward; the pressure peak was located within 24 m in the front of the mining coal wall; non-synchronous caving of the layered mudstone roof at the stope occurred. Comparison between vertical and horizontal stress increments indicated that the horizontal stress was much smaller than the vertical stress in the coal mass of mining side, while the latter’s magnitude determined the drastic degree of mine pressure manifestation. The study has been applied to determine the advanced support length of the working face and further provide a reliable basis to forecast such dynamic disasters as rock burst, coal and gas outburst, etc., as well as to design the asymmetric supports on both sides of a gateway.     

神东矿区地表移动参数变化规律及影响机制

我国西部矿区普遍具有资源储量大、埋藏浅、覆岩结构简单等特点,采矿活动对地表影响明显。为研究神东矿区地表移动参数变化规律,首先基于大柳塔矿22201工作面实测数据分析其地表动态变形规律,再采用神东矿区18个工作面的实测数据,获得地表移动参数与地质采矿条件之间的对应关系,并分析地质采矿条件对地表移动参数的影响机理。研究表明:神东矿区煤层开采地表沉陷速度快、衰退期短,最大下沉速度达643.3 mm/d,活跃期下沉量占总下沉量的99.05%;下沉系数与松散层采深比呈先增大后减小的二次函数关系,水平移动系数、主要影响角正切分别与（采高×开采速度）/（宽深比×基岩厚度）、基岩厚度×开采速度/（采深×采高）呈先减小后增大的二次函数关系;边界角、裂缝角与松散层采深比呈正线性关系,移动角与基岩采深比成正比,与采高、开采速度成反比;基岩承载松散层荷载及松散层拱效应的变化是导致地表移动参数变化的根本原因。研究成果对西部矿区地表破坏控制与治理、矿井生产安全保障及生态环境修复具有工程实用价值。      

鄂尔多斯盆地北部深埋煤层工作面涌水量预测方法

鄂尔多斯盆地北部侏罗纪深埋区中生代地层以河流相沉积为主,呈分阶段的多旋回演化特点,导致煤层顶板含隔水层交替分布;由于地表大部分为毛乌素沙漠,降水入渗补给系数大,第四系松散层储水能力强,充足的补给水源造成煤层顶板直接充水含水层富水性较强,其中最主要的充水含水层为七里镇砂岩,以七里镇砂岩为关键层,将煤层至七里镇砂岩概化为一个直接充水含水层。承压水井大降深抽水时,当井中水位低于含水层顶板,井附近的含水层会出现无压水流区,形成承压–无压水井,采用分段法计算流向井的流量,包括无压水区和承压水区。实际工作面回采过程中,井中水位已降低至煤层底板;传统的承压–无压水井公式假设条件为井径较小(≤m级),而实际工作面回采过程中,随着覆岩导水裂隙带对七里镇砂岩关键充水含水层的破坏,导致整个煤层顶板形成巨大的采空区疏水井(102~103 m级),且该采空区疏水井半径逐渐增大,传统公式适用性不高。基于《地下水动力学》中的承压–无压水井公式,结合鄂尔多斯盆地北部深埋煤炭开采过程中采空区疏水井演化过程,建立适合于深埋区开采扰动下的采空区疏水井承压–无压水公式;以葫芦素煤矿首采工作面为研究对象,利用地质勘探和井下揭露获得的相关水文地质参数,计算葫芦素煤矿首采工作面回采过程中涌水量。结果表明:工作面回采初期,由于导水裂隙带未充分发育,尚未沟通七里镇砂岩,此阶段实际涌水量偏小;中后期导水裂隙带发育至七里镇砂岩,涌水量计算值与实际值较为接近,证明深埋煤层工作面涌水量计算公式可较准确地预测研究区工作面回采过程中的涌水量。本次建立的深埋工作面涌水量计算公式,广泛适用于我国西部侏罗纪煤田区,可为深埋煤田区煤炭资源安全开采提供科学的水害防治依据。      

宁夏羊场湾煤矿浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷发育规律及形成机理

以宁夏羊场湾煤矿Y110207工作面为研究对象,采用无人机遥感技术、野外调查与有限差分软件模拟方法研究浅埋煤层开采的地面塌陷类型、发育规律及其形成机理。(1)浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷以地表裂缝发育为主,地表破坏严重。(2)平行切眼裂缝间隔性出现,展布于整个工作面内,间隔距离为10～120m,局部裂缝形成错台高度约为15cm。平行顺槽裂缝为拉张型裂缝,发育在顺槽至外围一定范围。(3)采煤活动导致地下形成采空区,上覆岩层发生移动破坏,破坏区分为剪切破坏区、拉张破坏区及剪-拉破坏区,分别对压应力区、拉应力区和压-拉转化区。(4)当应力扰动传递至地表,应力值超过覆盖层抗拉强度时地表产生裂缝。随着工作面推进,覆岩内部裂缝带上行裂缝与地表下行裂缝贯通,形成错台。研究成果丰富了该区浅埋煤层的地面塌陷理论知识,为地面塌陷防治提供了理论依据。     

含裂隙煤层底板突水规律的数值模拟与工程应用

本文结合淮北杨庄矿某工作面实际工程情况, 利用NCAP-2D-W对煤层底板突水进行多方案的数值模拟试验研究。主要内容包括:(1) 考虑在承压水不变的条件下,设计不同裂隙分布状态,探讨单裂隙、多裂隙、不同长度裂隙对煤层底板破坏的影响及开采矿压对裂隙顶部破坏的影响;(2) 考虑承压水的变化,分别考虑单裂隙和多裂隙两种分布状态,探讨裂隙对煤层底板破坏的影响及开采矿压对裂隙底部破坏的影响。通过分析受采动荷载、岩层结构变化、煤层底板中裂隙分布状态及承压水变化等因素影响的数值试验,获得了随开采工作面不断推进煤层底板破坏区的发展、突水导升高度的递增、突水通道的形成等相关规律。     

地面垂直钻孔预抽特厚煤层瓦斯数值试验与应用

为解决塔山煤矿高强度开采条件下瓦斯低含量、高涌出的问题,同时为了弥补大型物理实验和现场试验成本高、操作难的缺点,根据该矿8101工作面所属区域煤层的地质和瓦斯赋存条件,确定了数值试验方案,对地面垂直钻孔预抽特厚煤层瓦斯的效果进行优化分析。基于煤岩（体）的孔隙特征,构建了含瓦斯煤岩（体）破裂过程气-固耦合和渗透率-损伤耦合数学本构模型。采用RFPA2D瓦斯分析版软件建立地面钻孔抽放瓦斯的数值计算模型,设置有关简化条件、边界条件和物性参数,通过数值试验得出：地面垂直钻孔的终孔位置布置在煤层底部比较合理;在综合考虑地面垂直钻孔投入成本和瓦斯抽采效果的基础上,确定地面垂直钻孔间距为50～60 m比较合理。同时,由8101工作面地面垂直钻孔抽采煤层瓦斯的实际应用效果分析可知,当地面垂直钻孔的终孔位置布置在煤层底部,且钻孔间距布置为50 m时,能够实现良好的瓦斯抽放效果,这也从一定程度上进一步验证了数值试验的合理性和可行性。     

上覆硬厚岩层破断运动及断顶控制

硬厚覆岩的破断与结构将发生显著的变化。针对汝箕沟煤矿二2煤层上覆厚层石英砂岩条件,采用现场实测、数值模拟、理论分析及现场试验等方法,研究了硬厚覆岩裂隙发育特征、破断运动、矿压显现特征及断顶控制技术,为硬厚覆岩工作面灾害防治提供了依据。研究表明,硬厚石英砂岩的微观结构致密完整,呈现大面积悬空、大步距破断运动,引起强烈的支架动载,甚至导致工作面风流逆转、沟通上部采空区隐形火区;硬厚岩层破断运移后产生明显的离层空间,并在开切眼上部和工作面上部及采空区中部形成覆岩主裂隙带,且发育高度大于经验计算数值,甚至与上方采空区沟通诱发灾害;实施开切眼深孔断顶爆破及降低工作面采高,有效缩短了硬厚岩层的初次破断步距,降低了支架动载及主裂隙带高度。     

浅埋煤层过双沟地形开采地表裂缝发育规律

为保护黄河流域矿区生态环境,以府谷县庙哈孤矿区安山煤矿125203工作面为背景,采用数值模拟实验、相似材料模拟实验和理论分析相结合的手段,基于工作面过双沟地形开采时地表裂缝发育位置、发育形态等参数,总结出开采诱发地表裂缝发育规律。通过理论分析,建立了浅埋煤层过双沟地形开采地表裂缝发育相对位置函数T及其判别条件,讨论了双沟地形沟谷参数与地表裂缝发育相对位置之间的关系。研究表明,工作面过支沟G1时,共发育地表裂缝4条,最大裂缝宽度23 cm,最大错台11 cm,裂缝发育超前于工作面推进;过主沟G2时共发育地表裂缝7条,最大裂缝宽度79 cm,最大错台45 cm,裂缝发育滞后于工作面推进。裂缝发育相对位置受地质条件、沟深、坡度和沟谷跨度等因素共同影响。地表裂缝发育相对位置函数与裂缝超前(滞后)距离、裂缝宽度和错台以及单沟裂缝总条数密切相关。双沟相互影响程度与工作面推进方向有关。研究结果可为浅埋煤层沟谷下开采地表裂缝发育研究提供一定的理论依据。      

Risk Assessment of Coal Floor Water Inrush from Underlying Aquifers Based on GRA–AHP and Its Application

Ground water inrush from underlying coal seam aquifers is a serious geohazard during coal mining in China. In order to effectively predict coal floor water inrush, the evaluation index system and evaluation standard for coal floor water inrush, containing quantitative indexes and qualitative indexes, is established on the base of conditions of aquifer and aquiclude, geologic structure and mining disturbance. Simultaneously, grey relational analysis and analytic hierarchy process are used to establish an evaluation model which efficiently overcomes the uncertainty between indexes of water inrush effects and really reflects the degree of importance for each index of water inrush effects. The model is applied to the typical working face of Yuzhou coalfield in the north of China to demonstrate the evaluation process. Compared to the water inrush coefficient method which is widely used for evaluating coal floor water inrush, the presented evaluation model in this paper accords more with the susceptibility of coal floor water inrush by multi-factor and is of nonlinear dynamic characteristics of highly complicated formation mechanism. This method offers a new tool in the assessment of ground water inrush in mine.