黏性土固结不排水剪切的滑动损伤模型研究

在工程荷载范围内,不计骨架颗粒的变形,骨架的变形实际是颗粒接触面变形的总和。当剪应力达到某个临界值时,黏性土骨架中有一部分颗粒接触面开始滑动,随着剪应力的增大,出现滑动的颗粒接触面的取向范围也会扩大。将这种颗粒接触面的滑动视为一种损伤。在损伤阶段,黏性土骨架中既有未滑动的接触面,也有已滑动的接触面,宏观剪切模量是这两种接触面的剪切模量的加权平均。在σ-τ平面中,根据应力圆与颗粒起始滑动包络线的相对位置,计算出已出现了滑动的颗粒接触面的取向范围,并定义该取向范围与其所能达到的最大值（由破坏时的应力圆计算）之比为骨架的损伤比。按损伤比进行加权平均得到骨架的整体剪切模量。模型中的参数完全可以根据常规三轴试验确定,模型的形式简单,可适用于复杂的应力路径。对试验结果的拟合表明,该模型能较好地反映黏性土在固结不排水条件下剪切变形的主要特征。     

基于细观分析的黏土本构模型

根据黏性土在固结排水条件下的加、卸载变形特征,分析了孔隙水,固体骨架在不同变形阶段的力学响应行为,按照细观力学分析中的自洽方法,建立了在固结排水条件下的黏土损伤本构模型。模型中考虑了孔隙水和固体骨架在加、卸载阶段的不同特性,认为在损伤阶段整体剪切模量的降低是由固体骨架颗粒接触面滑移而引起,与骨架中滑动相的体积百分比和滑动相的剪切模量有关,并给出了求解整体变形模量的解析方法,最后将模型预测与不同初始固结压力,不同应力路径的排水试验结果作了比较,证明该模型是合理的。     

黏土不排水条件下的应力路径损伤本构模型

黏土的变形主要受土颗粒之间的联结方式控制,将土颗粒之间的联结方式分为完善联结和滑动联结。在弹性变形阶段,颗粒之间的联结为完善联结,随着剪应力的增大,骨架中一部分完善联结逐渐变成滑动联结,这种转变即为损伤的演化。骨架的损伤和破坏遵循Mohr-Coulomb准则,在p-q平面中以应力点到初始损伤线和破坏线的相对距离表示损伤比,给出了一种描述骨架损伤和计算损伤演化的方法,进而提出了一种描述黏土在不排水条件下剪切变形的损伤本构模型。模型中的参数可根据常规三轴压缩试验确定,模型的形式简单,可适用于复杂的应力路径情况。对试验结果的拟合表明,该模型能较好地反映黏土在不排水条件下的剪切变形特征。     

青藏冻结粉土与混凝土基础接触面本构关系研究

土冻结过程中,冰胶结作用使周围土体颗粒与建（构）筑物基础联成一体,这种胶结力称为土与基础间的冻结强度,通常采用冻土沿物体（例如基础材料）表面的剪切强度来度量。因而,冻土与基础接触面的应力-应变关系及其强度特征是确定冻土区基础工程承载力、抗拔性能和分析构筑物与冻土相互作用的基础和关键。为了更好地服务于工程实际,通过大量的冻结粉土与混凝土基础接触面剪切试验,总结了冻土接触面的基本力学特征和受力变形规律。根据获取的剪应力-位移曲线和冻结粉土接触面强度变化规律,利用标准本构模型建模方法,建立了冻结粉土接触面应力-位移-温度本构方程。该模型可以较好地描述不同温度冻结粉土接触面应力-位移变化规律,并为冻土区构筑物受力和变形数值计算提供基础。     

低应力区岩石变形记忆效应形成机制及失忆性

地应力信息储存于开挖后的岩石中,变形率变化法(DRA)是基于岩石变形记忆效应测量地应力的方法,正确的机制是认识变形记忆效应与推广、改进DRA法的基础。传统推测的机制并不能解释低应力区存在变形记忆效应及失忆性等现象。首先进行火山沉积岩试样的物理试验,证明低应力区仍然存在变形记忆效应,记忆信息可同时采用侧向应变及轴向应变测量,两者精度一致。提出在低应力区,岩石变形记忆效应机制为微裂纹接触面及颗粒接触面的摩擦滑动。基于此机制,采用弹性元件、黏性元件和圣维南体构建相应的轴对称理论基本单元模型及多接触面理论模型。进行不同放置时间下的单轴循环压缩试验。结果表明,由轴对称理论模型可以得到低应力区岩石变形记忆效应、侧向DRA曲线与轴向DRA曲线准确度一致且在记忆信息处向上弯曲等、并对失忆性现象进行了初探。理论模型与物理试验结果一致,由此证明微裂纹接触面及颗粒接触面的摩擦滑动可以得到低应力区岩石变形记忆效应。同时,理论模型及物理试验结果为提高DRA法的测量准确度提供了依据。     

黏性土的非极限主动土压力计算方法研究

经典土压力理论只能计算挡土墙位移达到极限状态时的土压力。为了更贴近工程实际,需要发展非极性土压力理论,但以往的研究仅限于砂土。对于黏性土的非极限主动土压力,在已有成果的基础上,从黏性土的应力莫尔圆出发,推导了介于初始状态和极限主动状态之间的中间状态时,黏性土的内摩擦角? 随墙体位移变化的关系公式;同时考虑了墙土接触面上外摩擦角? 和黏聚力cw的影响,根据黏性土应力莫尔圆的几何关系得到了土体黏聚力c与墙体位移的关系;最后应用水平分层法求得了非极限状态时黏性土的主动土压力计算公式。与模型试验数据的对比分析表明,理论计算值和试验实测值基本吻合。研究表明,计算方法对于计算黏性土在非极限状态时的主动土压力具有一定的理论意义,在实际工程中也具有相应的实用价值。     

预应力锚索损伤软化精细有限元模型

预应力锚索作为岩土工程的一种主要加固技术已得到日益广泛的应用,但现有的计算方法难以反映岩体、砂浆、钢绞线相互之间的滑移变形等实际情况,计算结果难以体现实际的加固效果。通过研究接触面的特性引入损伤软化概念,建立了包含钢绞线、砂浆、接触面的损伤软化精细有限元模型,并与现场试验进行了对比分析。该模型优点是精细地描述了钢绞线、砂浆和接触面等结构的力学行为,可以反映接触面力学材料损伤软化的过程,更加精确地反映了锚固段的力学变化过程。试验结果对比显示,两者随着荷载不断加大,锚固段接触面上的剪应力峰值由端口往里转移。当端口处于弹性阶段,峰值在端口,呈指数衰减模式;当端口处出现损伤软化,峰值往里转移。计算分析反映的锚固段应力变化规律与试验基本一致。     

固结比对黏性土动剪切模量影响的研究

采用共振柱试验方法,对固结比对黏性土最大动剪切模量和对动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系的影响进行了研究,并通过土层地震反应计算,初步给出了这种影响对地表反应谱作用的估计。通过对粉质黏土和粉土的系统试验,提出了计算不同固结比粉质黏土和粉土最大动剪切模量的建议公式,并与Hardin公式进行了对比。结果显示,固结比kc >1.0时的最大动剪切模量较kc=1.0时的增长程度明显比Hardin公式要大。与砂土试验结果相比,固结比对黏性土最大动剪切模量影响程度更大。同时,分析了固结比对动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系及对地表反应谱的影响。结果表明,固结比对黏性土动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系有一定影响,随固结比增加,动剪切模量比非线性关系曲线有一定提高,动剪切模量比值增大,在强地震动作用下的土层反应分析中应考虑实际固结比的影响。     

初始剪应力对饱和粉土液化大变形特性的影响

由于斜坡场地存在初始剪应力的作用,在强地震动作用下比水平场地更易发生液化大变形破坏,研究初始剪应力对土体液化大变形特性的影响是必要的。以饱和粉土为研究材料,开展了一系列单幅剪应变达到50%的循环扭剪试验。试验结果表明:在初始剪应力和循环剪应力的共同作用下,饱和粉土试样均发生孔压达到有效围压的零有效应力状态现象,累计变形呈平缓—急剧的发展模式,土体大变形的产生机制可区分为2种:循环液化和应变累计。随着初始剪应力比的增加,饱和粉土的循环强度呈现先减小后增大的特征,且在初始剪应力比接近循环应力比CSR时其循环强度最低。     

柔性支护黏性土基坑非极限被动土压力研究

经典的Rankine和Coulomb土压力计算理论均建立在土体达到极限平衡状态的基础上,并不适用于位移需要严格控制的基坑工程。以柔性支护的黏性土基坑边坡为研究对象,考虑边坡土拱效应、非极限状态下柔性支护结构与土体间内摩擦角以及黏聚力发挥值、土体内摩擦角以及黏聚力发挥值的影响,从黏性土应力莫尔圆出发,采用微层分析法建立静力平衡,搜索边坡土体潜在滑动面,推导柔性支护黏性土基坑的非极限被动土压力计算式。通过实例计算对比分析了本文计算理论与经典Rankine计算理论,推导公式计算得到的被动土压力小于Rankine计算值19%,合力作用位置低于Rankine计算值,作用位置距桩底距离较Rankine计算值小1.5%,计算得到的潜在滑动面为一水平倾角随深度逐渐减小的曲面,潜在滑动面范围小于Rankine极限状态滑动面。     

基于冻融交界面直剪试验的冻土斜坡失稳过程研究

为了探讨多年冻土区自然斜坡失稳机制,开展了不同含水率黏土、粉土、砂土的土-冰交界面直接剪切试验和相应融土的直接剪切试验。结果表明,砂土和砂土-冰冻融交界面剪切应力-变形特性主要表现为弹性变形,且剪应力存在明显峰值;粉土、黏土及相应的冻融交界面在很小的变形范围内表现为塑性变形,且剪应力无峰值。水分对砂土活动层抗剪强度影响较弱,表现为水分增高,内摩擦角小幅降低。水分对粉黏土活动层抗剪强度影响剧烈,表现为水分增高,粉黏土黏聚力急剧减小。研究发现,冻土区斜坡失稳更易发生于细颗粒粉黏土中。相对于粉土,粉土-冰冻融交界面抵抗剪切变形的能力更强,粉土斜坡潜在滑动面更易发育在冻融交界面上层附近;相对于黏土,黏土-冰冻融交界面抵抗剪切变形的能力更弱,黏土斜坡更易在冻融交界面处发生滑动。同时,细粒土斜坡极易在达到最大融化深度前提前失稳,斜坡坡度越高,失稳时间越提前。融化期活动层水分增多导致潜在滑动面黏聚力降低是细粒土冻土斜坡失稳的最主要原因,孔隙水压对冻土斜坡具有一定影响,在稳定性评价时要考虑活动层水位的影响。     

接触角度对黄土-三趾马红土界面剪切力学特性影响研究

西北黄土高原第四系黄土广泛沉积于新近系三趾马红土之上形成粗糙接触的异质土界面,为典型的易滑层面。为探讨接触界面粗糙度对黄土-三趾马红土界面剪切力学特性影响,研制界面制样装置及剪切仪,开展简化黄土-三趾马红土界面直剪试验研究。结果表明:界面剪切破坏模式有齿间滑动、齿间滑动-齿面剪断、齿面剪断3种,界面接触角度越大,破坏模式越趋于齿面剪断,接触角度越小,破坏模式越趋于齿间滑动;界面剪切应力-剪切位移曲线演化规律表明界面脆性剪切破坏特征明显,且界面接触角度越大,峰值前剪切刚度与剪切破坏位移越大,峰值后剪切位移“跳跃”跌落现象越明显,界面脆性剪断破坏特征越显著;界面剪切过程产生明显剪胀效应,随界面接触角度增大,峰值剪胀角呈先减小而后增大趋势,反映了界面不同剪切破坏模式变化;受界面间初始黏聚强度与剪切破坏模式影响,界面抗剪强度随法向应力呈非线性变化,并受界面接触角度影响,峰值强度随界面角度增大呈先增大而后减小趋势,残余强度随界面角度增大呈增大趋势。     

A micromechanical study of rolling and sliding contacts in assemblies of oval granules

The evolution of the microstructure of an assembly of cohesionless granular materials with associated pores, which carry the overall applied stresses through frictional contacts is a complex phenomenon. The macroscopic flow of such materials take place by the virtue of the relative rolling and sliding of the grains on the micro‐scale. A new discrete element method for biaxial compression simulations of random assemblies of oval particles with mixed sizes is introduced. During the course of deformation, the new positions of the grains are determined by employing the static equilibrium equations. A key aspect of the method is that, it is formulated for ellipse cross‐sectional particles, hence desirable inherent anisotropies are possible. A robust algorithm for the determination of the contact points between neighbouring grains is given. Employing the present methodology, many aspects of the behaviour of two‐dimensional assemblies of oval cross‐sectional rods have been successfully addressed. The effects of initial void ratio, interparticle friction angle, aspect ratio, and bedding angle on the rolling and sliding contacts are examined. The distribution of normals to the rolling and sliding contacts have different patterns and are concentrated along directions, which are approximately perpendicular to one another. On the other hand, the distribution of all contact normals (combined rolling and sliding) are close to that of rolling contacts, which confirm that rolling is the dominant mechanism. This phenomenon becomes more pronounced for higher intergranular friction angle. Characteristics of the rolling and sliding contacts are also discussed in the context of the force angle, which is the inclination of contact force with respect to the contact normal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Opposite senses of fold asymmetry

If the orientation of the principal compressive stress is oblique to layering, viscous multilayers fold in response to the layer-parallel shortening and develop asymmetric interfaces in response to the layer-parallel shear. A theoretical analysis of folding of viscous multilayers with different slip laws at layer contacts shows that the sense of asymmetry of folds is determined largely by the behavior of the layer contacts and the sense of layer-parallel shear during folding.

For a given sense of layer-parallel shear, the sense of asymmetry of folds can be reversed by changing only the behavior of the layer contacts. If the slip rate is linearly proportional to the shear stress at layer contacts, the resistance to slip is the same everywhere along interfaces, and the folds develop the sense of asymmetry of drag folds. If the slip rate is a nonlinear function of the shear stress at layer contacts, however, the resistance to slip varies with position along interfaces, and folds develop the sense of asymmetry of monoclinal kink folds.

For a given variable resistance to slip at layer contacts, the sense of asymmetry depends on the sense and magnitude of the layer-parallel shear and on the thickness-to-wavelength ratio of the multilayer.

For finite multilayers with variable resistance to slip at contacts, an increase in the layer-parallel shear stress decreases the dominant wavelength and increases the amplification factor for the initial perturbation of the interface.

The multilayer consists of linear viscous layers and is confined by thick, viscous media. Resistance to slip at layer contacts is modeled theoretically by a powerlaw relationship between rate of slip and contact shear stress. The equations, derived to 2nd order in the slopes of the interfaces, describe the growth of asymmetric folds from initial, symmetric perturbations.     

考虑温度影响的重塑非饱和膨胀土非线性本构模型

以非饱和土的非线性模型为基础,通过对土性参数的修正和考虑温度本身引起的土的变形,建立了考虑温度效应的重塑非饱和膨胀土的本构模型。该模型包括土骨架的本构关系和水量变化的本构关系两个方面,涉及18个参数,都可用非饱和土三轴试验确定。共做了13个重塑非饱和膨胀土温控三轴试验,分析了温度对土的强度和变形的影响,研究了模型参数的变化规律。     

法向应力对接触面循环单剪力学特性的影响研究

法向应力对土与结构接触面循环单剪力学特性的影响研究具有重要意义。运用80 t大型三维接触面试验机,进行了不同法向应力下粗粒土与结构接触面单剪试验,分析了法向应力对接触面循环单剪力学特性的影响规律。试验结果表明,法向应力对接触面变形位移、滑动位移、切向应力、可逆性剪切体变和不可逆性剪切体变以及抗剪强度等接触面性能参量的数值有显著影响,但对参量间关系形式影响较小。法向应力越大,接触面变形位移在初始几个循环内越大,随循环剪切的进行,其减小速率越快,最终稳定值越小;切向刚度越大,切向应力稳定值也越大,初始几个循环内切向刚度系数越小;不可逆性剪切体变越大,可逆性剪切体变峰值和稳定值越小,相变位移和相变应力比越小;抗剪强度越大,其异向程度则先增大后减小。不同法向应力下,接触面循环抗剪强度与法向应力符合摩尔-库仑准则;切向应力比-切向位移关系、不可逆性剪切体变和剪切功密度关系均具有良好一致性,基本不受法向应力影响,可用双曲线模型描述,这将大大简化接触面本构描述。     

A lattice type model for particulate media

In this paper, a lattice-type model to simulate the micro-mechanical behaviour of particulate/granular media is presented. In this numerical model, a particulate assembly is simulated as a lattice/truss. Nodes located at contacts between a particle and its neighbours are linked by bars to each other. Each particle is represented by a lattice within its microstructure and particle interact through load transfer at the nodes. Constraints are prescribed at the nodes to describe active, deactivated and reactivated contacts. When a particulate assembly develops into a mechanism (deformation with zero incremental load), further deformation is simulated through a framework that describes the kinematics of the particles (sliding, rolling and rotation of particles). This framework is formed by introducing nodes at the particle centroids and linking them with bars. Bars-linking particles with a non-sliding contact are assigned large stiffnesses relative to bars linking particles with a sliding contact. Numerical tests are conducted on two-dimensional assemblies of disks, arranged as very loose and very dense packing under simple shear loading conditions. The results concord with the results of numerical tests conducted using the discrete element method and with photoelastic experiments. Additionally, the model is applied to study the effects of initial imperfections caused by particles with low elastic modulus. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of Shear Deformation on Microfabric of Clay Using XRD Technique

The present paper deals with the impact of shear deformation on the geometric arrangement of particles within the soil specimen, which is termed as the microfabric of soil. A series of compression and extension lubricated end triaxial tests are performed on cylindrical specimens of Kaolinite clay with two extreme microfabrics; dispersed and flocculated, which are obtained using slurry consolidation technique. Flocculated microfabric has random orientation of particles within the soil mass having face-to-edge particle contacts; however, dispersed microfabric has parallel orientation of particles containing face-to-face particle contacts. When the specimen is subjected to large stress levels during its shear deformation, the particle orientation and the geometric arrangement within the soil specimen gets affected due to the force acting on the clay platelets. The variation in microfabric of soil before and after shear deformation process is evaluated by obtaining X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay specimen at three different locations using standard X-ray diffractometer. The discussion includes an analysis of the orientation of soil particles located at shear banding zones of the clay specimens, which may be useful for understanding the strain localization development in clays.