扫描电镜对低渗透储油层砂岩基质内孔隙铸体分析的剖析

扫描电镜铸体分析方法用在研究低渗透油层砂岩基质内孔隙结构，从薄片鉴定的二维平面上升到扫描电镜铸体分析的三维立体结构，从而使得分析计算更加准确、可靠。实验结果表明：该方法的着急在于铸体样品的制备。     

济源凹陷下第三系碎屑岩的成岩作用特征

根据砂岩铸体薄片、扫描电镜和Ｘ－衍射分析资料，研究了济源凹陷下第三系碎屑岩主要的成岩作用特征，并说明了压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用是影响下第三系碎屑岩储集层孔隙结构的主要因素。     

克拉玛依油田530井区下乌尔禾组储层物性及油水分布控制因素

克拉玛依油田530井区上二叠统下乌尔禾组为一厚层状的砂质砾状结构火山碎屑冲积扇沉积。油藏的储层物性变化大，油水分布关系复杂。通过岩石薄片、铸体、扫描电镜、物性等资料，分析了储层的成岩演化特征和孔隙成因类型，定量分析原生孔隙、次生孔隙与储层孔隙度、沉积相带之间的关系。在此基础上，根据试油和测井解释成果，综合分析油水分布控制因素。     

济源凹陷中新生界储集层的岩性特征

笔者利用砂岩铸体薄片和扫描电镜观察资料，分析了济源凹陷中新生界储集层的岩性特征，下第三系储集层主要为长石砂岩。中生界储集层主要为岩屑质长石砂岩。砂岩的岩性特征对储集层的储集性能具有影响作用。     

丘陵油田侏罗系地作用与储层物性条件分析

利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性和Ｘ－衍射分析资料,综合分析研究了吐鲁番－哈密盆地丘陵油田的油气储集层特征。侏罗系河道砂体和三角洲前缘砂体构成了丘陵地区主要的油气储集层。砂岩储层的储集窨包括粒间孔隙、残余粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒内孔隙、填隙物内孔隙和裂缝孔隙、次生熔蚀孔隙和裂缝孔隙改善了砂岩储集层的孔隙结构。     

丘陵油田侏罗系成岩作用与储层物性条件分析

利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性和Ｘ－衍射分析资料,综合分析研究了吐鲁番－哈密盆地丘陵油田的油气储集层特征．侏罗系河道砂体和三角洲前缘砂体构成了丘陵地区主要的油气储集层．砂岩储层的储集空间包括粒间孔隙、残余粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒内孔隙、填隙物内孔隙和裂缝孔隙．次生溶蚀孔隙和裂缝孔隙改善了砂岩储集层的孔隙结构．     

孤东油田七区西馆陶组上段储层孔隙结构非均质研究

本文应用研究区主要取心井目的层段的压汞资料、薄片、扫描电镜、铸体薄片及图象分析等资料的综合分析、研究，揭示了孤东油田七区西馆上段河流相储层的孔隙结构非均质特征。馆上段储层的孔隙类型以原生孔隙为主，孔隙结构非均质性明显f各沉积微相孔隙结构特征和非均质程度有明显差异；从心滩、边滩、河道充填到河道边缘，其孔喉半径依次变小，孔隙结构变复杂，非均质程度增强。     

内蒙古科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石学特征

根据碎屑岩铸体薄片和扫描电镜观察分析资料，研究了科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石学特征。科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂砾岩。碎屑岩的岩性特征对沙海组储集层的成岩作用具有显著的影响作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地郑庄油区长6储层孔隙结构特征及影响因素

采用铸体薄片、扫描电镜,高压压汞等多种技术手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地郑庄油区长6储层的孔隙结构进行了分析和研究.该储层具有低孔、特低孔-特低渗的特征,以剩余原生粒间孔和次生孔隙为主,长石、岩屑及浊沸石胶结物的溶解是形成次生孔隙的主要原因.中孔和小孔是油气的主要储集空间,细喉、微细喉、微喉是长6的基本渗流通道.铸体薄片、扫描电...     

鄂尔多斯盆地吴旗地区长6储层孔隙结构特征

孔隙结构研究是油藏精细描述、储层综合评价的重要内容,采用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、铸体图像分析、高压压汞和恒速压汞等多种技术手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地吴旗地区长6储层的孔隙结构进行了深入分析和研究.鄂尔多斯盆地吴旗地区长6储层具有高孔低渗的特征,储层以原生剩余粒间孔为主,长石、岩屑及早期碳酸盐胶结物的溶解是形成次生孔隙的主要原因.中孔和小孔是油气的主要储集空间,细喉和中喉则是长6的基本渗流通道.铸体薄片、孔喉图像分析表明,吴旗长6储层具有复杂的孔喉分布特征,不同微相孔喉分布及孔隙结构特征是造成油井产能差异的重要因素.     

Changes in the compound classes of dissolved organic matter along an estuarine transect: A study using FTIR and C NMR

In this work, we use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C NMR) data to quantify the changes of major chemical compound classes (carboxylic acid, amide, ester, aliphatic, aromatic and carbohydrate) in high molecular weight (HMW, >1 kDa) dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated along a transect through the Elizabeth River/Chesapeake Bay system to the coastal Atlantic Ocean off Virginia, USA. Results show that carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds are lost along the transect, while HMW DOC becomes enriched in carbohydrate moieties that could have a mid-transect source, perhaps the intensive red tide bloom (Choclodinium polykrikoides) which occurred during our sampling period. Taking the second derivative of the FTIR spectra resolved three pools of de-protonated carboxylic acids at our Dismal Swamp site (used to represent terrestrial organic matter in this area): one carboxylic acid pool, complexed with iron, seems to be lost between the Dismal Swamp and river sites; the second appears biogeochemically active throughout the riverine transect, disappearing in the coastal ocean sample; the third seems refractory, with the potential to be transported to and to accumulate within the open ocean. Five-member ring esters (γ-lactones) were the major ester form in the Dismal Swamp; aliphatic and acetate esters were the dominant esters in the estuary/marine DOM. No amide groups were detectable in Dismal Swamp DOM; secondary amides were present at the estuarine/marine sites. Coupling FTIR with ¹³C NMR provides new insights into the biogeochemical roles of carboxylic acid, amide and ester compounds in aquatic ecosystems.     

Characterization of Bulgarian oil shale kerogen revealed by oxidative degradation

A 13-step alkaline permanganate degradation of Bulgarian oil shale kerogen concentrate at ambient temperature was carried out. A high yield of oxidation products (90.1%) and a low yield of gaseous products (2.79%) were obtained. IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopic studies have shown that two significantly different types of high molecular products are present in kerogen. Further oxidation of these structures leads to the formation of low molecular aliphatic and aromatic acids, proven by gas chromotography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The data obtained at these mild conditions allow us to acquire detailed information about the aromatic structures and polymethylene chain lengths in kerogen.The 5-step oxidation of the kerogen at 90 °C provides information about stable aromatic structures. Soluble and insoluble polyfunctional acids in acid medium have close molecular masses and spectral characteristics. The amount of benzene and naphthalene carboxylic acids is 11.3% of the organic matter of the oil shale.     

Composition of organic compounds in bottom sediments of lakes in the taiga and steppe zones in Siberia

The paper presents chromatographic–mass spectrometric data on the individual composition of organic compounds in sapropel-like deposits of lakes in the steppe, forest–steppe, and three taiga natural climatic zones (NCZ) in Khakassia and western Siberia. Data on the individual composition of n-alkanes, carboxylic acids and their esters, thiophenes, phytol, phytone, steroids, and di- and triterpenoids and on their distribution in the sediments show systematic variations in the composition of the organic matter (OM) with increasing ambient temperature and the aridity of the climate. The concentrations of all groups of the compounds in lacustrine sediments decrease southward, and simultaneously esters with long (up to С₂₀) alkyl substituents appear. The concentrations of oxygen-bearing compounds increase among the acyclic structures and triterpenoids, as also do the concentrations of structures ketonic substituents among the steroids. The dominance of the carboxylic acids and their esters by high molecular weight homologues gives way to the dominance of palmic acid and its derivatives. Among n-alkanes, the dominance of С₂₇ and С₂₉ hydrocarbons typical of terrestrial plants gives way to a higher percentage of homologues С₂₁–С₂₅ (macrophytes) and С₃₁ (herbaceous plants). Among the tocopheroles, the concentration of the oxidized form of α-tocopherol (acetate) increases.     

Ions of Organic Carboxylic Acids (Formic,Acetic, and Oxalic) in the Snow Cover of Permafrost Landscapes of Boreal Eastern Siberia

The distribution of ions of organic carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, and oxalic) was investigated in the snowpack of permafrost landscapes of the boreal zone of Eastern Siberia. The contents of formate-, acetate-, and oxalate-ions were determined in permafrost landscapes of different zones of latitudinal and mountain- belt types. The maximum contents of organic carboxylic acid ions were observed in the snow cover of middle-taiga landscapes. The input rate of the ions into the snow cover of middle-taiga and mountain landscapes is controlled by altitudinal zonation and correlates with the total mass of plant organisms, which are the main source of organic carboxylic acids in the atmosphere. The obtained data suggest that organic carboxyl acid ions were supplied mainly by the atmosphere (74–90%), whereas the contribution of soil respiration was minor. The upward migration of organic carboxylic acid ions from the substrate to the snow cover depends on soil and snow temperature. Cooling of the soil surface below–5°C results in a considerable decrease in the migration of organic carboxylic acid ions from soil to snow.     

Esters of acyclic and polycyclic isoprenoid alcohols: Biochemical markers in lacustrine sediments

Esters of phytol or related isoprenoid acids and fatty acid esters of pentacyclic triterpenoid alcohols and sterols have been isolated from lacustrine sediments varying in age from contemporary to c. 50,000 years old. The esters were analysed by C-GC-MS and identified by GC retention data and mass spectral interpretation based on comparison with authentic compounds.In surface sediment of a productive lake, phytyl and steryl esters are biochemical markers of input from algal and Zooplankton sources. Esters of pentacyclic triterpenols detected in an older, peat-derived sediment may reflect constituents of peat-forming plant species. In sediments derived mainly from terrestrial organic matter, steryl esters containing the same acyl group showed a lower stanol/Δ⁵-stenol ratio than did the corresponding free sterols.     

红壤中矿物表面对腐殖质吸附萘的影响

矿物表面可改变土壤腐殖质对疏水性有机污染物的结合能力。采用红壤和高岭石分别与胡敏酸结合制备得到的两种复合体对萘的吸附等温线非线性显著,其n=0.76或0.74,并且有机碳归一化吸附分配系数的实验值Koacds是采用Kow计算得出的理论值Koc的5倍以上,表明红壤、高岭石均对腐殖质吸附萘有强化作用,且红壤较之高岭石对腐殖质吸附萘的影响稍强些。主要原因是,红壤中除了高岭石外,还有与腐殖质结合力很强的铁氧化物,而且很可能是吸附态腐殖质组成结构形态发生了有利于对萘吸附的改变。     

Stereochemical studies of acyclic isoprenoid compounds—II The role of chlorophyll in the derivation of isoprenoid-type acids in a lacustrine sediment

The stereochemistries of a series (I)–(IX) of isprenoid-type acids in the lacustrine Green River Shale (Eocene) have been examined. The absolute configurations of five of the acids present in the free-fatty acid fraction have been determined by high resolution gas Chromatographic analysis of the methyl and (?)-menthyl esters and are compatible with an origin from the phytyl moiety of chlorophyll. The results for two other isoprenoid-type acids, 5,9,13-trimethyltetradecanoic acid (IV) and 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecanoic acid (VI), do not at present preclude a chlorophyll derivation. The 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecanoic (VIII) and 5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecanoic (IX) acids each comprise two or more stereoisomers. The stereoisomeric composition of the 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid (VI) indicates that it is unlikely that 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, pristane, is an intermediate in the geochemical pathways presumed to lead from phytol to this acid.     

钛柱撑蒙脱石的表面活性研究

利用吸附吡啶的红外光谱对采用水解法和Sol—Gel法制备的钛柱撑蒙脱石和Ti—PLMs表面的酸位进行分析，结果表明：在蒙脱石表面主要存在羟基功能基和L酸位，Ti—PLMs表面除了有很强的L酸位，还出现B酸位。水解法和Sol-Gel法制备的Ti—PLMs相比，后者的L酸位较多,而B酸位较少,认为Ti—PLMs表面的酸位，尤其是B酸位，主要来自于层间产生的TiO2柱子。     

超临界萃取技术在泥炭纤维素提纯中的应用与萃取组分特征

将超临界CO2萃取技术应用于泥炭纤维素中有机脂类物质的提纯工作,并对萃取物进行色—质联用分析。结果表明,在萃取物中检出了一系列甲酯类、乙酯类、少量有机酸及正构烷烃组分。首次检出的脂肪酸乙酯系列化合物多数呈高碳数分布,具偶碳优势。长链正构烷烃主峰碳为nC33或nC31,具有明显的奇碳优势,这在一定程度上反映了泥炭生成过程的气候条件,记录了气候变化的信息。同时也显示出超临界CO2萃取技术能够很好地完成除去纤维素中有机脂类这一重要环节,有利于提高泥炭纤维素δ13C值检测的准确度,为超临界流体萃取技术在地学中的应用开辟了一个新途径。     

Identification of rumanite (Romanian amber) as thermally altered succinite (Baltic amber)

 Romanian amber (rumanite) has been considered to be a separate species of fossil resin for more than a century. While earlier investigators held it to be very similar to succinite (Baltic amber), modern scholars have assigned it a distinctly different botanical origin. We have found that almost all of the constituents of the ether-soluble fractions of 13 specimens of authentic rumanite identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry have previously been reported in the soluble fraction of succinite, including succinic acid and its monoterpene esters. Additionally and significantly, the soluble fraction of rumanite contains a number defunctionalized compounds that do not preexist in succinite, but that are produced by pyrolysis of whole succinite or of its insoluble polymeric fraction. Simultaneous methylation pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the polymeric fraction of seven of the rumanite specimens yielded further copious amounts of dimethyl succinate, a number of diterpene resin acid methyl esters, and additional defunctionalized compounds known to be pyrolysis products of succinite. The evidence shows conclusively that the botanical origin of rumanite is not distinct from that of succinite. Rather, rumanite is a succinite that has suffered partial thermal degradation in the course of the folding of the Oligocene Kliwa sandstone formation in which it is most commonly found. Received: 30 December 1999 / Accepted: 16 May 2000