华东南相山铀矿田的氢氧同位素地球化学研究

矿物及包裹体水的氢氧同位素组成的研究结果表明，相山铀矿田成矿热液的δ^18O与δD值分别变化于－67‰－－7．2‰（SMOW）和－44．1‰－－5．2‰，属大气降水成因流体，蚀变体系δ^18O的变化情况显示，与岩石作用的流体具低δ^18O的降水特征，不同水／岩比值条件下的水－岩同位素平衡交换反应的理论计算和综合分析揭示，本矿田的铀成矿热液起源于大气降水与相山主要岩石的相互作用，岩浆水对成矿热液的贡献不大。     

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床年代学、氦氩碳氧同位素特征及其地质意义

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿位于西南天山西端，受NNE向脆韧性剪切带控制。对绢云母化蚀变岩进行了^40Ar／^39Ar法年龄测定，表明金主成矿时代为三叠纪。根据黄铁矿流体包裹体氦、氩同位素、石英流体包裹体的碳、氧同位素组成，讨论了萨瓦亚尔顿金矿成矿流体的来源。结果表明石英流体包裹体中δ^18OSMOW变化于14．5100-24．2‰，CO2的δ^CPDB变化范围较大，为-8．69‰～＋4．98‰，暗示成矿流体中的碳来源于地幔和海相碳酸盐岩。黄铁矿流体包裹体的^3He／^4He变化较大，为0．04～1．11R／Ra，^40Ar／^36Ar变化较小，介于301～348。综合分析认为萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的成矿流体为地幔流体和地壳流体混合的产物，以地壳流体为主。     

中国东部地幔CO2流体包裹体的碳同位素初步研究

采用分步加热爆裂法收集中国东部１１个地点的新生代玄武岩中１３个富ＣＯ２流体包裹体捕捞体（包括１２个橄榄岩和１个麻粒岩）的ＣＯ２，做了碳同位素测定，８００℃的δ＾１３Ｃ主要集中分布于－１６．０‰－－２２．０‰，１１００℃的δ＾１３Ｃ主要集中分布于－２１．０‰－２９．０‰。初步结果表明，地幔演化不同阶段的流体ＣＯ２碳同位素组成不同。     

滇黔交界地区玄武岩铜矿同位素地球化学特征

对滇黔交界地区玄武岩铜矿进行了同位素地球化学示踪。铜矿石中沥青艿δ^13CPDB为-33.1‰～-30.9‰，炭质δ^13CPDB为-23.2‰～-20.2‰；方解石的δ^13CPDB一般为-13.5‰～-19.4‰，δ^13CPDB一般为19.0‰～23.5‰；石英流体包裹体水泐为-69‰～-89‰，δ^18O石英SMOW为15.7‰～17.4‰，与其平衡的流体的δ^18O水SMOW为2.2‰～3.9‰；各种矿物的铅同位素组成一般为^206Pb/^204 17.855～18.923，^207Pb/^204 Pb 15.503～15.694，^208Pb/^204Pb 38.293～39.036；辉铜矿δ^34SCDT为19.2‰和20.7‰。这些特征综合显示峨眉山玄武岩铜矿的成矿作用与盆地流体的对流循环及从玄武岩中萃取成矿物质有关，有机质对成矿流体的还原和对成矿物质的吸附作用可能是成矿的重要机制。     

济阳拗陷第三纪玄武岩的氧同位素

研究了山东刘阳拗陷29个第三纪玄武岩样品的氧同位素组成。结果表明，这些玄武岩的全岩氧同位素组成变化明显，δ^18○值为6．3‰－12．2‰。其中，蚀变轻微的晚第三纪玄武岩的δ^18○值为6．3‰－7．9‰，与正常大陆玄武岩的值（5．0‰－7．4‰）相似；而蚀变明显的早第三纪玄武岩的δ^18○值为6．3‰－12．2‰，并且90％以上样品的δ^18○值都大于7．5‰。结合岩石学与岩石化学研究，是第三纪玄武岩δ^18○值不同程度升高是由低温雨水热液蚀变（碳酸盐化）作用造成的。     

甘肃省文县阳山金矿床地质地球化学研究

对阳山金矿床进行的地质学，地球化学研究表明，矿石中金主要以微细粒金（2－3μm）包裹于毒砂，黄铁矿等矿物之中；矿石中As,Sb及有机碳含量较高，且Au与Ag,As,Hg,Sb等低温热液元素相关性明显，流体包裹体均一温度为150－250℃、盐度w(NaCleq）为1．6％－6．5％，流体包裹体成分为H2O和CO2为主，含少量CO、CH4、H2。黄铁矿，辉锑矿δ^34S值为－3.47‰-- 13.23‰，石英δ^18O值为－3．09‰－＋0．41‰，δD值为－92．4‰－－62．9‰，全岩δ^13C值为－2．19‰--9．14‰，δ^18O值为－13．54‰--9．06‰，反映了成矿流体为低温，低盐度热液，其组成以大气降水为主，并有岩浆热液参与，成矿物质来自泥盆系地层及燕山期岩浆岩体，矿床为受构造直接控制的，与沉积作用及燕山早期岩浆活动有成因联系的叠加改造型微型细浸染型金矿床。     

碾子山晶洞碱性花岗岩矿物-水氧同位素交换反应动力学

对黑龙江碾子山碱性花岗岩的全岩及其主要单矿物进行了氧同位素分析，结果表明，全岩和单矿物不仅δ^18O 值变化范围较大（全岩－2．4－2．0‰，石英0．0－5．8‰，碱性长石－3．8－0．1‰，磁铁矿－8．5－1．0‰），而且强烈亏损^18O。共生矿物之间表现出明显不平衡的氧同位素分馏特征，指示在花岗岩侵位之后与水之间发生了同位素交换，根据锆石和现代大气降水的氧同位素组成，对岩石与外来流体的δ^18O值进行了估计，多维矿水－岩反应时限约为0．3－3Ma，水／岩比（氧摩尔比）介于0．11－1．02之间。水－岩反应温度较高（约400度）和反应时间较长是导致石英δ^18O值降低的主要原因。     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）HP-UHP变质岩中石英脉流体包裹体δD-δ^18O同位素组成及其意义

流体包裹体δD-δ^18O同位素测定显示CCSD石英脉具有较稳定的氢同位素（8D=-97‰～-69‰）和相对较低且变化较大的氧同位素组成，其矿物δ^18O为-1．9‰-9．6‰，相应流体的δ^18O为-11．66‰～0．93‰，说明其变质岩围岩在板块俯冲前曾在地表与大气降水发生过程度不同的水／岩反应，而石英脉继承了其各自寄主变质岩的δ^18O组成；在CCSD纵向上，石英脉的δ^18O同位素组成出现“∑”型变化，分别在900m～1500m和2700m出现极低值，而在1770m和4000m出现高正值，说明CCSD变质岩原岩在俯冲前与大气降水间的水／岩反应受到局部侵入的岩浆岩带来的高温和构造空间的控制；CCSD中石英脉δ^18O在纵向上的变化基本同步于其寄主围岩变质矿物的δ^18O组成变化，说明石英脉与其他变质矿物一样．也经历了HP，甚至UHP变质，但其主体应形成于板块折返过程中HP-UHP岩石的减压重结晶及退变质；CCSD石英脉、东海地表石英脉或水晶矿的δD-δ^18O同位素值分布的不均一性，说明HP-UHIP岩石在板块折返及其后退变质中释放出的流体活动范围有限，没有经历大规模的流动或迁移。东海水晶的流体包裹体δD-δ^18O组成与CCSD石英脉相似，显示它们的成因基本一致，主要形成于晚三叠世板块折返过程。     

塔里木盆地寒武系层状硅质岩与硅化岩的元素、δ30Si、δ18O地球化学研究

塔里木盆地寒武系发育层状硅质岩和硅化岩,层状硅质岩主要发育于塔东下寒武统深水沉积相区;硅化岩发育于塔东上寒武统斜坡沉积区与西部台地区寒武系白云岩中。根据显微结构特征,可将硅化岩分为放射状硅化岩与交代残余结构硅化岩两种。分析结果表明,层状硅质岩在Al—Fe-Mn三元图中位于正常海水沉积硅质岩区内,在微量元素平均地壳标准化图解上显示平缓右倾的特征;层状硅质岩Si同位素组成护。δ30Si为0．99‰～1．4‰,O同位素组成δ18O为21．4‰～24．4‰,与沉积型硅质岩相吻合,指示了正常海水沉积成因。硅化岩区别于层状硅质岩的典型特征是具有高U异常的特征;罗西斜坡放射状硅化岩具有较高的微量元素和稀土元素含量（∑REE为18．8～96．9μg／g）与较低的Si、O同位素值（δ18O和δ30Si值分别为15．8‰和1．7‰）;西部台地区交代残余结构硅化岩具有较低微量元素和稀土元素含量（∑REE为0．58～2．61μg／g）与较高的δ30Si（1．0‰～3．8‰）、δ18O（21．6‰～27．0‰）值特征。盆地东西部硅化岩的地球化学差异可能与硅化流体的温度差异有关,罗西斜坡放射状硅化岩硅化温度相对更高;另一方面,硅化过程对h430SiO4选择性较高,因而形成的交代石英具有较高的铲勘值。根据古城4井硅化岩包裹体均一温度与交代石英的O同位素值计算得到交代流体的δ18O值为9．1‰,该值与酸性岩浆水的δ18O值相似,指示了硅化流体可能来自于岩浆或变质水;以δ18O值（9．1‰）作为西部台地区硅化流体的O同位素值,计算得到西部台地区硅化岩硅化流体温度为101．3～158．5℃。根据石英O同位素温度计计算的硅化流体温度呈东高西低的趋势,指示了硅化流体可能来自台地东部。     

辽东古元古代富镁质碳酸盐岩建造菱镁矿滑石矿床成矿流体研究

辽东地区古元古代大石桥组中分布有富镁质碳酸盐岩建造，并产有大型或超大型菱镁矿、滑石矿床。笔者等近期在该地区野外工作中发现了沉积型石膏岩，并对其和菱镁矿滑石围岩进行了相应的稳定同位素和流体包裹体研究。稳定同位素分析结果为δ^13C一般-1．8‰～ 1．2‰、δ^18Ol0‰～20‰，δ^14SVCDT23．9‰～26．5‰；结合菱镁矿和白云岩流体包裹体形态和成分特征，笔者等认为早期镁质非金属矿床的形成与古元古代的海相蒸发岩系有关，古海水演化而来的变质成矿流体对后期滑石矿床的形成起着重要的控制作用。     

岩溶地区现代土壤与洞穴石笋中单甲基支链烷烃与烷基环己烷对比研究

利用GC-MS（气相色谱—质谱仪）,对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。      

Hydrogen and carbon in solid solution in oxides and silicates

The dissolution of H₂O and CO₂ in structurally dense, nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate oxide matrices such as MgO and CaO is reviewed. H₂O and CO₂ are treated as gaseous oxide components which enter into solid solution with the refractory oxide hosts. They form anion complexes associated with cation vacancy sites. Evidence is presented that OH^? pairs which derive from the dissolution of H₂O are subject to a charge transfer (CT) conversion into peroxy moieties and molecular hydrogen, O ₂ ^2? ... H₂. Because the O ₂ ^2? moiety is small (O^?-O^? distance ≈ 1.5 Å) high pressure probably favors the CT conversion. Mass spectroscopic studies show that molecular H₂ may be lost from the solid which retains excess oxygen in the form of O ₂ ^2? , leading to the release of atomic O. The dissociation of O ₂ ^2? moieties into a vacancy-bound O^? state and an unbound O^? state can be followed by measuring the internal redox reactions involving transition metal impurities, the transient paramagnetism of the O^? and their effect on the d.c. conductivity. Evidence is presented that CO₂ molecules dissolve dissociatively in the structurally dense oxide matrix, as if they were first to dissociate into CO+O and then to form separate solute moieties CO ₂ ^2? and O ₂ ^2? , both associated with cation vacancy sites. In the CO ₂ ^2? moiety (C-O^? distance 1.2–1.3 Å, OCO angle ≈ 130°) the C atom probably sits off center. The transition of the C atom into interstitial sites is accompanied by dissociation of the CO ₂ ^2? moiety into CO^? and O^?. This transition can be followed by infrared spectroscopy, using OH^? as local probes. Further support derives from magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, low frequency dielectric loss and low temperature deformation measurements. The recently observed emission of O and Mg atoms besides a variety of molecules such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, HCN and other hydrocarbons during impact fracture of MgO single crystals is presented and discussed in the light of the other experimental data.     

Geogenic and anthropogenic zinc in epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland

At 31 sites in Finland the Zn content was determined of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on pine and birch, the terricolous lichen Cladina spp. in pine bark, and the inner part of birch bark. The anomalous contents of Zn in H. physodes on pine and Cladina spp. in soil appeared to be strongly related to sulphide ore deposits. Anthropogenic Zn correlated closely with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and with Fe in Cladina spp. The binding of geogenic Zn was related to iron hydroxides, and was attributed to the different uptake mechanism of S in these lichens. Elevated values of Zn in H. physodes on birch were due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Zinc in pine bark increased with the Zn content in H. physodes and reached a limiting value.     

Comparative urbanization in Ghana and Kenya in time and space

There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization.     

Temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment load in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers in Himalaya, India

The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.25 mm yr⁻¹) and 907 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.42 mm yr⁻¹) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (0.58 mm yr⁻¹).     

Discovery of Cinnabar in Soils in Hg Anomalous Zones in City and Town Areas and Their Surroundings and Its Significance

As a result of systematic study on heavy minerals in soils at city and town areas and their surroundings,cinnabar was discovered for the first time in areas of Hg anomalies in China, and it was found that the distribution of cinnabar was basically coincident in scope with that of Hg anomalies, showing that Hg anomalies were‘closely related to cinnabar. This finding provides a theoretical basis for a verification of Hg anomalies in soils in city and town areas and their surroundings, as well as evaluation of its ecological effects, and is significant to revealing the occurrence modes and origin of Hg in soils.     

煤中气孔和镶嵌结构及其在煤变质研究中的意义

河南省禹县、新密和荥巩煤田山西组Ⅱ₁煤的贫煤和无烟煤中,气孔发育。气孔形态有椭圆状（图版1）、圆状及不规则状（图版2）,有的几个气孔连在一起呈大的朵状气孔(图版3)。此外,在荥巩煤田西部无烟煤中还发育有镀嵌结构(图版4)。      

Re-Os and Pd-Ag systematics in Group IIIAB irons and in pallasites

Using improved analytical techniques, which reduce the Re blanks by factors of 8 to 10, we report new Re-Os data on low Re and low PGE pallasites (PAL-anom) and IIIAB irons. The new pallasite samples nearly double the observed range in Re/Os for pallasites and allow the determination of an isochron of slope 0.0775 ± 0.0008 (T = 4.50 ± 0.04 Ga, using the adjusted λ¹⁸⁷Re = 1.66 × 10⁻¹¹ a⁻¹) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09599 ± 0.00046. If the data on different groups of pallasites (including the “anomalous” pallasites) are considered to define a whole-rock isochron, their formation would appear to be distinctly younger than for the iron meteorites by ∼60 Ma. Five IIIAB irons (Acuna, Bella Roca, Chupaderos, Grant, and Bear Creek), with Re contents ranging from 0.9 to 2.8 ppb, show limited Re/Os fractionation and plot within errors on the IIAB iron meteorite isochron of slope 0.07848 ± 0.00018 (T = 4.56 ± 0.01 Ga) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09563 ± 0.00011. Many of the meteorites were analyzed also for Pd-Ag and show ¹⁰⁷Ag enrichments correlated with Pd/Ag, requiring early formation and fractionation of the FeNi metal, in a narrow time interval, after injection of live ¹⁰⁷Pd (t_1/2 = 6.5 Ma) into the solar nebula. Based on Pd-Ag, the typical range in relative ages of these meteorites is ≤10 Ma. The Pd-Ag results suggest early formation and preservation of the ¹⁰⁷Pd-¹⁰⁷Ag systematics, both for IIIAB irons and for pallasites, while the younger Re-Os apparent age for pallasites suggests that the Re-Os system in pallasites was subject to re-equilibration. The low Re and low PGE pallasites show significant Re/Os fractionation (higher Re/Os) as the Re and PGE contents decrease. By contrast, the IIIAB irons show a restricted range in Re/Os, even for samples with extremely low Re and PGE contents. There is a good correlation of Re and Ir contents. The correlation of Re and Os contents for IIIAB irons shows a similar complex pattern as observed for IIAB irons (Morgan et al., 1995), and neither can be ascribed to a continuous fractional crystallization process with uniform solid-metal/liquid-metal distribution coefficients.     

Trends in Analytical Developments and Earth Science Applications in LA-ICP-MS and LA-MC-ICP-MS for 2004 and 2005

This review of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry includes research that employed quadrupole instruments, and single-collector and multicollector magnetic sector field instruments. The most important trend in 2004–2005 was the growing appreciation that small matrix effects in LA-(MC)-ICP-MS need to be addressed in order to produce highly precise and accurate data by the method. The issue is most acute for isotope ratio measurements that require standard-sample-standard bracketing but can also be important for certain elemental analysis. Matrix-dependent elemental and isotopic fractionations were studied from the standpoint of laser-sample interactions and the behaviour of laser-generated particles in the ablation cell, transfer tubing and ICP torch. Innovations in LA-(MC)-ICP-MS involved signal smoothing, in torch laser ablation, on-line isotope dilution and molecular oxide monitoring. Other important research was carried out on the calibration and homogeneity of various reference materials; and the exploration of mature ( in situ U-Pb geochronology) and emerging (apatite fission-track chronometry, U-Th/He thermochronology, boron/strontium/uranium-series isotopic microanalysis) applications in the Earth sciences.     

Regional gravity survey and application in oil and gas exploration in China

Ground gravity survey for regional structure unit delineation and oil and gas exploration in China is addressed in this paper with examples. Gravity survey scales, coverage, technical regulations and achievements at the national level are introduced, including data processing and anomaly interpretation techniques. Bouguer anomalies of terrestrial territories of China and classification of anomalous feature zones are also described; they are well correlated with lithotectonical boundaries, fault zones, and unexposed igneous plutons. Recent study results of petroliferous sedimentary basins are presented as well, including concealed boundaries and major structures of large basins. It is concluded that gravity survey is the most effective and economic method in unveiling unexposed and deep-seated structures, targeting and delineating oil and gas-bearing sedimentary basins, and locating main trap structures within prolific basins in early stage of exploration in China. Suggestions for improving exploration of both conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in China are also given in the paper.