甘肃省金塔县紫山子地区含煤地层时代研究

甘肃省金塔县北部（紫山子地区）含煤地层,由于地质工作程度低,古生物资料比较缺乏,对含煤地层时代认识尚不一致。为解决含煤地层时代及探讨找煤前景,在所选剖面的不同层位中采集到少量古植物化石及孢粉样品。古植物化石鉴定为早中侏罗世常见分子;孢粉样品经分析获得了较为丰富的化石,经研究并与时代相当的孢粉组合对比,确定当前组合时代为中侏罗世。     

贵州福泉-凯里地区含铝岩系孢粉组合特征及形成时代研究

贵州福泉-凯里地区含铝岩系分布广泛,但其产出时代一直存在争议。本文运用孢粉年代学的方法,对凯里-福泉地区铝土矿4条典型剖面采集6件孢粉样品,讨论铝土矿的形成时代。研究表明:本次发现的孢粉样品中"四方十字粉Crucisaccites quadratoides、布氏厚角孢Triquitrites bransonii和固定三肩孢Tantillus perstantus等是贵州早二叠世时期最常见的特征属种,因此将本区铝土矿成矿时代限定为早二叠世。与黔北务正道地区铝土矿对比,含铝岩系孢粉组合特征与黔北务正道地区含铝岩系中孢粉组合特征相似度高,含铝岩系应形成于早二叠世紫松期-隆林阶,与黔北务正道地区大竹园组铝土矿形成时代相当。     

驼马滩盆地含煤地层时代的厘定与我国北方早白垩世含煤地层对比

甘肃境内有经济意义的早白垩世含煤地层原先仅知是陇南的东河群。1984—1985年间甘肃省地矿局酒泉地调队在对肃北蒙古族自治县马宗山区公婆泉乡管辖的驼马滩盆地进行煤田地质工作时,向笔者所在单位采送了不少孢粉样品,经段文海鉴定的73个样品中有23属32种,总计8187粒孢粉。取得了含煤地层时代为早白垩世的证据,随之认定了甘肃境内第二个有工业价值的含煤沉积。这一孢粉组合发现并不局限于说明地层时代,而对阐述古气候、探讨古环境、进行区域间地层对比,研究我国含煤地层的时空分布也有着不同程度的意义。     

甘肃省临夏盆地更新世早期湖泊沉积孢粉记录的古气候演化

根据孢粉组合特征,将临夏盆地早更新统东山组(2.50-1.76Ma)的孢粉划分为3个孢粉带(含6个亚带),即3个植被、气候阶段,第一阶段(2.50-1.91Ma,带Ⅰ),植被类型是以柏科、榆属和禾本科为优势种的温带森林,气候表现为温凉稍干,并有逐渐干旱化的趋势.第二阶段(1.91-1.80Ma,带Ⅱ)是以云杉属、榆属和...     

黑龙江嘉荫县乌云煤矿与白山头地质剖面地层时代归属

对黑龙江省嘉荫县乌云煤矿和白山头剖面的孢粉样品进行了研究,结果表明:乌云煤矿剖面孢粉组合中温带类型的花粉(主要为莫米粉属、拟桦粉属、胡桃粉属)含量较高,另外也有一定数量的热带—亚热带分子;白山头剖面的主要花粉类型包括与桦木科有关的三孔粉属及松粉属和杉粉属等裸子植物类型。通过对这些孢粉类型的分布时代进行分析并与其他孢粉组合进行对比,认为乌云煤矿剖面及白山头剖面中观察到的含孢粉地层的时代为古新世。     

鲁西南地区二叠纪孢粉组合及其古植被与古气候意义

对鲁西南地区晚古生代含煤地层中采取的岩芯样品进行分析、鉴定和统计,发现了大量保存良好的孢粉化石,总计76属189种及部分未定种。根据孢粉植物群演化的阶段性、主要属种的纵向分布规律和含量上的变化,建立了本区二叠纪的四个孢粉组合带,自下而上为:Ⅰ.Laevigatosporites vulgaris-Florinites junior(VJ)组合;Ⅱ.Gulisporites cochlearius-Sinulatisporites sinensis(CS)组合;Ⅲ.Patellisporites meishanensis-Torispora laevigatus(ML)组合;Ⅳ.Triquitrites-Anticapipollis tornatilis(Tt)组合。它们分别归于本区早二叠世早期的太原组中上部(组合Ⅰ),早二叠世中期的山西组(组合Ⅱ),早二叠世晚期的下石盒子组(组合Ⅲ)和晚二叠世早期的上石盒子组(组合Ⅳ)。简介了各孢粉组合的特征及其与邻区及华北部分地区同期的孢粉组合的对比,并讨论了各孢粉组合所代表的古植被面貌和古气候环境。另外,太原组下部和本溪组由于化石稀少,且保存状况较差,不足以建立孢粉组合,有待今后再作进一步研究。     

苏南溧阳上白垩统泰州组的发现

通过对江苏南部溧阳市上黄镇一露头剖面样品的分析 ,获得了丰富且保存完好的孢粉化石 ,经鉴定共 5 2属 87种。根据岩性、孢粉组合特征并与苏北及其他地区对比 ,确定含化石的地层为上白垩统泰州组 ,从而在苏南地区首次发现泰州组。这一发现不仅是对整个江苏地区泰州组地层研究的重要补充 ,而且对该区区域地质历史的重新认识 ,以及今后的石油勘探工作有着相当重要的现实意义     

神农架大九湖15.753kaB.P.以来的孢粉记录和环境演变*

根据对大九湖297cm厚的泥炭地层10个AMS ¹⁴ C年龄的测定以及148块孢粉样品的分析,发现每块样品的孢粉(浓度)含量都很高,植物种类繁多,分属于137(科)属,可划分为6个孢粉组合带,植被类型演替大体为:含少量常绿树种的针阔叶混交林—含常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林—常绿落叶阔叶林—含常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林—含少量常绿树种的针阔叶混交林。孢粉带Ⅰ(15.753~11.280kaB.P.)记录了该区域晚冰期及其向全新世过渡时期冷暖波动频繁的气候条件,其中亚带Ⅰ -1(15.753~15.549kaB.P.),Ⅰ -3(14.936~14.505kaB.P.)和Ⅰ -5(12.655~11.280kaB.P.)可能分别对应最老仙女木期、老仙女木和新仙女木冷期,而亚带Ⅰ -2(15.549~14.936kaB.P.)和Ⅰ -4(14.505~12.655kaB.P.)分别对应博令和阿勒罗德暖期。孢粉带Ⅱ(11.280~9.218kaB.P.)代表了由晚冰期冷湿气候向全新世温暖气候转换的早全新世缓慢升温的过渡时期。孢粉带Ⅲ(9.218~7.530kaB.P.)代表中全新世前期的气温波动上升期,7.7kaB.P.前后达到最高温。孢粉带Ⅳ(7.530~4.051kaB.P.)代表中全新世适宜期,水热配置条件最佳。孢粉带Ⅴ(4.051~0.911kaB.P.)体现晚全新世温干的气候。孢粉带Ⅵ(0.911~0kaB.P)反映了大九湖温凉稍湿的气候。     

山东兖州东滩早二叠世孢粉组合

对山东兖州东滩补33孔(地理坐标北纬35°27'19"、东经116°51'32")采取孢粉样品并进行了分析,从太原组到下石盒子组都有大量孢粉化石,经分析鉴定和统计,共发现孢粉化石55属155种及部分未定种。根据孢粉属种的纵向分布规律及含量的变化,建立了本区早二叠世3个孢粉组合,自上而下为:.Florinites-Punctatisporites组合(428.36～369.10m);.Punctatisporites-Sinulatisporites组合(543.43～496.95m);.Thymospora pseudothiessenii-T.thiessenii组合(589.20～550m)。本孔孢粉组合与华北地区的孢粉组合以及其他地区的孢粉组合进行对比,由于华北地区石炭系—二叠系界线与国际接轨,移至Pseudoschwagerina带之底,因此,孢粉组合时代分别为早二叠世早期、早二叠世中期、早二叠世晚期。最后,结合层序地层划分分析了古气候变化。     

二连盆地巴彦乌拉地区砂岩型铀矿含矿地层时代与古地理环境探讨

二连盆地砂岩型铀矿含矿层是一套以河流、沼泽相沉积为主的粗碎屑岩系,含丰富的孢粉化石.目前,该地区含矿地层的时代存在争论.本文通过对巴彦乌拉地区含矿地层中孢粉的综合研究,主要侧重孢子和花粉在地层中的分布特征及国内外孢粉组合的比较,确定其时代为早白垩世晚期的阿普第-阿尔必期,沉积时期为温暖潮湿的亚热带气候,且有向半潮湿、半干热的方向发展的趋势.古地理环境以低平、丘陵地势为主,盆地周围有少量中、高山分布.     

河北康保县迁安组的沉积环境、孢粉组合及时代

通过1：5万屯垦-道尹地测区区域地质调查,首次发现河北省康保县发育迁安组,其岩性组合为砂质砾、含砾粗砂、含砾细砂及粘质砂土。自下而上划分Pinus—Betula—Artemisia及Artemisia—Pinus—Chenopodiacea2个孢粉组合。晚更新世早期古环境为针阔叶混交林,古气候为温湿。晚更新世晚期古环境为温带疏林草原环境,古气候为干冷,属间冰期气候。晚更新世晚期-全新世早期本区出现各种寒冷气候条件下的融冻变形现象,反映了冰缘期气候。该套地层岩性具整体一致性,分布具区域性,且野外易于识别。无论在地层、孢粉、测年、气候、环境等方面均可与河北省迁安县爪村迁安组标准剖面进行对比。晚更新世迁安组在本区的发现,大幅度提高了区内第四纪地质的研究水平,为研究新构造运动、环境变迁和气候变化奠定了新的基础。     

Lower and Middle Cambrian acritarchs from Northeastern Poland

Acid-resistant, organic-walled microfossils (acritarchs) are reported from Lower and Middle Cambrian rocks penetrated by borehole Okuniew IG-1 in the western Podlasie depression. The study showed the presence of 11 acritarch species previously known from coeval rocks in northeast Poland. The assemblage from the Okuniew borehole is compared with characteristic assemblages from other parts of the East European platform.     

Disperse megaspores in the Lower Visean deposits of the Kaluga oblast (1P/A Aleksandrovskaya borehole)

Disperse megaspores were first found in the Lower Visean deposits of the Kaluga region (1P/A borehole). A layered distribution of the megaspores in the studied section is shown. A large number of megaspores were established in the lower part of the section of the Bobrikovskian deposits. Higher along the section, there is a trend to a decrease in the number of megaspores until they disappear completely in the Tula deposits. Two megaspore assemblages were identified. A great variety of species was observed in the lower assemblage; the dominant megaspores are Zonalesporites brasserti and Aphanozonatisporites triglobatus. The only dominant species was recorded in the upper assemblage, Zonalesporites brasserti, with a low species diversity of the entire assemblage. The miospore and megaspore assemblages that are typical of the Lower Visean in the section of the analyzed borehole are compared.     

湘西北和鄂西云台观组孢子组合及其地层意义

通过对孢子组合的研究,确定云台观组属中泥盆统(季维特阶)。该地层不仅产出有丰富并保存完好的孢子,而且还有一些疑原类、虫颚和几丁虫碎片。文中描述的孢子包括19个属、30个种和变种,其中新种2个、新联合种1个,即小刺凸刺弓形脊三缝孢、多刺冠环三缝孢以及大刺剑刺三缝孢(新联合)。与北半球同类组合对比表明:湘西北和鄂西云台观组孢子组合主要为季维特阶的属种,从整个组合特征看,可能属晚季维特阶。文中还讨论了云台观组的沉积环境和地层意义。     

安徽南部地区浅变质地层孢子化石的发现及其地质意义

皖南地区广泛分布着溪口群浅变质岩地层,尽管对其进行了大量的研究,但关于地层时代的归属问题仍存在很大争议。在皖南溪口群采集的43件样品中发现较丰富的陆生植物孢子(Spoers)20余属,50余种,其中具有地层意义的孢子有15属25种。这些孢子组合可与中国华南、西南、西北地区及新疆塔里木盆地巴楚地区晚泥盆世晚期孢子带相比较,也可与西欧、东欧和北美地区晚泥盆世法门阶(Famennian)孢子带对比,其时代为晚泥盆世晚期,相当于西欧晚盆世晚期法门阶(Famennian)。     

Palynostratigraphy of the Zorritas Formation,Antofagasta region,Chile: Insights on the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary in western Gondwana

The Middle Member of the Zorritas Formation in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile, yielded terrestrial and marine palynomorph assemblages which span the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary. The assemblages show a clear predominance of terrestrial palynomorphs with 70 miospore species, 18 marine phytoplankton species, two non-marine algae and one chitinozoan species, all coming from 15 productive levels. Palynomorphs are poorly preserved and most of them are reworked. Three palynological associations are recognized based on miospores. These are assigned to the Tournaisian–Visean, Tournaisian and probable latest Famennian. Age assignments are discussed in the frame of the spore zonal schemes established for Euramerica and western Gondwana. The stratigraphical distribution of spores allows the identification of the probable position of the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary within the Zorritas Formation. This system boundary is proposed for the first time in Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks of northern Chile. The presence of Gondwanan typical miospore species indicates affinities with this palaeocontinent even though the Tournaisian and Tournaisian–Visean miospore associations support the cosmopolitanism already suggested for the early Carboniferous flora. The significant number of reworked palynomorphs together with the sedimentological analysis of the studied sections, suggest that these deposits were severely impacted by the climatic change and major sea level fluctuations. Similar conditions were recorded in coeval western Gondwana basins.     

洞庭盆地两护村孔孢粉组合及其气候与地层意义

两护村ZKC1孔位于洞庭盆地安乡凹陷的东南部,孔内第四系(底部跨上新世)厚达294 m,为河流和湖泊沉积,自下而上依次为上新世—早更新世华田组、早更新世汨罗组、中更新世洞庭湖组、晚更新世坡头组以及全新统等。对ZKC1孔第四系进行了详细的孢粉分析,自下而上划分出16个孢粉组合带。ESR年龄和孢粉组合及其反映的气候特征指示华田组下段形成于上新世末。根据孢粉组合特征,结合构造—沉积演化和区域气候背景,重塑洞庭盆地上新世末以来的气候演化过程:上新世末期由孢粉带Ⅰ和Ⅱ指示具暖干气候。早更新世经历了凉干(孢粉带Ⅲ、Ⅳ)→暖湿间凉干(孢粉带Ⅴ～Ⅶ)→冷干间温湿(孢粉带Ⅷ～Ⅹ)→暖较湿(孢粉带Ⅺ,Ⅻ)的气候演变过程。中更新世早期无孢粉样品(洞庭湖组下部砾石层),其沉积环境暗示冷干气候条件;中期由孢粉带ⅩⅢ反映出暖稍湿的气候特征;晚期因构造抬升缺失沉积,同期湿热化事件指示暖湿气候。晚更新世早期缺乏沉积,据区域对比应为寒冷气候;中期由孢粉带ⅩⅣ指示温较湿的气候特征;晚期缺失沉积,系寒冷气候下区域海平面下降所致。全新世经历了暖稍湿(孢粉带ⅩⅤ)→暖稍干(孢粉带ⅩⅥ)的演变。上述气候演变过程与ZKC1孔化学蚀变指数曲线反映的气候演变过程以及中国东部第四纪气候演化基本吻合。以孔深140 m为界,上部孢粉数量显著高于下部,种属也更为丰富。这一变化很可能对应于一次重要的地质事件,其成因有待今后深入研究。     

非海相白垩纪沟鞭藻生物地层学

现代沟鞭藻可以在淡水中生存,在1995年美国报道了中新世淡水多甲藻类沟鞭藻后,证实了有淡水沟鞭藻化石的存在。白垩纪非海相沟鞭藻最早发现于英格兰南部,之后在澳大利亚西南端以及中国的很多陆相沉积盆地中陆续被报道。本文在了解白垩纪非海相沟鞭藻的组合面貌和它们的地质时代以及地层对比关系的基础上,讨论淡水沟鞭藻的生物地层和古环境意义。中国白垩纪沟鞭藻组合面貌如下:早白垩世时松辽盆地的非海相沟鞭藻组合自下而上为:沙河子组和营城组的Vesperopsis-Balmula组合、登楼库组的Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)zhaodongensis组合、泉头组三、四段的Quantouendinium dictyophorum-Operculodinium组合、青山口组的Kiokansium-Tetrachacysta tuberculata组合、姚家组二、三段的Dinogymniopsis daqingensis组合、嫩江组一、二段的Cleistosphaeridium-Dinogymniopsis minor组合、嫩江组三、四段的Nenjiangella granulata-Valensiella dictyophora组合、四方台组中的Pediastrum-Aquadulcum组合和明水组中的Tetranguladinium组合。黑龙江省三江盆地的非海相沟鞭藻组合自下而上为:城子河组的Nyktericysta(Nyktericysta)puyangensis-Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)sanjiangensis组合、Oligosphaeridium-Nyktericysta-Vesperopsis组合、Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)sanjiangensis组合、Nyktericysta(Nyktericysta)puyangensis-Lecaniella proteiformis组合和Vesperopsi,(Ves-peropsis)jixianensis-Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)suibinensis组合、穆棱组的Quantouendinium cf.dictyophorum组合。黑龙江省鸡西盆地滴道组有Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)didaoensis-Lagenorhytis granorugosa非海相沟鞭藻组合。吉林省延吉盆地有铜佛寺组二段的Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)cf.zhaodongensis-Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)yanjiensis非海相沟鞭藻组合和铜佛寺组三段的Filisphaeridium-Sentusidinium非海相沟鞭藻组合;大砬子组中有零星非海相沟鞭藻出现,未能建组合。辽宁省阜新盆地阜新组产Australisphaera fragilis-Ripea sussexensis非海相沟鞭藻组合。内蒙古开鲁盆地非海相沟鞭藻共自下而上分为5个组合:九佛堂组沙海组Quantouendinium cf.microreticulata-Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)suibinensis组合、阜新组Vesperosis(V.)sp.2-Quantouendinium cf.dictyophorum组合、姚家组Concentricystes组合、嫩江组Leiosphaeridia组合、四方台组Subtilisphaera-Pediastrum组合。内蒙古海拉尔盆地非海相沟鞭藻自下而上可分为5个组合:南屯组Protoellisodinium fibratum-Dinogymniopsis daqingensis组合、大磨拐河组一段上部至二段Versperopsis(Contrangularia)granulata-Vesperopsis(Contrangularia)reticulata组合、大磨拐河组三段Nyktericysta(Nyktericysta)reticulata组合、大磨拐河组四段Palaeoperidinium-Pareodinia组合和伊敏组一段Nyktericysta(Hailaera)hailaerensis组合。内蒙古二连盆地非海相沟鞭藻自下而上2个组合:赛汗塔拉组三段Parabohaidina-Fromea-Quantouendinium-Vesperopsis组合和哈达图组Porusphaeraerenensis组合。江苏省淮安地区泰州组有Palaeoperidinium-Laciniadinium非海相沟鞭藻组合。晚白垩世时广东省三水盆地大塱山组含两个非海相沟鞭藻组合(自下而上):Palaeostomocystis-Campenia组合和Saeptodinium-Laciniadinium组合;湖北省江汉盆地渔洋组有Saeptodinium-Laciniadinium非海相沟鞭藻组合;海南省乐东地区鹿母湾组有Laciniadinium granulatum-Granodiscusgranulatus非海相沟鞭藻组合。国外已报道的非海相沟鞭藻有英格兰Wessex-Weald盆地Weald Clay群Wessex组和Vectis组的Australisphaerafragilis-Ripea sussexensis组合;澳大利亚西南部Perth盆地Parmelia组的Fusiformacystatumida组合带。这些组合中所含沟鞭藻大多为地方性属种,能进行洲际地层对比的属种较少,因此它们的地质时代的确定有时还要依靠其他生物门类和手段。非海相沟鞭藻组合有一些共同的特征,如分异度通常都较低,但丰度可变;沟鞭藻囊孢的形态与海相的相比形态和纹饰都较简单等。一些非海相的属如Nyktericysta和Vesperopsis可视作早白垩世的标准化石,但白垩纪非海相沟鞭藻组合中的多数种都是地方性的,这些组合之间很难直接对比,也不能与海相组合作种级的对比,因此确定它们的地质时代经常需要依靠其他化石。非海相沟鞭藻组合中不同组成分子可以指示古盐度的变化,如角藻类囊孢占主导时,表示接近于淡水,而膝沟藻类囊孢占主导时,则为微咸水或半咸水。古盐度的变化可能是盆地附近海平面变化和古气候变化的结果。一些淡水和微咸水的其他藻类与沟鞭藻的共同存在,如Pediastrum,Scenedesmus和Botryococcus等,是指示古环境的证据之一。虽然非海相沟鞭藻的发现颠覆了传统认为沟鞭藻是海相的观念,但是并不意味着它们不能指示古环境,因为非海相与海相沟鞭藻组合是可以区分开来的。     

Nekton assemblages of three tributaries to the Calcasieu estuary,Louisiana

From September 1985 to August 1986, nekton species were sampled monthly by seine in three waterways that feed the upper Calcasieu Estuary of southwestern Louisiana. Of the three bayous sampled, Choupique Bayou has been elast modified by man. Contraband Bayou and Bayou d’Inde have been highly modified-both have been dredged and channelized along portions of their lengths, and both receive wastes from municipal sewagetreatment plants. Additionally, Bayou d’Inde receives industrial waste from a large petrochemical complex. To identify different nekton assemblages of the three bayous, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was performed on a species-by-sample matrix containing numbers of individuals of all species sampled at all locations. This analysis differentiated between freshwater assemblages found in a bayou’s upper reaches and estuarine assemblages found in downstream reaches, and demonstrated seasonal changes in species composition of these assemblages. The freshwater and estuarine assemblages contained some species in common. In particular, several estuarine, species appeared in high numbers throughout the bayous, moving into freshwater as postlarvae and small juveniles. These freshwater reaches comprise an important nursery area for many estuarine species (including commercially important forms). However, the value of estuarine and freshwater nursery areas is compromised by human activities. Choupique Bayour was quite rich in species, with an average of 23.7 species sampled each month. The species found in Contraband Bayou were a subset of those found in Choupique Bayou. Contraband Bayou averaged 14.8 species each month, lacking many oxygen-sensitive species found in Choupique Bayou. Species found in Bayou d’Inde were a restricted subset of those found in Contraband Bayou (average of 10.1 species sampled each month). Most of the species inhabiting Bayou d’Inde were relatively less abundant than in Contraband Bayou. These results showed that human activities dramatically reduced the number of species found in a bayou and reduced the value of a bayou as a nursery area for commercially important species.     

Mineral assemblages and oxygen and sulphur fugacities in natural water-rock interaction processes

Several mineral assemblages capable of buffering oxygen and sulphur fugacity and theoretical calculations were used to determine the fugacities of these two gas species over a temperature range between 150° and 350°C. Computed values were compared with those calculated from the composition of the geothermal fluids of Larderello, Travale, Bagnore and Piancastagnaio (Italy), The Geysers (USA) and Cerro Prieto (Mexico). The possible hydrothermal mineral assemblages that best fit the field data are those containing minerals frequently found in many geothermal fields: epidote, chlorite, K-feldspar, quartz and pyrite. These assemblages can be used in place of the classical buffers based on iron oxides and sulphides.