数字流域模型的河网编码方法

在数字流域模型中提出了一种基于二叉树理论,并以二元形式表示的河网编码方法。这种编码方法能够实现任意河段的直接定位和高效的拓扑关系运算。阐述了数字流域模型河网编码方法的主要思路和基本定义,给出了这种编码方法对河网拓扑关系的描述方式,并结合实例分析了其数值特征。给出了数字流域模型的河网编码中若干具体问题的算法。     

基于DEM与实测河网的流域编码方法

借助于GIS技术对大流域进行划分与编码.修正实测河道上部分栅格单元的高程,以避免大面积“伪洼地”的出现,从修正后的栅格型数字高程模型(DEM)提取出与实测河网比较一致的模拟河网.提取出模拟河网后,再进行河网的编码,以及流域的划分与编码.提出了一种对Pfafstetter规则的改进方法,并且按照改进后的Pfafstetter规则来对河网与流域进行编码.所有编码工作是由本次研究中专门编制的程序来自动完成.将提出的方法应用于黄河流域,将整个黄河流域划分为8 255个子流域并赋予了Pfafstetter编码.     

基于GIS的河道贴体网格自动生成算法研究

利用地理信息系统(GIS)基于空间位置信息的技术特点,对河道贴体网格的自动化生成算法进行了研究。基于GIS矢量线的节点间空间位置关系,对任意位置上的河道流向进行了较高精度的数值表达,进而实现了河道断面的自动剖分;设计出一系列算法,解决了网格生成过程中可能出现的交叉、拧绕等问题,从而保证了剖分网格对河道区域平面分布的自适应性特征;基于数字高程模型(DEM)高程插值,对河道区域地表模型进行重建与分析,生成得到的河道贴体网格。经验证,该算法具有较好的贴体性质和较高的运算效率。     

新构造运动影响下的雅鲁藏布江水系发育和河流地貌特征

雅鲁藏布江(雅江)水系发育和河流地貌演变受新构造运动的强烈影响。通过野外调查,结合SRTM(航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命)数据分析和Google Earth三维地图功能,对雅江河网形态及河流地貌特征进行了分析,并采用EH4电磁成像系统测量了雅江及其支流宽谷河道淤沙深度。研究发现,雅江河网呈现格状水系特点,同时具有枝状河网的拓扑性质,这主要是由于新构造运动的影响,河网发育过程中受到南北向挤压和东西向拉伸所至。青藏高原阶段性不均匀抬升形成了宽窄相间的藕节状河道形态,宽阔河段河道为辫状河型,而窄深河段为深切的V型河谷、单一顺直河型,纵剖面上构成裂点。裂点河段地块相对上升较快,阻滞了水流和泥沙,上游河段大量卵石和泥沙在河谷里淤积深达800多米,形成了平整而宽阔的U型河谷。整个雅江宽谷段泥沙淤积量约0.9万亿m³。     

河网非稳态水环境容量研究

基于“河道-节点-河道”法的河网水量水质数学模型具有很高的效率,但到目前为止还没有与此求解方法相对应的河网水环境容量的求解方法,在对河网水质模型进行深入分析的基础上,引入节点污染物质允许进入量的概念,求出河网各河道河段及节点的允许排放量,建立了相应于上述水质模型的求解大型河网非稳态水环境容量的“节点-河道-节点”计算模式     

DEM中汇水盆地的自动提取及矢量表示

从数字高程数据(DEM)中自动提取自然水系及汇水盆地,并在GIS平台中表示出来,是开展基于GIS的区域水资源勘查与评价研究工作的基础,具有重要的实际意义。这里提出了一种根据自然水系自动提取结果,圈定各级水系汇水盆地,并将其表示成GIS中矢量图形数据的算法。该算法包括以下四个进程:①以水流方向数据和自然水系的分级标识数据为依据,将同一级别每一条水系汇水盆地内的栅格自动识别出来;②根据不同水系汇水盆地栅格的标识数据,自动搜索汇水盆地的边界栅格;③确定不同水系汇水盆地的分界线,并计算分界线上各个节点的X-Y坐标;④建立不同水系汇水盆地空间实体的拓扑关系,生成GIS可以识别的矢量图形数据。用我国东天山地区的DEM数据进行了算法的试验研究,实验结果表明,该算法是可行的。     

基于DEM的数字水系的生成

讨论了由DEM生成河网过程中所用的填平和主干河道数字化的方法,通过填平方法,解决了由洼地引起的河网不连续的问题;而对主干河道进行数字化处理,则解决了平坦地区主干河道偏离其自然位置的问题。经过这些处理后生成的河网,与实际情况比较接近,从而使水文要素的模拟更具有实际意义。     

基于ArcGIS和DEM在水文流域模拟中的应用

利用ArcGIS软件中的水文分析工具,在DEM表面之上再现水流的流动过程,最终完成水文分析过程。列举实例对ArcGIS与DEM数据进行提取河网、河网分级、生成流域边界等水文分析工作,对形成的水文模型与真实地形进行比较和分析误差。实验结果表明模拟出的河网与水利部门提供的地形资料基本相符,后续研究可利用更高质量的DEM影像进行提取。     

处理DEM中闭合洼地和平坦区域的一种新方法

数字高程模型(DEM)中的闭合洼地和平坦区域影响着流域排水网络的自动提取.目前已提出很多方法来处理这两种地形,但均针对已经形成的DEM单元网格进行处理,结果往往生成伪河道及平行河道.在回顾分析了这些方法存在的问题后,提出了一种新的处理方法,该法认为DEM中的闭合洼地和平坦区域是由于低质量的资料输入、生成DEM时的内插误差等引起的.通过增加输入地形高程信息,避免了DEM中平坦区域和闭合洼地的生成,从而使由DEM生成的河网与实际河网能够精确拟合.实例分析表明,该方法效果明显.     

数字高程模型预处理方法的研究进展

数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,简称DEM)是地形表面形态属性的数字化表达,被广泛应用于流域水文模拟中河网水系的提取.从DEM直接提取的河网水系及相关的流域地理空间信息,是分布式水文模拟的地理信息平台.由于DEM中洼地和平坦区的存在会影响水流方向的确定和数字河网的正确提取.因此在河网自动提取过程中必须首先对DEM数据进行预处理.本文对国内外各种DEM预处理方法进行了归纳总结.将DEM数据预处理方法分为两大类:分步处理法,以及一体化处理法.分步处理法按处理对象又可分为洼地处理方法和平坦区处理方法两部分;而一体化处理法则采用迭代算法同时对洼地和平地进行处理.     

利用DEM提取流域水系时洼地与平地的处理方法

在利用数字高程模型(DEM)模拟坡面流提取流域水系特征过程中,对洼地和平地的处理是首先需要解决的关键问题。针对现有方法对复杂地形DEM中平地、洼地及其复合情形处理效率和效果的不佳,提出了洼地的分类与归并、有效填洼、平地的分类、基于出流代价的河谷平地排水流向构建等新的处理方法,并在开发的软件系统中得到实现。实验结果表明:采用该方法可对复杂洼地进行有效处理,构建的河谷平地水流流向在顾及周边地形的同时向可能形成的河道收敛,避免了平行河道、伪河道等奇异河道的产生,由此提取的流域水系与实际自然水系基本一致。     

Morphological characteristics of Tirumalairajan river, East Coast of India—a GIS approach

Morphological mapping plays an essential role in understanding river processes. Evaluation of the morphological parameters requires preparation of basin, upstream and downstream, stream link, stream network, stream order, flow direction, flow accumulation, and digital elevation model, which help to understand the nature of the river. Assessments of morphological digital maps provide upstream and downstream flow rates, slope variation, sedimentation, and specific stream erosive power in river systems. The river patterns of the study area mainly controlled by geological nature. Therefore, this paper discusses conceptual foundations and illustrates how mapping approaches can be used to produce morphological information of Tirumalairajan river systems.     

黑河上游高寒山区集水面积阈值确定方法探讨

针对我国高寒山区河流的最佳集水面积阈值确定的问题, 选取黑河上游山区为研究区, 利用SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型的流域离散模块(watershed delineator)基于DEM提取河网, 探讨河网总长度与集水面积阈值关系曲线法和适度指数法在高寒山区的适用性. 结果表明: 两种方法所对应的最佳集水面积阈值相差较大, 所提取的河网难以反映河流真实情况, 效果较差, 主要原因是上述方法仅考虑流域面积、地形和几何特征的影响, 缺乏对降水和其他下垫面因子的综合考虑. 相较而言, 利用蓝线河网推求最佳集水面积的适度指数法的效果较好. 在高寒山区进行河网提取时, 应综合考虑影响河网发育的各个因素, 在流域分区的基础上, 通过不同集水面积阈值实验, 获取更高精度的数字河网, 改善分布式水文模型的空间离散效果.     

Implications of shearing on drainage network development in Achankovil Shear Zone,South India: insights from DEM-based geomorphic indices and longitudinal profile analysis

The Achankovil Shear Zone (AKSZ) in the Southern Granulite Terrain separates the Trivandrum block from the Madurai block. Various geomorphic indices and longitudinal profiles of the river systems in the AKSZ, viz., Achankovil river basin (ARB) and Kallada river basin (KRB), were derived from SRTM DEM to decipher the influence of shearing and deformation on the regional drainage evolution. Although hypsometric analysis of the basins implies old stage of geomorphic evolution, horizontal shifts in the channel plan form are restricted (except in the Tertiary sediments), suggesting the structural controls over the drainage organization, which are also supported by the high topographic sinuosity. The transverse topographic symmetry (T) vectors indicate a southwesterly migration for the upstream channel segments of both ARB and KRB, while the northwesterly migration of the downstream courses can be correlated with the dextral shearing of the AKSZ. Even though the shear zone is considered to be the block boundary between the charnockite of Madurai and khondalite of Trivandrum blocks, the moderate to low profile concavity (θ) values are probably the result of suppressing the effect of the block–boundary interactions by shearing and denudation. The study proposes a model for evolution of drainage network in the AKSZ, where the mainstream of the basins was initially developed along NE–SW direction, and later the upstream and midstream segments were reoriented to the NW–SE trend as a result of intense shearing. Overall, the present study emphasizes the significance of geomorphic indices and longitudinal profile analysis to understand the role of shearing and deformation on drainage evolution in transcrustal shear zones.     

基于地貌结构与汇水特征的沟谷节点提取与分析——以陕北黄土高原为例

沟谷节点是流域中线状沟谷或河网的交汇点,集中反映了沟谷的地貌结构和水文特征。有效获取并分析沟谷节点的结构与特征规律,对于系统、深入地研究流域地貌的空间形态结构、径流特征具有重要的作用。利用陕北黄土高原多地貌类型为实验区,设计并实现了基于高精度DEM的沟谷节点提取算法模型和等级标定方法,获取了实验区各级沟谷节点的数量和汇水值;运用数学模型分析法,分析了沟谷节点的数量和汇水值的分级数量关系,得到了具体的数学模拟方程;同时,运用等差分级的方式,分析了汇水累积量级差在不同地貌区的差异,初步探讨了地表形态在空间上的分异规律。     

The topology of geology 2: Topological uncertainty

Uncertainty is ubiquitous in geology, and efforts to characterise and communicate it are becoming increasingly important. Recent studies have quantified differences between perturbed geological models to gain insight into uncertainty. We build on this approach by quantifying differences in topology, a property that describes geological relationships in a model, introducing the concept of topological uncertainty. Data defining implicit geological models were perturbed to simulate data uncertainties, and the amount of topological variation in the resulting model suite measured to provide probabilistic assessments of specific topological hypotheses, sources of topological uncertainty and the classification of possible model realisations based on their topology. Overall, topology was found to be highly sensitive to small variations in model construction parameters in realistic models, with almost all of the several thousand realisations defining distinct topologies. In particular, uncertainty related to faults and unconformities was found to have profound topological implications. Finally, possible uses of topology as a geodiversity metric and validation filter are discussed, and methods of incorporating topological uncertainty into physical models are suggested.     

Modeling groundwater/surface-water interactions in an Alpine valley (the Aosta Plain,NW Italy): the effect of groundwater abstraction on surface-water resources

A groundwater flow model of the Alpine valley aquifer in the Aosta Plain (NW Italy) showed that well pumping can induce river streamflow depletions as a function of well location. Analysis of the water budget showed that ～80% of the water pumped during 2 years by a selected well in the downstream area comes from the baseflow of the main river discharge. Alluvial aquifers hosted in Alpine valleys fall within a particular hydrogeological context where groundwater/surface-water relationships change from upstream to downstream as well as seasonally. A transient groundwater model using MODFLOW2005 and the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package is here presented, aimed at investigating water exchanges between the main regional river (Dora Baltea River, a left-hand tributary of the Po River), its tributaries and the underlying shallow aquifer, which is affected by seasonal oscillations. The three-dimensional distribution of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was obtained by means of a specific coding system within the database TANGRAM. Both head and flux targets were used to perform the model calibration using PEST. Results showed that the fluctuations of the water table play an important role in groundwater/surface-water interconnections. In upstream areas, groundwater is recharged by water leaking through the riverbed and the well abstraction component of the water budget changes as a function of the hydraulic conditions of the aquifer. In downstream areas, groundwater is drained by the river and most of the water pumped by wells comes from the base flow component of the river discharge.