内蒙古黑鹰山富铁矿床磷灰石稀土元素地球化学特征

笔者首次对内蒙古西部黑鹰山富铁矿床两类铁矿石磷灰石进行了稀土元素含量分析,致密块状铁矿石6件磷灰石样品ΣREE含量变化范围为(14776.86~21313.18)×10-6,LREE/HREE比值为8.31~9.18,δEu为0.37~0.40。相比之下,脉状铁矿石2件磷灰石样品ΣREE含量变化范围为(18143.05~20665.82)×10-6,LREE/HREE比值为9.03~9.18,δEu为0.39。所有8件磷灰石稀土元素分配型式均为一组向右倾斜,并且具有明显铕负异常的曲线。黑鹰山铁矿床中磷灰石的最显著特点是稀土元素含量明显高于国内外同类铁矿床磷灰石,为我国宁芜铁矿床和瑞典基鲁纳铁矿床磷灰石的4~10倍。根据磷灰石样品的地球化学特征,并且结合其他岩(矿)相学特征和钐-钕同位素数据,可以推测,磷灰石的形成作用与海西早期构造-岩浆活动有关,富铁矿床很可能是富碱岩浆热液流体喷溢或上侵定位的产物,成矿(岩)物质主要来自以幔源物质为主的壳-幔混源岩浆房。     

淮北花沟西井田煤中微量元素及其环境意义分析

通过对30件煤样微量元素含量的测定,分煤层、分类型(稀土元素、环境意义微量元素)讨论了煤中微量元素的分布特征。研究发现各样品的稀土元素主要赋存于矿物质中,稀土元素含量均呈正常质量分数水平分布,各煤层的稀土元素分布表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损。受陆源影响的煤,ΣREE含量高,稀土元素主要由陆源物质继承而来。受海水影响的煤,ΣREE含量低,分布模式具有海水性质。形成后受河流冲刷的煤,灰分增加,煤中稀土元素含量增加。该研究成果为煤炭资源的合理开发和利用提供基础资料。     

黔中蔡家坝铝土矿床微量元素特征及地质意义

贵州清镇蔡家坝铝土矿床赋矿层位为下石炭统九架炉组（C₁jj）,下伏地层中-上寒武统清虚洞组(∈_2-3q)。本研究以九架炉组含铝岩系与顶底板为主要研究对象,通过对Be、Th、U、Sr、Ba、V、Ni、Cr、Zr等沉积环境指示性较强的微量元素以及稀土元素测试分析,结合Th/U、Ni/Cr、Sr/Ba等二元图解和稀土元素标准化图解综合研究,探讨研究区铝土矿床的物质来源、成矿环境及稀土分异控制因素。研究结果表明：1)研究区铝土矿床形成于以陆相沉积为主,海陆交互的还原环境,成矿作用为风化—沉积成因,有异地沉积等成矿物质多源特征,下伏中-上寒武统清虚洞组为矿区物源之一;2)研究区含铝岩系ΣREE值最高831.63×10^-6,ΣLREE/ΣHREE比值为4.68～13.77,表现为轻稀土富集型;3) pH值、粘土矿物以及Fe矿物可能共同主导了蔡家坝含铝岩系中REE的富集以及LREE和HREE的分异。     

孟加拉湾中部沉积物地球化学特征及其古海洋学意义

本文通过分析柱状沉积物E87-32B孔的稀土元素组成特征，探讨该孔陆源沉积物的源区，并进一步判别其ΣREE含量变化的古环境意义。结果显示，E87-32B孔沉积物的ΣREE含量为150.2～180.2μg/g。在经上地壳稀土元素标准化后，沉积物的稀土元素配分模式具有明显的Eu负异常，这与恒河-布拉马普特拉河源区最为接近，证实研究区的沉积物主要来源于恒河-布拉马普特拉河。沉积物的ΣREE含量与(Gd/Lu)_UCC表明研究区存在少量印度半岛与伊洛瓦底江物质的输入。沉积物的ΣREE含量整体上表现出冰期-间冰期的变化特征。在冷期MIS 2阶段减弱的印度夏季风导致喜马拉雅系统降雨与侵蚀速率的降低，从而引起恒河-布拉马普特拉河源区的供给量减少，因此ΣREE含量处于低值区间，而在暖期MIS 1阶段则是与之相反的过程。     

重庆南川-武隆铝土矿含矿岩系稀土元素特征及其地质意义

重庆市南川武隆铝土矿是黔中渝南铝土矿成矿带的重要组成部分。为初步查明重庆地区铝土矿稀土元素的地质意义,弥补重庆铝土矿成因研究的不足,笔者以重庆南川武隆铝土矿含矿岩系为研究对象,分析稀土元素(REE)的地球化学特征。通过研究发现,稀土元素总量较高,多数样品轻稀土富集,重稀土不同程度亏损。由于含矿岩系中的REE含量在沉积后只有极微弱的变化,因此利用稀土元素的特征及有关参数对铝土矿含矿岩系的形成环境及其物质来源进行了初步判断:Eu中等负异常,含矿岩系以陆相沉积为主,部分为海相沉积;从含矿岩系样品稀土元素总和、Ce异常、Eu 异常情况来看,含矿岩系形成的古水介质呈弱酸性,含矿岩系主要形成于氧化环境中,氧化能力增强时有利于铝土矿的形成;含矿岩系物质来源具有多样性,志留系韩家店组粉砂质页岩与石炭系黄龙组灰岩均可能为物质来源。     

黔北务正道地区含铝岩系地球化学特征及地质意义

对黔北务正道地区大竹园、岩凤阡和旦坪三个铝土矿床的含铝岩系元素地球化学特征进行研究,结果表明:常量元素主要由Al_2O_3、SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、TiO_2组成,铝土矿呈富铝、低铁的特点;Zr、Sr、Cr、V、Li等微量元素含量均达到100×10~(-6)以上,尤其以元素Li含量最高;Be含量4.04×10~(-6)~7.04×10~(-6),表明铝土矿以沉积成因为主,局部地段具残积成矿的特点;Th/U介于2~7之间,揭示了铝土矿风化作用不彻底或者有沉积混杂;Sr/Ba1,表明铝土矿主要形成于海相沉积环境;V/Cr=0.90~1.112.00、Ni/Co=0.58~4.125.00、V/(V+Ni)=0.72~0.880.60,表明铝土矿主要形成于富氧的沉积环境;ΣREE值总量较高,轻稀土较富集,Eu轻微正异常、Ce明显正异常;Ce/Ce*1,表明铝土矿沉积于富氧环境;La/Yb-REE关系图解中所有样品并没有集中落在沉积岩区,表明成矿物质具有多源性。综合分析认为,本区铝土矿床为晚志留世-石炭纪形成初始矿源层,并在二叠世早期风化搬运至湖泊沼泽或近岸浅海进一步富集成矿。     

黔北道真新民铝土矿含铝岩系中关键金属富集特征与资源潜力

黔北务(川)—正(安)—道(真)铝土矿成矿带是贵州省重要的铝土矿资源地,其中道真新民铝土矿床是近年在该成矿带内探获的又一大型铝土矿床,伴生Li、Ga、Sc和稀土元素等关键金属资源.以该矿床含铝岩系为剖析对象,对其中Li、Ga、Sc和REE等关键金属进行研究,系统总结其富集特征并分析其资源潜力.结果表明,研究区含铝岩系各类岩(矿)石中均不同程度富集Li、Ga、Sc和REE等关键金属.在含铝岩系垂向剖面上,关键金属具有上部富Li、中部富Ga、下部富REE,而Sc含量变化较小的富集特征.在岩(矿)石类型上,Li、Ga和REE分别主要富集于铝土岩、铝土矿和绿泥石泥岩中,Li主要富集在致密状铝土矿中,Ga在土状铝土矿、碎屑状铝土矿、豆鲕状铝土矿中相对富集,REE在致密状铝土矿和土状铝土矿中的含量相对富集,而Sc在不同类型岩(矿)石中的含量变化不大.研究区含铝岩系不同岩(矿)石中,Li与SiO2正相关,Ga、Sc与Al2O3、TiO2正相关,而REE与Fe2O3正相关系,Li、Ga、Sc、REE之间不存在相关关系,原岩风化程度可能是控制这些元素富集的关键因素之一.新民铝土矿床含铝岩系中,关键金属Li、Ga、Sc、REE的资源潜力和潜在经济价值巨大,预测Li、Ga、Sc和REE的远景资源储量分别达到大型矿床规模的3.2倍、3.8倍、669倍和2.1倍.     

贵州务川瓦厂坪铝土矿床地球化学特征

务川瓦厂坪铝土矿床是近年探明的大型矿床,332+333资源量4397万吨.地球化学研究显示,矿床中Al_2O_3与TiO_2含量成正相关关系,与SiO_2含量成负相关关系;硫同位素组成属于沉积岩范畴,总体显示出变化范围大(-29.20‰～+12.40‰),反映出复杂的成矿环境和轻重硫同位素的多次分离;不同岩、矿石的稀土总量(∑REE)含量变化大,LREE/HREE均大于1,显示轻稀土较富集;铝土矿层中,土状铝土矿稀土元素含量相对高,致密块状铝土矿含量相对低,稀土元素含量与矿石质量总体呈正相关关系.铝土矿层及志留系韩家店组的稀土总量含量较接近.矿床成因属古风化壳沉积型.     

贵州若干铝土矿床的稀土元素地球化学研究

本文根据贵州中北部若干有代表性铝土矿床的33件稀土元素分析资料，讨论了稀土元素主要参数与岩矿石的化学成分、矿物成分以及岩矿石类型的关系，并指出研究区南部修文矿带和北部遵义矿带的铝土矿石其稀土元素的主要参数∑REE和∑Ce／∑Y，δEu等存在明显的差别，在此基础上根据铝土矿石和侵蚀面以下岩石稀土配分模式的一致性以及南北矿带稀土主要参数的差异性，探讨了铝土矿的成矿物质来源和有关的成因问题，初步认为遵义矿带铝土矿的成矿物质主要来自下奥陶统桐梓组伊利石粘土岩和湄潭组页岩，修文矿带铝土矿的成矿物质主要来自寒武系的碳酸盐岩石（含泥质白云岩），并进一步指出本区南北铝土矿带稀土元素主要参数存在显著差别的原因，除铝土矿的成矿物质来源（源区）不同外，还可能与矿床的形成环境以及成矿作用过程的演化特征不同有关。     

贵州修文红黄铝土矿地质地球化学特征及成因意义

红黄铝土矿位于黔中修文铝土矿成矿带,矿体产于石炭系下统九架炉组,呈似层状、层状产于寒武系中-上统娄山关组白云岩之上,石炭系下统摆佐组灰岩之下,矿床成因类型为古风化壳沉积型。矿石自然类型以碎屑状为主。含铝岩系中主量元素以Al_2O_3、SiO_2、TFe_2O_3及LOI(烧失量)为主,BaO、K_2O、Na_2O、P_2O_5等含量相对较低, SiO_2、TFe_2O_3与Al_2O_3呈不显著的负相关关系,TiO_2与Al_2O_3呈显著的正相关关系;微量元素Zr、Sr、V、Li、Ga、Sc等含量相对较高,Sn、Ta、W、Be、Pb、Cs等含量相对较低;环境敏感要素Th含量及Th/U比值表明铝土矿主要形成于半咸水-淡水沉积环境,成矿作用可能是由沉积混杂和风化沉积作用形成;Sr/Ba比值表明铝土矿经过海陆交互沉积。含铝岩系中ΣREE值较高,ΣLREE/ΣHREE比值为1.4■5.71,表现为轻稀土比重稀土富集,具有δEu负异常、δCe异常不明显的特征。含铝岩系Ce/Ce*=1.0■2.8,平均1.91,表明含铝岩系主要形成于富氧的沉积环境。综合研究表明,本区寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩为铝土矿提供了丰富的成矿母质,古喀斯特岩溶盆地为铝土矿沉积提供了有利场所和剥蚀风化条件,后期构造作用和风化淋滤作用造成硅铁流失和铝的富集,最终形成优质铝土矿床。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the