西北天山京希-伊尔曼德金矿区狮子山次火山岩的年代学、地球化学特征及其地质、成矿意义

京希-伊尔曼德金矿位于西北天山吐拉苏盆地中,矿区出露晚古生代火山-沉积岩和狮子山次火山岩;狮子山次火山岩主要为安山玢岩、英安玢岩,侵位于火山-沉积岩底部的凝灰质砂岩、凝灰岩、流纹岩以及安山岩组合中。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究表明,狮子山次火山岩的形成年龄为370.5±2.1Ma,略晚于围岩火山岩。狮子山次火山岩MgO、TiO₂、K₂O含量低,为低钾拉斑系列,稀土元素总量低（5.1×10^-6~8.8×10^-6）,轻稀土弱富集（（La/Yb）_N=2.7~3.8）,弱Eu正异常和Ce负异常,相对富集大离子亲石元素和Zr、Hf,亏损Nd,地球化学特征与围岩安山岩明显不同。具有亏损的Sr-Nd同位素特征,（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i=0.703185~0.703810,ε_Nd（t）=4.03~4.54。狮子山次火山岩形成于火山弧环境,是火山弧中少量拉斑系列岩石的代表,其岩浆源区为俯冲带流体交代的亏损地幔,地幔石榴石二辉橄榄岩经~5%部分熔融形成原始玄武质岩浆,玄武质岩浆经~20%的矿物分离结晶形成狮子山次火山岩,其形成环境以及演化过程非常有利于岩浆演化形成热液型金矿床,可能与京希-伊尔曼德金矿具有密切的成因联系。     

西藏努林晚白垩世花岗闪长岩地球化学特征及成因

南冈底斯晚白垩世岩浆岩的成因及地球动力学机制一直存在争议。本文对冈底斯南缘努林花岗闪长岩开展地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及同位素示踪研究。结果显示，该岩体具有富SiO₂（66.62%～67.81%）、高Al₂O₃（15.11%～15.66%）、高Sr（>481×10^-6），低Y（≤8.13×10^-6）和低Yb（≤0.73×10^-6）特征，Sr/Y比值达59～111，显示埃达克岩的特征；岩石轻稀土富集，重稀土亏损，具有显著的Eu正异常；富集大离子亲石元素，亏损高场强元素。（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i=0.704011～0.704244，ε_Nd（t）=＋3.61～＋5.75，总体反映地幔源区的Sr、Nd同位素特征。锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测年显示存在83Ma和89Ma两组年龄。结合地质及地球化学分析，认为努林花岗闪长岩是新特提斯洋洋脊俯冲引起的镁铁质新生下地壳部分熔融的产物。     

非洲乍得盆地火山岩地球化学特征及成因

钻井揭示了乍得盆地中新生代有大量玄武岩喷发,主要为橄榄拉斑玄武岩,少数为石英拉斑玄武岩和碱性橄榄玄武岩。主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究表明,乍得盆地玄武岩岩浆在上升过程中经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,且未受到陆壳物质的混染;岩石明显富集轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf具正异常。晚白垩世玄武岩(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i比值（0.704167~0.706564）高于古近纪玄武岩（0.703545~0.705380）,(¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i比值（0.512451~0.512703）低于古近纪玄武岩（0.512690~0.512847）;晚白垩世玄武岩ε_Nd(t)u值变化范围较大（-1.4~3.5）,且明显低于古近纪玄武岩（2.6~5.6）。两者具有相似的Pb同位素比值,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.14~18.96,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.56~15.62,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.33~38.88。乍得盆地玄武岩主要来自于亏损地幔DM和富集地幔EMⅡ两种端元组分混合产生的,石榴石橄榄岩的母熔体可能是本区玄武岩产生的源区,是地幔高度部分熔融的结果（15%左右）。乍得盆地玄武岩的地幔组份随时间的演化可能与中生代以来中、西非地区软流圈上涌、岩石圈减薄作用密切相关。     

黄龙铺钼矿田含矿碳酸岩地球化学特征及其形成构造背景

陕西黄龙铺钼矿田是东秦岭钼矿带中成矿类型最为独特的矿床,多数矿体产于晚三叠纪（220Ma）的碳酸岩岩脉内。其中,石家湾Ⅱ号矿体碳酸岩的Sr和REE含量异常高,δ¹³C_PDB为 -6.75‰~ -6.92‰,δ¹⁸O_SMOWO为8.69‰~9.48‰,显示典型的火成碳酸岩的特征。在世界范围内,碳酸岩来自地幔低程度部分熔融或交代作用,稀土配分模式为陡倾斜的轻稀土富集型,但石家湾碳酸岩HREE含量异常高,稀土配分模式平坦,不同于世界其它地区的碳酸岩,这要求源区必须相对亏损LREE,相对富集HREE。显然,如此源区与俯冲洋壳部分熔融之后的残留相榴辉岩的特征一致。因此,我们认为,勉略洋壳在三叠纪向北俯冲至秦岭-华北联合陆块之下,通过变质脱水熔融而形成岩浆弧,随后,在弧后扩张带发生残余榴辉岩的低程度部分熔融或交代而形成碳酸岩岩浆,导致黄龙铺矿田形成。如此以来,秦岭地区在220Ma左右仍有B型俯冲作用,碰撞造山作用并没有结束。     

华北克拉通胶莱盆地马山地区早白垩世粗面英安岩岩石成因

伸展盆地、拉张断层以及伴生火山岩是华北克拉通中生代岩石圈减薄的地质响应，前两者通常源于中上地壳伸展活动，而后者则可能来自下地壳甚至地幔部分熔融。因此火山岩能够提供来自深部地壳、地幔及壳-幔相互作用的信息。胶莱盆地马山粗面英安岩成因及其与华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的关系仍存在争议。本文对马山粗面英安岩开展岩石学、全岩地球化学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学以及Lu-Hf同位素研究，查明其SiO₂含量为65.73%~66.08%，K₂O含量为3.13%~4.03%，全碱含量为7.56%~8.15%，属于高钾钙碱性系列。锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为119.3±1.6Ma，与胶莱盆地早白垩世伸展变形时间一致。ε_Hf（t）值为-24.6~-11.5，两阶段Hf模式年龄为2700~1200Ma，表明岩浆源区为改造的古老下地壳并混有富集地幔物质。岩石相对富集K和Sr等大离子亲石元素，亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素，LREE/HREE比值较高，无明显的Eu负异常（δEu=0.94~1.02），表明岩浆可能源于下地壳的部分熔融，因此，马山粗面英安岩可能是富集地幔与部分熔融的下地壳相互混染的产物。研究认为早白垩世高角度俯冲的古太平洋板片大规模回撤，胶莱盆地快速伸展断陷伴随青山群火山岩喷发，随后演化形成张性火山盆地。     

北山柳园地区中志留世埃达克质花岗岩类及其地质意义

北山柳园地区发育的埃达克质片麻状花岗闪长岩为钙碱性岩浆系列,具有较高SiO₂ (>56%),Al₂O₃ (>15%)和较低的MgO (<3%)含量,Na₂O>K₂O; 并且具有高的Sr含量(>400×10^-6)和Sr/Y比值; 样品轻重稀土强烈分异(La/Yb)_N ＝18~86,强烈亏损重稀土Yb与Y,具有不明显的Eu异常(δEu＝0.90~0.95); 富集LREE和大离子亲石元素(LILE),而亏损HREE、高场强元素(HFSE: Nb、Ta),与世界上典型的俯冲洋壳熔融形成的埃达克岩相似。然而样品具有相对高的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_I (0.70635~0.70636)和相对低的ε_Nd(t) (-0.8~-0.9),以及锆石具有相对较低的ε_Hf (t) (-0.8~+2.7)同位素特征,比典型的俯冲洋壳熔融形成埃达克岩具有更多的放射成因,推测可能是源区加入了地壳物质/沉积物/或特殊的洋壳(OIB/E-MORB)熔融,以及侵位过程中地壳物质的混染所造成的。埃达克质片麻状黑云母花岗岩锆石LA-ICPMS年龄为424±4Ma,代表了花岗岩埃达克花岗岩的结晶年龄。花牛山岛弧带在中晚志留世时期具有较高的地热梯度,发育了大面积高ε_Nd(t)钙碱性花岗岩和区域围岩发生了高温变质作用。因此,柳园埃达克岩是由于热的洋壳向花牛山岛弧地体俯冲过程中熔融形成的,俯冲洋壳熔融是本地区早古生代大规模地壳增生的重要方式之一。     

藏南冈底斯岩基东段晚白垩世早期朗县杂岩的岩石成因和深部地球动力学过程

藏南冈底斯岩基晚白垩世早期岩浆岩保存了有关新特提斯洋的俯冲演化过程和大陆地壳生长的重要信息。本文对朗县杂岩中出露的晚白垩世早期中酸性岩（岩脉）开展了全岩元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb地质年代学、同位素（Sr、Nd和Hf）组成的研究。闪长岩和花岗闪长岩年龄为92.4~86.9Ma,花岗岩（脉）年龄为91.9~88.6Ma,均为晚白垩世早期岩浆作用的产物。闪长岩和花岗闪长岩具有高钾钙碱性偏铝质特征,具有较高的锆石Hf（ε_Hf（t）=+8.3~+13.2,平均值+10.9）和全岩Nd（ε_Nd（t）=+3.2~+2.7）同位素组成,为受俯冲板片流体和大洋沉积物熔体共同交代的地幔楔部分熔融形成,闪长岩岩浆源区形成深度较浅且受板片流体的交代程度较高,花岗闪长岩岩浆源区更深,受沉积物熔体交代程度较高。花岗岩（脉）在主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素组成上显示明显差异,可划分为两类,第一类花岗岩属于低钾钙碱性系列,Na₂O/K₂O>3.0,稀土总量较高,具有明显的Eu负异常,Sr/Y低（<7.2）。在主量元素组成上,该类花岗岩与闪长岩和花岗闪长岩形成较好的线性演化关系,表明它们可能是上述中酸性岩浆演化的产物。第二类花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,Na₂O/K₂O较低（均<1.0）,铝饱和指数较高（A/CNK=1.01~1.02）,发育角闪石,稀土总量较低,具有微弱负或无Eu异常（Eu/Eu^*=0.88~1.12）,Sr/Y比值（33.8~55.4）较高,锆石Hf（ε_Hf（t）=+4.1~+10.8）和全岩Nd（ε_Nd（t）=+0.8）同位素组成都较低,为新生下地壳部分熔融形成。结合冈底斯岩基晚白垩世早期（100~87Ma）岩浆岩已有的研究结果,认为新特提斯洋板片自早白垩世以高角度俯冲,在晚白垩世早期俯冲板片发生回撤,导致软流圈物质上涌增强,诱发熔流体交代过的地幔楔较高程度的部分熔融形成镁铁质岩浆。这些镁铁质岩浆上升侵位到下地壳,发生不同程度的分离结晶作用并诱发新生下地壳部分熔融,形成晚白垩世岩石地球化学性质各异的岩浆岩。     

塔里木西部奥依塔克斜长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究

作者对塔里木西部奥依塔克斜长花岗岩中的锆石进行了配套的原位微区U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析。两个样品的锆石U-Pb平均年龄分别为：337.5±6.5Ma和339.2±6.5Ma（Th/U 比值在0.3~1.0之间）,与前人所获得的SHRIMP年龄基本一致。所有锆石的¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf比值均分布在0.2829~0.2831之间,并具有极高的正ε_Hf值（12~17）,其平均Lu-Hf亏损地幔模式年龄为359.1Ma,与其U-Pb年龄十分接近。上述Hf同位素特点反映出其源区可能为新生的玄武质下地壳。此外,所有锆石的¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf比值和ε_Hf值基本位于亏损地幔演化线上,指示该新生的玄武质下地壳来源于亏损地幔。结合前人对该岩体以及区域地质的研究,推测奥依塔克岩体应与巴楚—喀什一带石炭纪似层状杂岩体相关,其形成可能受石炭纪时导致天山裂谷发育的地幔柱活动的影响。     

西秦岭宕昌地区晚三叠世酸性火山岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

西秦岭造山带在早中生代发育了以印支早期(245~234Ma)和印支晚期(225~205Ma)两期高钾钙碱性花岗岩占绝对优势,并伴有少量火山岩的强烈岩浆活动。本文报道的西秦岭宕昌火山岩总体上是一套以流纹岩为主,并含粗面岩和英安岩的酸性火山岩组合。流纹岩锆石U-Pb测年结果为229Ma,限定其喷发时代为晚三叠世早期。宕昌火山岩属于过铝质的高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列,以富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、K并相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P为特征,(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.7048~0.7068,ε_Nd(t)=-4.3~-4.0,亏损地幔模式年龄(t_DM)为1.20~1.24Ga。宕昌火山岩起源于下地壳富钾变基性岩的部分熔融,部分岩浆还可能受到了少量地幔或上地壳物质的混染,源区深度约40km。西秦岭地块存在扬子型的中新元古代基底,但不同地段的基底特征存在较大差异。华北板块与扬子板块在西秦岭地区的初始碰撞可能接近229Ma,宕昌火山岩则形成于以整体挤压为主、局部剪切伸展为辅的地壳逐渐加厚的动力学环境。     

柴北缘东段奥陶纪埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩:对大陆深俯冲之前大洋俯冲及地壳增生的启示

在柴北缘东段识别出早古生代埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩的火山岩组合。埃达克岩富Na₂O、贫K₂O，K₂O/Na₂O比值介于0.14~0.43之间；高Sr（614×10^-6~1043×10^-6），但亏损Y（3.26×10^-6~14.1×10^-6）和Yb（0.33×10^-6~1.46×10^-6），具有高的Sr/Y比值（44~282）；富集Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素，亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素及Cr、Ni、Co、V等相容元素。富Nb玄武岩富Na₂O、贫K₂O、高TiO₂，其Nb含量较高，介于16.9×10^-6~17.9×10^-6之间，具有高的Nb/Ta、Nb/U、（Nb/La）_N比值，同时富集高场强元素。埃达克岩锆石U-Pb定年得到453±4Ma和457±4Ma的结晶年龄。锆石ε_Hf（t）范围较大，介于3.40~13.23之间，对应的二阶段模式年龄t_DM2介于1059~566Ma之间，显示以新生物质为主的特征。综合研究表明柴北缘东段埃达克岩可能为岛弧环境下俯冲的南祁连大洋板片部分熔融的产物。板片来源的埃达克质熔体交代或与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩反应，导致被交代的地幔橄榄岩部分熔融而形成富Nb玄武质岩浆。柴北缘东段埃达克岩-富Nb玄武岩火山岩组合的厘定表明南祁连洋可能直到~455Ma之前并未完全闭合，同时表明俯冲大洋板片的部分熔融可能是柴北缘早古生代地壳增生的一种重要方式。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.