陆相盆地油页岩成矿规律:以东北地区中、新生代典型盆地为例

油页岩作为常规油气的重要替代或补充能源,在全球资源战略中的地位日益彰显。为了更好地揭示我国陆相油页岩的特征与分布规律,在总结多年油页岩勘查成果的基础上,分析了东北地区松辽和桦甸典型含油页岩盆地矿床特征及成矿特点,揭示了陆相坳陷与断陷盆地油页岩成矿规律。油页岩主要发育于三级层序的高水位体系域和水进体系域;古气候和沉积环境对大型坳陷盆地油页岩的形成有重要的控制作用,温暖湿润的气候条件使湖泊自身生产力大大提高,为油页岩形成提供丰富的物质基础;油页岩的平面分布受控于沉积环境的变化,主要分布于深湖—半深湖相,盐度较高使水体处于盐度分层,有利于有机质保存。构造条件对小型断陷盆地油页岩成矿起着至关重要的控制作用,通过控制可容纳空间而影响了油页岩的厚度分布及品质特征,油页岩主要富集相带为靠近控盆同生断裂一侧的半深湖—深湖环境,且靠近控盆同生断裂一侧油页岩厚度明显加厚和含油率增大;同时,干湿交替的气候控制了油页岩的层数和保存条件。对比分析表明:坳陷含油页岩盆地规模多为大型,油页岩矿单独存在、分布面积大,以中薄层中低含油率为典型特点;断陷含油页岩盆地规模多为小型,油页岩矿单独存在或与煤相伴生,以薄层高含油率或巨厚层中等含油率为典型特点。在三级层序的水进和高水位体系域中,有机质丰度和湖泊生产力较高,层状藻和结构藻较为繁盛,外源输入较低、水体盐度较大、还原性较强,且呈碱性环境,是油页岩形成的有利时期。因此,古构造、古气候和沉积环境综合控制下的丰富有机质来源和良好的湖水盐度分层是油页岩有机质富集的有利因素。     

准噶尔盆地南缘芦草沟组油页岩地质特征及主控因素

准噶尔盆地南缘芦草沟组油页岩主要发育于博格达山北麓,位于准噶尔盆地和博格达山构造转换带.研究区内芦草沟组油页岩含油率和厚度分布差异性较大,有机质类型以腐泥-腐殖腐泥型为主,整体上可采性较好.大型开阔湖盆沉积环境有机质产量大,缺氧还原性水体环境是研究区油页岩矿主要控矿因素.博格达山隆升及大型逆冲推覆带和强烈褶皱有效抑制了油页岩有机质热演化进程,是本区油页岩成矿重要条件.综合油页岩矿地质特征及成矿控制因素,认为在叠合盆地内,原陆内坳陷基础上发育的局部构造隆升带是油页岩发育有利前景区.     

吉林省油页岩矿床成因类型及其成矿规律

根据勘查获得的大量实物岩芯、录井信息、样品分析测试数据及以往勘查资料,认为吉林省油页岩矿床成因总体属于内陆湖泊生物沉积型,依据矿床的特点及产出的构造位置,可进一步分为大型坳陷盆地型、山间坳陷盆地型和断陷盆地型3种不同的成因类型。对不同类型油页岩矿床进行了研究,各类矿床均严格受地层控制,矿层展布于各盆地灰—灰黑—黑色泥页岩中,成矿物质主要来源于陆相湖泊生物和少量的陆源植物体,成矿时代为中—新生代,主要分布于大型坳陷盆地和断陷盆地中。指出大型坳陷盆地型、山间坳陷盆地型矿床与中生代白垩纪深湖—半深湖沉积环境有关;断陷盆地型矿床与新生代古近纪深湖—半深湖沉积环境关系密切。     

陕北油页岩地质特征、成矿规律及开发条件

陕北油页岩主要分布于鄂尔多斯盆地的三叠系延长组和侏罗系安定组、延安组地层中,其中三叠系延长组的长7、长9、长1是油页岩发育的主要层段。地层总体为一产状平缓的向北西西微倾的单斜构造,地表绝大部分被第四系现代风积沙覆盖。油页岩矿石多呈灰黑色片状,主要成分为硬质粘土类矿物,含少量石英、长石细屑及沥青质点。油页岩分布受基底差异运动形成的构造坳陷盆地控制。成矿受岩相古地理环境控制,深湖一半深湖相沉积环境形成的油页岩分布广泛,品质好,浅湖和三角洲相沉积环境形成的油页岩分布范围小、厚度小、含油率低。鄂尔多斯盆地不仅油页岩资源丰富,而且开发条件优越,具有广阔的开发利用前景,对解决我国油气等常规能源供需矛盾突出的问题非常有利。     

中国典型盆地油页岩特征及赋存规律

我国陆相盆地油页岩矿床特征多样,尚未形成统一的分类体系,本文以典型盆地松辽盆地、抚顺盆地和桦甸盆地、准噶尔盆地以及鄂尔多斯盆地为例,分别开展了离散型大陆裂谷盆地、转换型走滑盆地、汇聚型前陆盆地及板内型克拉通盆地4种类型解剖,总结了各类型盆地油页岩特征及矿床赋存规律。其中：离散型大陆裂谷后热沉降坳陷演化阶段沉积的油页岩具有有机质类型Ⅰ型、含油率中等、厚度中等、分布面积广的特征,易形成特大型油页岩矿床;离散型大陆裂谷同裂谷沉降断陷阶段沉积的油页岩具有有机质类型Ⅱ₁-Ⅱ₂型、含油率中等、厚度中等、分布面积小的特征,易形成中型油页岩矿床;转换型走滑盆地油页岩具有有机质类型Ⅱ₁-Ⅱ₂型、矿床赋存特征差异较大的特征,这主要取决于走滑运动断陷的构造沉降量,该类型盆地既发育中等含油率、巨厚的油页岩矿床,也发育高含油率、厚度薄的油页岩矿床,但总体分布范围较小,易形成中小型油页岩矿床;汇聚型前陆盆地陆相磨拉石阶段沉积的油页岩具有有机质类型主要为Ⅰ和Ⅱ₁型、含油率较高、厚度大、分布局限、地层产状变化大的特征,易形成大型油页岩矿床;克拉通型盆地陆内坳陷阶段沉积的油页岩具有有机质类型主要为Ⅰ和Ⅱ₁型、含油率中等、厚度稳定、分布面积广的特征,易形成特大型油页岩矿床。在所有盆地类型中,半深湖-深湖环境、高水位体系域和水进体系域是油页岩形成的有利场所。     

中国中西部前陆盆地的地质特征及油气聚集

油页岩是一种重要的替代能源资源,中国油页岩主要分布于中国15个省份(区),总查明资源储量329.89亿t,居世界第四位。其中,吉林省、广东省、辽宁省分别为174.27亿t、55.15亿t和45.05亿t,并分别占全国油页岩探明资源储量的52.83%、16.72%和13.65%。中国油页岩具有沉积时代以新生代为主,沉积环境以陆相为主的特征。中国高含油率的油页岩主要分布在新生代小型聚煤断陷盆地,而低含油率油页岩主要分布在晚白垩纪大型含油气坳陷盆地,且资源量巨大。中国小型断陷盆地油页岩,如桦甸油页岩的形成主要受构造、气候作用影响;而大型坳陷盆地,如松辽盆地油页岩的形成与全球缺氧事件有关,而缺氧事件常与海平面变化关系密切。新的评价体系把油页岩边界品位-含油率(ω)定为3.5%,并按不同品级、不同埋藏深度进行油页岩资源系统评价。坚持综合开发和利用,走炼油-化工-发电-多金属提取-建材一条龙联合生产是最佳开发利用途径。中国油页岩工业在中长期内将可实现油页岩工业化,具有广阔前景。     

中国陆相盆地油页岩成因类型及矿床特征*

针对油页岩成因类型,国内外学者做过一些有益的探讨,但尚不存在统一的分类方案。鉴于中国油页岩以陆相成因为主,作者从油页岩的沉积环境出发,总结出从深湖-半深湖到湖沼环境,油页岩中湖泊生物来源的有机质所占比例逐渐减少,陆源有机质影响变大,并以此把中国陆相盆地油页岩分为深湖腐泥型油页岩、半深湖腐殖腐泥型油页岩和湖沼腐泥腐殖型油页岩3种成因类型。通过系统梳理中国29个陆相含油页岩盆地矿床特征,发现深湖腐泥型油页岩主要赋存于大中型坳陷盆地,往往具有分布范围广、空间展布稳定、品质和厚度中等的特点;发育在小型断陷盆地中的深湖腐泥型油页岩矿床具有分布范围小、横向差异大、品质良好和厚度巨大的特点。半深湖腐殖腐泥型油页岩在断陷盆地和坳陷盆地都有分布,具有分布范围小、空间上品质和厚度差异明显。湖沼腐泥腐殖型油页岩主要沉积于断陷盆地中,具有分布局限、品质好、厚度薄的特点。     

青海-甘肃民和盆地油页岩的成因类型及特征

利用岩心、钻井和分析测试资料,对民和盆地油页岩的沉积环境、层序地层、赋存、工业品质和地球化学特征进行了研究,将民和盆地油页岩划分为3种成因类型:油一层为深湖-半深湖低含油率腐泥型油页岩,油三层为浅湖相低含油率腐殖-腐泥型油页岩,油四层为湖沼相中含油率腐泥-腐殖型油页岩.研究成果表明:形成于深湖-半深湖相的油一层分布范围广,厚度较大,油页岩含油率不高,属高灰分低含油率的油页岩;形成于湖沼相的油四层厚度较小,平面上分布不稳定,含油率较高,属中灰分中含油率的油页岩.     

陕西铜川—延安地区油页岩及油气资源特征

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部的铜川—延安地区是我国油页岩资源最丰富的地区之一,其中,三叠系延长组是盆地内最具潜力的油页岩产出层位。为了掌握和评价该区三叠系延长组长7油页岩矿床特征、资源品级和勘探远景,为该区油页岩勘探开发提供依据,在对油页岩地质调查、钻探及测井等资料解释和样品分析的基础上,进行了综合研究和远景资源量估算。结果表明: 该区油页岩厚度较大、油页岩段集中,分布稳定,含油率较高,为厚层中品级富—高硫油页岩; 沉积环境控制了油页岩的厚度及含油率,半深湖—深湖与浅湖过渡带及湖湾环境是油页岩形成的最有利相带; 该区仅500 m以浅的长7油页岩资源量达1 346.46×10⁸ t,干馏油页岩油资源量为63.70×10⁸ t,资源潜力巨大,具有大型—特大型油页岩矿床远景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7油层组油页岩沉积环境与资源潜力研究

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7油层组油页岩,主要分布在盆地南部,单层厚度15～30 m（最厚处超过40 m）,含油率5%～10%。延长组沉积时是鄂尔多斯盆地发育的鼎盛时期,长7期湖盆范围达到最大。通过对长7油页岩分布与沉积相展布关系的研究,认为鄂尔多斯盆地油页岩的分布受沉积环境的控制作用显著,深湖-半深湖相沉积环境下形成的油页岩,具有含油率高、厚度大和分布范围广的特点。长7油页岩资源丰富,油页岩资源量为10 476 亿t,而且盆地构造相对简单,开发条件优越。因此,鄂尔多斯盆地长7油页岩具有广阔的勘探开发前景。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.