核幔成矿物质(流体)的反重力迁移——地幔热柱多级演化成矿作用

地壳中矿床分布极不均匀 ,这与地球的形成与演化密切相关。在地球演化的早期 ,由于在引力收缩和热力膨胀的统一作用支配下 ,放射性、卤族、稀有、稀土元素及碱金属向上迁移 ,而贵金属、有色、铁族、铂族等密度较大的元素则有逐渐向地核聚集的趋势 ,以至于铁、镍、金等元素主要聚集在地核之中。但是 ,在地球形成圈层结构的同时 ,由于地球内外温度差、压力差、粘度差等的存在 ,导致地球发生以地幔热柱多级演化为主要形式的垂向物质运动 ,两者互为依存 ,并构成幔壳运动的原动力。地幔热柱多级演化沟通了深部矿质的迁移通道 ,聚集在地核及核幔界面上的气态金等重元素得以作为地幔热柱的热物质流 ,呈反重力迁移至岩石圈 ,并进而以气 液态向近地表迁移 ,在有利的构造扩容带中聚集成矿。这可能是金银铜铅锌等多种元素的重要成矿作用方式。     

Metallogenic characteristics of the region of Northwest Hebei and analysis of ore prospecting potential in its peripheries

The region of Northwest Hebei is an area where Au-Ag polymetallic ore depsits are concentrated in Hebei Province. There were divided the Au ore-concentrated region with the magmatic-metamorphic diamictite zone as the center and the perpheral cover-strata zone and Ag-polymetallic metallogenic zone along the line of Xuanhua-Songli-Chicheng. Research on mantle branch structure indicates that Au-Ag polymetallic ore-forming materials come mainly from the deep interior of the Earth. The ore-forming materials tend to migrate upwards through the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume, and are concentrated as ores in the favourable tectonic expansion zone of a mantle branch structure. As viewed in plane, from the center to the periphery and as viewed in space, from the lower part to the upper part there exists Au-Ag-Pb-Zn zonation, as evidenced by drilling data from a number of mines. So, there is still great potential for ore prospecting in the region of Northwest Hebei.     

地幔热柱多级演化及其成矿控矿研究:以张-宣幔枝构造研究为例

张-宣地区是河北省金银多金属矿床集中区,可划分出以宣化-崇礼-赤城-带岩浆-变质杂岩区为中心的金矿集中区和外围盖层区的银多金属矿分布区.近年研究表明,金银多金属成矿物质主要来自地球深部,通过地幔热柱多级演化向上迁移,并在幔枝构造的有利构造扩容带中集聚成矿.分别以幔枝构造核部的东坪金矿、拆离带的黄土梁金矿和外围断陷盆地中...     

Temporal-spatial distribution and ore-forming material source of gold,copper and silver polymetallic ore deposits in the Fuping mantle structure zone

This study was conducted following research on metallogenesis in the Zhangjiajie-Xuanhua and East Hebei mantle branch structure zones. The Fuping mantle branch structure zone is one where Au, Cu and Ag polymetallic ore resources are concentrated in North Hebei. However, there has existed a long-standing controversy on the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources and their ore-forming material sources. In terms of age dating and the comprehensive analysis of S, Pb, O, C and Si isotopes, it is considered that the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources in this mantle branch structure zone is obviously controlled by the Fuping mantle branch structure. In space there is developed such a metallogenic pattern as to be Ag, Pb and Zn polymetallic ore deposits with gold appearing inside and copper appearing outside. Metallogenesis is dated mainly at Yanshanian, the ore-forming mate-rials were derived predominantly from the deep interior of the Earth, and ore-forming fluids were derived largely from Yanshanian magmatism.     

Telecommunication interactions between microplates and basal mantle LLSVPs.SCIEI北大核心CSCD

基于海洋地质地球物理观测建立的板块构造理论意味着板块和浅部地幔共同演化,然而地幔底部尤其是大型横波低速异常区(LLSVP)与板块(尤其微板块)运动和演化之间是否存在关联仍有争议。一些研究认为LLSVP长期保持稳定,而另一些模型则认为它与各级板块存在相互作用。为此,本文通过总结前人成果,并基于近期发表的板块重建和地幔对流模型进行进一步分析,探讨微板块运动和LLSVP的演化关系。模拟结果表明,微板块与大板块类似,俯冲后通常会下沉至核幔边界。微幔块会推动地幔底部热的物质聚集并形成大的热化学结构。该热化学结构与层析成像揭示的LLSVP基本吻合。下地幔径向流速场和温度场的二阶结构与地表速度场散度的二阶结构随时间的移动轨迹相似,表明深浅部圈层的耦合演化,但是下地幔结构演化一般会滞后于浅表。在微幔块推挤之下,地幔柱优先沿着地幔底部热化学结构的边缘形成,且有时会被推至热化学结构的内部。地幔柱上升至浅部后,能够导致岩石圈弱化甚至裂解或板块边界跃迁,形成微板块。因此,地幔底部LLSVP不是稳定或静止的,而是与微板块动态协同演化,并通过地幔柱与浅表板块边界发生遥相关,从而控制微板块生成场所。     

地幔柱假说及地质意义

文章介绍了地幔柱理论研究的一系列进展,诸如地幔柱特征、动力学模式及其地质意义.在重力分异过程中,随着地球质量不断向地心集中,地球自转动能也不断向地核集中,从而产生圈层分化和差异旋转.地核相对地壳、地幔高速旋转,具有巨大动能,旋转阻力不断将其转化为热能,在核幔边界聚积起来,为液核对流和热幔柱提供足够的能量.核幔边界是产生热幔柱的位置.阐明了地幔柱构造与板块构造的关系.地幔柱理论涉及地幔深部物质垂直运动的机制,对了解地球深部动力学机制有重大意义.     

地幔柱假说及地质意义

文章介绍了地幔柱理论研究的一系列进展，诸如地幔柱特征、动力学模式及其地质意义。在重力分异过程中，随着地球质量不断向地心集中，地球自转动能也不断向地核集中，从而产生圈层分化和差异旋转。地核相对地壳、地幔高速旋转，具有巨大动能，旋转阻力不断将其转化为热能，在核幔边界聚积起来，为液核对流和热幔柱提供足够的能量。核幔边界是产生热幔柱的位置。阐明了地幔柱构造与板块构造的关系。地幔柱理论涉及地幔深部物质垂直运动的机制，对了解地球深部动力学机制有重大意义。     

地球内核与地球深部动力学

地球内核由外核富含铁元素的液态物质结晶而成。经证实,内核正以约１（°）／ａ的速率相对于地幔向东转动。内核的旋转是通过穿过内核的地震波的走时随时间变化推测得到的。这种变化是最近十多年来揭示出的内核各向异性在空间方位的改变所造成。内核的各向异性被认为起因于各向异性的铁晶体的有序排列,但这种有序排列的机制还不清楚。内核在地球发电机中起着重要的作用。利用大型的并行计算机,人们已得到能产生像地磁场一样的三维发电机数值模拟。地震学观测到的内核差速旋转为最近的发电机数值模拟提供了支持。这种数值模拟曾预测：导体内核与外核产生的磁场的电磁耦合驱动了内核每年几度向东旋转。地核通过核幔边界的接触及内核与地幔的引力耦合与地幔存在强烈的相互作用。多学科领域的突破为认识地球的深部动力过程提供了极好的机会和手段。     

地幔热柱多级演化及其幔枝构造成矿控矿——以胶西北郭家店幔枝构造为例

文章简要介绍了幔枝构造成矿理论,探讨了幔枝构造的特征、单元划分、断裂构造体系以及成矿控矿作用。在燕山运动晚期,华北东部地区进入了以伸展构造为主的地幔热柱演化阶段,在胶西北地区形成了莱阳地幔亚热柱及其外围郭家店、栖蓬、牟乳等幔枝构造。其中,郭家店幔枝构造于燕山运动晚期发生强烈的构造活动,总体形成了以焦家断裂为主的拆离带和与其相交的以三山岛断裂为反向铲状断裂的构造体系,同时控制着玲珑、焦家、三山岛等一系列大型—超大型矿床的形成。在众多成矿控矿因素中,区域性断裂构造是重要的主导性因素,既为成矿流体的运移提供了通道,又为成矿储矿提供了有利空间。深源含矿流体可通过地幔热柱→地幔亚热柱→幔枝构造→有利构造扩容带,即脆韧性-韧脆性剪切带、侵入岩体的内外接触带、密集的构造裂隙带、各种脉岩与围岩的接触带等有利构造部位集聚成矿。近年来在胶西北深部勘查发现,浅部沿断裂展布的若干个大—中型金矿在其深部的成矿蚀变构造带可能是连为一体的,一起组合成为超大型金矿。      

地球自转十年尺度波动与核幔耦合的可能机制

简要介绍了地球自转变化的一般规律可能的地球物理激发因素，十年尺度波动与核幔边界耦合之间的联系，以及几种可能的核幔耦合机制。强调了地震波探测手段对于获限地球内部信息的重要性，同时指出将空间大地测量，重力测量和地磁怀地球物理学方面的理论与模型研究相结合，对于最终分析和确认地球自转变化中的各种信息及其激当因素是十分重要的。     

围山城层控金银矿特征和成矿作用

围山城金银矿带包括银洞坡金矿床和破山银矿床。由于金、银矿床明显受地层、岩性控制,而旷化又具有热液成因的特点,因而引起人们的重视。本文主要研究了该矿带的层控特征和成矿作用。一、矿带地质特征围山城金银矿带位于秦岭东西复杂构造带东段南支。区内分布的上元古界为一套地槽型变质火山-沉积岩系。歪头山组(Pt_3w)为含矿岩系,构成北西向河前庄背斜。上覆大栗树组(Pt_3d)为变质火山岩——     

The composition of the Earth

Compositional models of the Earth are critically dependent on three main sources of information: the seismic profile of the Earth and its interpretation, comparisons between primitive meteorites and the solar nebula composition, and chemical and petrological models of peridotite-basalt melting relationships. Whereas a family of compositional models for the Earth are permissible based on these methods, the model that is most consistent with the seismological and geodynamic structure of the Earth comprises an upper and lower mantle of similar composition, an Fe---Ni core having between 5% and 15% of a low-atomic-weight element, and a mantle which, when compared to CI carbonaceous chondrites, is depleted in Mg and Si relative to the refractory lithophile elements.The absolute and relative abundances of the refractory elements in carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite chondritic meteorites are compared. The bulk composition of an average CI carbonaceous chondrite is defined from previous compilations and from the refractory element compositions of different groups of chondrites. The absolute uncertainties in their refractory element compositions are evaluated by comparing ratios of these elements. These data are then used to evaluate existing models of the composition of the Silicate Earth.The systematic behavior of major and trace elements during differentiation of the mantle is used to constrain the Silicate Earth composition. Seemingly fertile peridotites have experienced a previous melting event that must be accounted for when developing these models. The approach taken here avoids unnecessary assumptions inherent in several existing models, and results in an internally consistent Silicate Earth composition having chondritic proportions of the refractory lithophile elements at 2.75 times that in CI carbonaceous chondrites. Element ratios in peridotites, komatiites, basalts and various crustal rocks are used to assess the abundances of both non-lithophile and non-refractory elements in the Silicate Earth. These data provide insights into the accretion processes of the Earth, the chemical evolution of the Earth's mantle, the effect of core formation, and indicate negligible exchange between the core and mantle throughout the geologic record (the last 3.5 Ga).The composition of the Earth's core is poorly constrained beyond its major constituents (i.e. an Fe---Ni alloy). Density contrasts between the inner and outer core boundary are used to suggest the presence ( 10 ± 5%) of a light element or a combination of elements (e.g., O, S, Si) in the outer core. The core is the dominant repository of siderophile elements in the Earth. The limits of our understanding of the core's composition (including the light-element component) depend on models of core formation and the class of chondritic meteorites we have chosen when constructing models of the bulk Earth's composition.The Earth has a bulk Fe/Al of 20 ± 2, established by assuming that the Earth's budget of Al is stored entirely within the Silicate Earth and Fe is partitioned between the Silicate Earth ( 14%) and the core ( 86%). Chondritic meteorites display a range of Fe/Al ratios, with many having a value close to 20. A comparison of the bulk composition of the Earth and chondritic meteorites reveals both similarities and differences, with the Earth being more strongly depleted in the more volatile elements. There is no group of meteorites that has a bulk composition matching that of the Earth's.     

地幔底层及其在全球物质演化中的意义

在核幔界面之上的下地幔一侧,地震波速分布极不均匀,厚度在50~300 km范围内变化的一层物质称为地幔底层。地幔底层由具有高地震波速和高密度的D″区和超低速带(ULVZ)组成。地幔底层是地核热能向地幔传播的必经之路,也是地幔中温度和温度梯度最高的地区。地幔底层既是俯冲板块的最终归宿,又是热柱和超级热柱的源区。因此,地幔底层既是全地幔对流的起点,又是全地幔对流的终点。在地幔底层可能发生地幔物质(包括俯冲板块物质在内)的部分熔融作用,也可能存在外核液态铁与地幔硅酸盐的化学反应。所以地幔底层在全球物质演化中占有重要的地位。     

Transmantle (intratelluric) fluid flows: a new model for plumes and plume magmatism

A fluid model for the formation of mantle plumes is proposed. During the emission of gas from the Earth’s core, it accumulates as lenses at the core-mantle boundary. Reaching a critical size, the lenses burst out into the mantle and migrate to the surface. A relatively stationary transmantle fluid flow from the core-mantle boundary arises, which heats the mantle and the layer interacting with it. The flow stops in the base of the hard lithosphere and spreads laterally, causing its melting accompanied by the formation of magma chambers, which, reaching critical sizes, massively intrude and flow out.     

Alkaline plumes of continents and oceans

Series of continental and oceanic alkaline associations have been compared. Comparison confirms that alkaline plumes originated from the Earth’s liquid core under the continents and, less often, under the oceans. The spatial distribution of alkaline complexes has been analyzed in terms of the plume magmatism theory. Analysis suggests that the zoning and lateral migration of alkaline magmatic centers in alkaline provinces were determined by the migration of an alkaline plume (multiplume) and its alkaline basaltic, alkaline ultramafic, carbonatitic, kimberlitic, and other derivates.Two components are well pronounced in the chemical history of alkaline plume magmatism. The first is the foidaphile component, which persists in all igneous and metasomatic rocks of various alkaline complexes. It includes elements associated with Na and K: rare alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, radioactive elements, rare earths, and others. They make up the important part of the plume that might have separated from the liquid core. The second component is rock-forming mantle–lithospheric, which formed in the asthenosphere during the mixing of mantle and lithospheric sources while the plume ascended to the Earth’s surface.     

香花岭—水口山多金属矿带铅同位素地球化学特征

香花岭—水口山多金属矿带积累的铅同位素数据很多,笔者将这些数据与构造、岩浆岩密切联系起来,结合锶、氧等同位素特征进行了较深入的研究与讨论,指出成矿物质是多来源的,但主要来自燕山期中酸性酸性花岗岩浆。它们均主要来源于下地壳,只不过在上寝过程中上地壳与幔源物质混入的多少不同而已。因此,据根元素在地球中的垂直分带原理,指出在以壳幔源和幔源物质占优势的成矿岩体较发育的矿带北段,应是金、银、富铜铅锌矿的远景勘查区。     

开合旋构造体系及其形成机制探讨:兼论板块构造的动力学机制

开合构造总体上可以表述为:地球膨胀为开,收缩为合;垂向上地球物质离心(地心)运动为开,向心运动为合;水平方向上地球物质相背运动为开,相向运动为合。从驱动机制角度,我们把以热力(热能)为主体驱动的上浮物质运动定义为开;将重力(势能)为主体驱动的下沉物质运动定义为合。因此,开与合是一个高度综合的概念,具有广阔的内涵,开合运动是联系一切地质运动和地质科学的纽带。开合运动具有同步统一性,即垂向的开在水平方向也表现为开;垂向开得强烈,水平方向同样开得强烈,反之亦然。地球刚形成时诸多开合构造是无序的,地球的旋转运动统领地球上所有物质、能量、运动和大大小小的各种开合构造于旋转运动中,并将它们调剂到有序状态。简言之开合构造体系是开合旋运动长期作用下形成的不同时期、不同层次、不同级别的开合旋回组成的动态平衡构造体系。本文总结了地球开合旋构造体系物质组成、结构构造特征和规律,建立了开合旋复杂构造体系简要模型。提出平衡体系的形成机制是开合旋运动遵循地球重力均衡准则、最小内能原理(结晶化)、几何淘汰生长(垂直地心生长)和物质均匀化四条自然演化规律,其中重力均衡准则是主导的。由于地质事件(构造运动)在破坏开合旋平衡体系的同时,经常直接或间接向体系内输入新能量,往往使新的旋回比老旋回的结构构造更符合地质演化的自然规律,于是使地球显得更强大而有活力。这一次又一次的地质事件(构造运动)是开合旋构造体系螺旋式向前发展的动因。本文最后用开合构造观点探讨了地球的形成和演化,分析了板块构造运动的动力学过程。     

胶东地区壳-幔作用与金成矿效应

胶东矿集区的形成、演化受地幔剪切带和深部流体控制,壳-幔作用和地球动力体制转换是成矿物质活化→运移→聚集→成矿的基本动力学保障,构造应力场转换是其重要表现形式。郯庐断裂是深切地幔的成熟岩石圈断裂,是富含地幔流体的幔内剪切带,其内发生流体-热-化学-物理耦合,决定了胶东矿集区的形成与分布规律,其剪切深熔作用是成矿物质活化、运移的重要驱动力,是成岩成矿作用发生的根本原因之一。地幔流体通过壳-幔相互作用,形成碱交代热液,沿郯庐断裂带向上发散、运移,将含矿流体系统输运到更高的层位,为流体成矿作用提供了矿源。胶东金矿集中区为相对于周边的地幔隆起区,金矿床产于莫霍面的梯度变化处或变形部位,凹陷区局部隆起部位金的成矿强度明显小于其它地段。超大型矿床决定于超大型碱交代岩规模和深部流体活动强度及成矿元素的高效富集效应,在早期剪压体制下,流体组分、成岩组分和成矿组分大量交换运移;晚期剪张体制下,热液析出、交代作用和成矿作用易于发生。     

Conjectures on the thermal and tectonic evolution of the Earth

The tectonic modes operating at any given time in the Earth are intimately related to the thermal evolution, since tectonics is driven by heat removal from the Earth's interior. Conversely, the viability of a proposed tectonic mode depends on its ability to remove heat from the interior as well as on its inferred consistency with geological evidence. On this basis it seems that plate tectonics may have been dominant only in the later part of Earth history, and that proposed earlier modes involving only a subcrustal thermal boundary layer may never have been dominant unless the effects of the basalt-eclogite transition or of latent heat removal were able to enhance their heat transport efficiency. More generally, the tectonic mode driven by the cool thermal boundary layer at the top of the mantle may have depended very sensitively on the effects of composition and latent heat on density.

Calculations indicate that plumes could have operated through most of Earth history at about the present level of activity, unless heat conduction from the core into the mantle has been inhibited in later times, in which case they would have been hotter and more active in earlier times. Plumes could not have substituted for plate tectonics because plumes and plates are driven by different thermal boundary layers that operate largely independently.     

地球节律的成因

地球节律主要受地球内部能量间歇性的释放所控制。旋转系统有不同于非旋转系统的位能、热能和旋转能的相互转换方式。在重力分异和热对流过程中，地核不仅有巨量热能，而且有巨量的旋转能和放射性蜕变能。这是地球能量释放的内因。天文因素使地球内核周期性地南北振动，使地球轨道、体积，形状、自转速度、公转速度和差异旋转状态周期性地变化。这是地球能量间歇性释放的外因。对作差异旋转的内核而言，万有引力常数Ｇ的变化可以改变太阳辐射量和太阳系体积，影响核幔的角动量交换和地壳地幔容积，造成热幔柱的形成与喷发，控制了核幔边界的能量交换过程。这是天文周期与地质旋回一一对应的原因，也是地球节律产生的根本原因。这使人们可以从天文周期预测地质变动。