水平圆柱强迫振荡水动力特性的数值模拟

为了研究处于自由面以下完全淹没状态的水平圆柱在强迫振荡运动时的水动力特性,采用基于黏性流理论建立的二维两相流数值波浪水槽模型,对不同液相黏性条件下强迫振荡水平圆柱的受力进行计算,并对压力、黏性切力和圆柱运动之间的相位关系特征进行对比和分析,进而结合流场分析解释黏性影响机理。结果表明:黏性切力和涡旋压力对流体作用力的贡献差别是导致不同流体黏性下流体作用力结果差异的主要原因;涡旋运动相对圆柱振荡运动的滞后性受流体黏性影响显著,导致不同流体黏性下压力之间有相位差;流体水质点相对于圆柱的滞后运动在大黏性流体中更为显著,这导致了其黏性切力的相位超前现象。     

水平圆柱强迫振荡水动力特性的数值模拟

为了研究处于自由面以下完全淹没状态的水平圆柱在强迫振荡运动时的水动力特性,采用基于黏性流理论建立的二维两相流数值波浪水槽模型,对不同液相黏性条件下强迫振荡水平圆柱的受力进行计算,并对压力、黏性切力和圆柱运动之间的相位关系特征进行对比和分析,进而结合流场分析解释黏性影响机理。结果表明:黏性切力和涡旋压力对流体作用力的贡献差别是导致不同流体黏性下流体作用力结果差异的主要原因;涡旋运动相对圆柱振荡运动的滞后性受流体黏性影响显著,导致不同流体黏性下压力之间有相位差;流体水质点相对于圆柱的滞后运动在大黏性流体中更为显著,这导致了其黏性切力的相位超前现象。     

基于数字图像相关方法的动载颗粒体系力链破坏机制初探

颗粒物质是具有复杂力链网络的常见体系,其平衡和稳定性取决于内部力链骨架的几何结构和力学性能。为恰当刻画颗粒体系的微细观力学行为,从颗粒局部排列形态、颗粒间接触力和颗粒及外荷载的物理参数出发,展开基于二维数字图像相关技术（2D-DIC）的集中力作用下颗粒体系变形的试验。通过结合DIC的试验方法,应用牛顿力学理论及颗粒线性动量平衡获得颗粒间接触力的大小和方向,确定力链的动力学规律;得到颗粒间接触力大小分布变化并提取颗粒体系力链;提出颗粒排布的两种状态：横向传力和纵向传力状态;分析颗粒接触面法线与水平轴的夹角?、传力角?,讨论了?、? 对力链断裂破坏的影响;分析颗粒直径d与外荷载压条直径D的比值R以及压条下表面能直接接触的最大颗粒数N等参数,为描述力链的演化和破坏重构机制提供参考基础;简单阐述了力链网络在外荷载下的微细观统计效应对体系宏观力学性质的影响规律。     

层流区Shields曲线分布规律试验

为探明层流条件下Shields曲线的分布规律,运用电荷耦合组件(Charge Coupled Device,CCD)成像技术结合激光扫描及计算机图像处理技术,在水和甘油混合液中对无黏性均匀玻璃颗粒的起动拖曳力进行测量,并根据层流绕流理论建立了无黏性均匀颗粒的滚动起动模型,提出层流条件下无黏性均匀颗粒的量纲一起动拖曳力公式.试验观测发现在层流范围内希尔兹数呈规则的带状分布,流体作用引起颗粒床表面粗化并导致床面颗粒突起减小,使颗粒起动拖曳力增大1倍以上.结果表明颗粒床表面结构性状直接影响着颗粒起动拖曳力的大小,在层流区Shields曲线具有带状分布特性.     

东濮凹陷柳屯洼陷沙三上亚段流体压力场研究

流体压力场分布特征对泥岩裂缝油藏勘探和开发具有非常重要的作用,而盐间地层的压力分布有其特殊性。综合利用钻井、泥岩测井声波时差和地震资料,分析了东濮凹陷柳屯洼陷沙三上亚段的流体压力场特征,为该盐间泥岩裂缝油藏的进一步研究奠定了基础。研究结果表明:①本区沙三上亚段压力结构可划分为正常-渐变-弱超压型和正常-突变-强超压型两大类;②盐间泥岩裂缝油藏位于洼陷超高压力系统内;③现今沙三上亚段压力剖面具有东西分异、上下分带、受控于膏盐岩分布的特点,各类型裂缝和膏盐岩形成的微构造组成了该亚段纵横向的复杂输导网络系统;④膏盐岩封盖和石膏脱水是影响本区超压发育的重要机制之一,并造成了洼陷东西两侧流体压力场特征的差异。     

真空堆载联合预压加固软基中孔隙水压力消散规律研究

通过实测资料分析了真空堆载联合预压中不同深度的孔隙水压力、超孔隙水压力、相对超孔隙水压力随时间的变化规律,并对孔压变化的原因进行了微观解释。结果表明:(1)处理区外侧,孔压变化主要由地下水位下降引起,受真空影响较小;(2)在处理区内,孔压变化受真空负压、土体渗透性和堆载荷载的影响。真空作用下的渗流是孔压消散的主要方式,土体渗透性的强弱影响着孔压消散的速度,消散的孔压转化成有效应力,促使土颗粒移动,对孔隙水产生挤压,这使孔压消散呈脉动性特征。     

考虑土拱效应的黏性填土排桩桩后土压力研究

研究了考虑土拱效应的黏性填土排桩桩后总土压力的计算方法。以黏性填土的单排支护桩为研究对象,将考虑土拱效应的桩后总土压力分为直接土压力和间接土压力。首先,针对已有土压力计算方法的不足,借鉴并改进了挡土墙的主应力旋转理论,认为主应力旋转后大小会发生改变,通过对土拱单元的应力分析和平衡微分方程的求解,推导出了黏性填土排桩桩后直接土压力的解析式,并将计算结果与前人的解析解和试验数据进行对比,表明改进后的方法与实测数据更加吻合。然后,将改进后的方法应用在黏性土间接土压力的分析中,通过将间接土压力看作是由桩间土体滑裂面上的剪应力沿滑裂面的积分,推导出考虑水平土拱效应的桩后间接土压力和总土压力解析式。最后,探究了总土压力随黏聚力和桩土摩擦角的变化规律,结果表明,土拱效应主要影响桩体H/3深度以下部分,使该部分土压力减小,且越靠近桩底,减小速率越大。该研究可为排桩结构的合理设计提供依据。     

流体黏性对油井砂岩力学响应的影响

随着黏度较大的油藏陆续投入开发,油藏黏性对储层砂岩力学特性的影响研究意义重大。基于柱坐标系建立射孔试验的三维颗粒流数值模型,考虑不同黏性的流体运动对砂岩力学响应的影响,反映油井的出砂过程。砂岩的宏观应力曲线说明流速相同时,随着黏滞系数的增大,切向应力和偏应力均增大,使得砂岩剪切破坏的几率增大,砂岩更容易屈服破坏而出砂。另外,砂岩黏结应力图说明油井附近的应力较大,且随着黏滞系数增大,黏结张拉应力的增大是局部的,而剪应力的增大是全局的,且变化趋势更明显;颗粒的旋转也说明随着流体黏性的增大,颗粒旋转增大,砂岩形成离散颗粒而出砂的几率增大。上述结果与实际开采中的砂岩力学响应吻合,说明了在相同的外界条件下,黏性越大的流体运动对砂岩受力的影响越大,出砂越明显,该成果对不同黏性的油藏开采采用有效的防砂方法提供了重要的科学依据。     

考虑坑壁位移和土压力方向的直撑力学特性

鉴于基坑支护中常见的直撑设计一般都没有考虑基坑位移和土压力的变化,总结了土压力和基坑位移之间非线性关系的研究现状,分析了随坑壁转动时土压力大小和方向的变化规律。在此基础上,推导了直撑轴力和坑壁位移之间、以及直撑纵向变形与坑壁位移之间的数学关系式。结合工程实例,进一步研究了直撑轴力和变形随基坑初始位移、支撑点、土压力作用点、土体与挡土结构间摩擦角等因素变化时的发展变化规律。研究表明,直撑轴力及其变形随基坑位移、支撑点高度、土体与挡土结构之间摩擦角的增加而减小,随土压力作用点高度的增加而增大,与基坑初始位移值基本无关。     

激光拉曼光谱技术在获取流体包裹体内压中的应用及讨论

本文详细介绍了二氧化碳、甲烷、氮气及其混合物拉曼位移与压力的关系。对实验数据进行拟合发现,不管是纯组分还是混合体系中,气体的拉曼位移基本上是随压力增加呈一级指数递减。在混合体系中,压力对拉曼位移的影响最大,含量次之。氮气与甲烷混合由于分子相互作用发生变化,结果使得氮气拉曼位移随压力变化的灵敏度增加,而甲烷的灵敏度却是降低。随压力增加,峰面积、峰半高宽、峰高等参数也将随之变化。实际的应用结果表明,激光拉曼光谱技术是一种获取复杂体系流体包裹体内压的新方法。     

Modeling of fluid–solid interaction in granular media with coupled lattice Boltzmann/discrete element methods: application to piping erosion

In this article, we present a numerical method to deal with fluid–solid interactions and simulate particle–fluid systems as encountered in soils. This method is based on a coupling between two methods, now widely used in mechanics of granular media and fluid dynamics respectively: the discrete element (DE) method and the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method. The DE method is employed to model interactions between particles, whereas the LB method is used to describe an interstitial Newtonian fluid flow. The coupling presented here is a full one in the sense that particle motions act on fluid flow and reciprocally. This article presents in details each of the two methods and the principle of the coupling scheme. Determination of hydrodynamic forces and torques is also detailed, and the treatment of boundaries is explained. The coupled method is finally illustrated on a simple example of piping erosion, which puts in evidence that the combined LB–DE scheme constitutes a promising tool to study coupled problems in geomechanics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hypoplastic constitutive model for debris materials

Debris flow is a very common and destructive natural hazard in mountainous regions. Pore water pressure is the major triggering factor in the initiation of debris flow. Excessive pore water pressure is also observed during the runout and deposition of debris flow. Debris materials are normally treated as solid particle–viscous fluid mixture in the constitutive modeling. A suitable constitutive model which can capture the solid-like and fluid-like behavior of solid–fluid mixture should have the capability to describe the developing of pore water pressure (or effective stresses) in the initiation stage and determine the residual effective stresses exactly. In this paper, a constitutive model of debris materials is developed based on a framework where a static portion for the frictional behavior and a dynamic portion for the viscous behavior are combined. The frictional behavior is described by a hypoplastic model with critical state for granular materials. The model performance is demonstrated by simulating undrained simple shear tests of saturated sand, which are particularly relevant for the initiation of debris flows. The partial and full liquefaction of saturated granular material under undrained condition is reproduced by the hypoplastic model. The viscous behavior is described by the tensor form of a modified Bagnold’s theory for solid–fluid suspension, in which the drag force of the interstitial fluid and the particle collisions are considered. The complete model by combining the static and dynamic parts is used to simulate two annular shear tests. The predicted residual strength in the quasi-static stage combined with the stresses in the flowing stage agrees well with the experimental data. The non-quadratic dependence between the stresses and the shear rate in the slow shear stage for the relatively dense specimens is captured.     

基于高速摄像技术的推移质运动特征试验

在明渠中开展不同水流条件下低强度均匀沙平衡输沙试验,基于灰度相减方法分析整个床面推移质运动特征,以探寻紊流结构与推移质运动之间的作用机理。结果表明:①受水槽横向方向水流强度分布特征影响,推移质运动概率从水槽中线到两侧壁逐渐变小,且基本呈对称分布;②在紊流相干结构作用下,推移质床面在紊流低速条带区形成凸槽,高速条带区形成凹槽,推移质运动概率沿水槽横向方向存在高低相间的带状分区;③随摩阻雷诺数增大,相邻两推移质运动高概率区域的间距值变化范围为0.13~0.24倍水槽宽度,其值随摩阻雷诺数增大而增大;④不同水流条件下,推移质运动高概率区域间距值约为水深的2倍,这与流向涡模型吻合,表明流向涡是诱导床面出现凹凸相间形态的重要因素。     

Hydro-micromechanical modeling of wave propagation in saturated granular crystals

Biot theory predicts wave velocities in a saturated granular medium using the pore geometry, viscosity, densities, and elastic moduli of the solid skeleton and pore fluid, neglecting the interaction between constituent particles and local flow, which becomes essential as the wavelength decreases. Here, a hydro-micromechanical model, for direct numerical simulations of wave propagation in saturated granular media, is implemented by two-way coupling the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the discrete element method (DEM), which resolve the pore-scale hydrodynamics and intergranular behavior, respectively. The coupling scheme is benchmarked with the terminal velocity of a single sphere settling in a fluid. In order to mimic a small amplitude pressure wave entering a saturated granular medium, an oscillating pressure boundary on the fluid is implemented and benchmarked with the one-dimensional wave equation. The effects of input waveforms and frequencies on the dispersion relations in 3D saturated poroelastic media are investigated with granular face-centered-cubic crystals. Finally, the pressure and shear wave velocities predicted by the numerical model at various effective confining pressures are found to be in excellent agreement with Biot analytical solutions, including his prediction for slow compressional waves.     

A coupled 3‐dimensional bonded discrete element and lattice Boltzmann method for fluid‐solid coupling in cohesive geomaterials

This paper presents a 3D bonded discrete element and lattice Boltzmann method for resolving the fluid‐solid interaction involving complicated fluid‐particle coupling in geomaterials. In the coupled technique, the solid material is treated as an assembly of bonded and/or granular particles. A bond model accounting for strain softening in normal contact is incorporated into the discrete element method to simulate the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials, whilst the fluid flow is solved by the lattice Boltzmann method based on kinetic theory and statistical mechanics. To provide a bridge between theory and application, a 3D algorithm of immersed moving boundary scheme was proposed for resolving fluid‐particle interaction. To demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of this coupled method, a benchmark called quicksand, in which particles become fluidised under the driving of upward fluid flow, is first carried out. The critical hydraulic gradient obtained from the numerical results matches the theoretical value. Then, numerical investigation of the performance of granular filters generated according to the well‐acknowledged design criteria is given. It is found that the proposed 3D technique is promising, and the instantaneous migration of the protected soils can be readily observed. Numerical results prove that the filters which comply with the design criteria can effectively alleviate or eliminate the appearance of particle erosion in dams.     

Dominant particle support mechanisms in debris flows at Mt Thomas, New Zealand, and implications for flow mobility

Within zones of little or no deformation by internal shearing in debris flows at Mt Thomas, about two-thirds of the weight of large particles is supported by buoyancy and about one-third by static grain to-grain contact. In boundary shear zones of low velocity flows and in high velocity, turbulent debris flow, grain-to grain contact is replaced by turbulence and dispersive pressure. Cohesive strength of the clay + silt + water interstitial fluid provides less than 2 % of the force keeping particles larger than 1 cm gravel in suspension. Excess pore pressure is generated in the interstitial fluid by the weight of coarse particles suspended in the slurry. According to Coulomb strength theory, pore pressures measured in these debris-flow slurries reduce the shear strength of the material to less than 10 % of what it is in the unsaturated state. The excess pore pressures are slow to dissipate because of the small connections between pore spaces that result from the extremely poor sorting of the debris and the presence of silt and clay in the pore fluid. Maintenance of sufficient pore space to trap fluid and facilitate flow on low-gradient slopes may be accomplished by dilatancy and subsequent partial liquefaction of the debris during shear.     

Numerical modelling of fluid flow in microscopic images of granular materials

A program for the simulation of two‐dimensional (2‐D) fluid flow at the microstructural level of a saturated anisotropic granular medium is presented. The program provides a numerical solution to the complete set of Navier–Stokes equations without a priori assumptions on the viscous or convection components. This is especially suited for the simulation of the flow of fluids with different density and viscosity values and for a wide range of granular material porosity. The analytical solution for fluid flow in a simple microstructure of porous medium is used to verify the computer program. Subsequently, the flow field is computed within microscopic images of granular material that differ in porosity, particle size and particle shape. The computed flow fields are shown to follow certain paths depending on air void size and connectivity. The permeability tensor coefficients are derived from the flow fields, and their values are shown to compare well with laboratory experimental data on glass beads, Ottawa sand and silica sands. The directional distribution of permeability is expressed in a functional form and its anisotropy is quantified. Permeability anisotropy is found to be more pronounced in the silica sand medium that consists of elongated particles. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling of tensile strength on moist granular earth material at low water content

While most research has mainly focused on the volume change, flow, and shear strength of unsaturated earth materials, investigations of tensile strength of unsaturated earth materials especially granular materials have not received much attention except for cemented and clayey materials. Thus, direct tension experiments were carried out to quantify the actual magnitude of tensile strength induced by water in moist granular soil at especially low water contents (w<4%). The magnitudes of the measured tensile strength are significantly different from zero. A simple experimental tensile strength model is proposed. Practicing engineers can use this model for approximate estimation of the tensile strength of unsaturated granular soils without experiments and for precise design or analysis of most engineered facilities relying on the unsaturated granular soils in the vadose zone. The experimental data are also compared with a theoretical model developed for monosized spheres at low water contents, and its application for a real granular earth material having a variety of particles is discussed. The nonlinear behavior of the tensile strength for moist granular soil is appropriately simulated with a model.     

基于物理模型试验的碎屑流流态化运动特征分析

流态化运动是高速远程滑坡的主要运动形式,是揭示高速远程滑坡运动机理的重要基础。基于粒子图像测速（PIV）分析方法,采用物理模型试验对不同粒径组成条件下的颗粒流内部的速度分布、剪切变形及流态特征进行了研究,并对高速远程滑坡流态化运动特征进行了讨论分析。结果表明:碎屑流流态化运动特征与颗粒粒径呈显著的相关性,随着粒径的减小或细颗粒含量的增加,颗粒流底部相对于边界的滑动速度以及整体的运动速度均呈逐渐减小的趋势,颗粒流内部剪切变形程度增加,颗粒的运动形式由“滑动”向“流动”转变;当颗粒粒径较小或细颗粒含量较高时,颗粒流内部剪切速率增大的趋势在颗粒流底部更加显著,反映了粒径减小有助于促进颗粒流内部剪切向底部的集中;在同一颗粒流的不同运动阶段及不同纵向深度,其流态特征具有显著差别,颗粒流前缘及尾部主要呈惯性态,颗粒间以碰撞作用为主,而主体部分则主要呈密集态,颗粒间以摩擦接触作用为主;在颗粒流表面及底部,颗粒间相互作用方式主要是碰撞作用,中间部分则以摩擦作用为主;对于不同粒径的颗粒流,随着粒径的增大或粗颗粒含量的增加,颗粒流内部颗粒的碰撞作用加强,颗粒流整体趋于向惯性态转变。