热水沉积硅岩的地球化学

随着层控矿床研究的不断深入,一种新的岩石类型——热水沉积岩,尤其是热水沉积硅岩,已受到矿床学与岩石学家们的极大关注,并且被认为是20世纪80年代地球科学的一项重大进展。但如何区别热水沉积硅岩与其它成因硅岩呢?本文从岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素、氧和硅同位素等方面介绍了热水沉积硅岩的地球化学特征。     

锡矿山锑矿田硅化碉的稀土元素特征及其地质意义

湘中锡矿山锑矿田是世界闻名的超大型锑矿田。本文系统地叙述了该矿田该中各矿床蚀变硅化岩及其原岩的稀土元素地球化学特征,并在此基础上探讨了稀土元素所反映的地质意义。研究表明,尽管硅化岩的稀土元素地球化学特征与原岩相比有所改变,但仍可根据硅化岩的稀土元素地球化学特征恢复原岩;根据硅化灰岩的稀土元素地球化学特征可以推测硅质岩的物质来源于地壳上部,结合本区硅化岩的硅同位素组成特点,可以推测硅质交代中的硅为源     

秦岭泥盆系硅岩岩石类型对比研究

硅岩可以通过化学沉积（真溶液或胶体沉淀）和内碎屑堆积而成。由于热水有较强的化学活动性，因而在水岩界面附近也会形成交代成因的硅岩。在许多情况下，硅岩既具有沉积岩的岩石学特征，又具有交代岩的岩石学特征，其成岩环境十分特殊。因此，虽然有许多地球化学方法可以区分不同类型的硅岩，但岩石学特征是最基本的和最直接的标志。     

地层中的硅岩: 研究进展及展望*

硅岩是由自生石英形成的化学沉积岩,通常以层状或非层状(结核状、条带状)独自出现、与其他岩性互层出现及赋存于其他岩性地层中。硅岩不仅记录了大量盆地古地理、古海洋、古气候的地质信息,而且对于岩石大地构造学研究具有重要意义。前人对硅岩的研究取得了丰富的成果,近年来关于硅岩的新观点为硅岩的研究提供了新的思考途径和研究线索。通过调研近年来关于硅岩的岩石学特征、地球化学特征及沉积环境的研究,分析总结了不同地质历史时期、不同沉积环境、不同产状硅岩的形成模式、成因类型以及判别方式,认为硅岩的沉积不是单一因素控制的结果,而是地质构造活动强度、生物类型及活动性、沉积古环境的综合结果。常规地球化学元素结合岩石组构与微区分析、包裹体分析、新同位素(Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd)分析,以及新的地球化学判定标准(Ge/Si)是硅岩研究的必备手段和方法。     

丹池盆地热水成因硅岩的沉积地球化学特征

丹池盆地硅岩（D₃1）属于典型的热水成因沉积物。它的显著地球化学特征之一是Sb.As和Ag富集,而REE贫乏,并且从近热水喷口→远离热水喷口,即沿着类碧玉岩→纹理状硅岩→块状泥质硅岩→硅页岩方向,元素、元素组合及稀土元素特征出现规律性的变化。     

扬子地台硅岩的稳定同位素地球化学特点

本文利用硅岩中Si、O、C和Rb-Sr多种同位素的组成特点及分布趋势作为重要的地球化学标志，来判别扬子地台晚震旦世以来硅岩的成因、物质来源和形成环境。     

拉尔玛硅岩型金—铜—铀建造矿床的海底喷流沉积特征及找矿方向

西秦岭南亚带中的拉尔玛硅岩型金-铜-铀矿床,是一个比较典型的与海底喷流作用有关的金矿床。矿床赋存于寒武系太阳顶群中。太阳顶群地层由硅岩、板岩组成,厚度近千米。现已发现的矿体,80％以上产于硅岩中。硅质岩的地质地球化学特征表明,它是海底喷气沉积作用的产物,拉尔玛金-铜-铀建造矿床也具有海底喷流的沉积特征。     

皖南浙西热水成因硅岩的含矿性探讨

皖南浙西分布着一条硅质岩带,时代为晚震旦世的皮园村组及早寒武世的荷塘组.这套硅岩已经得到了一定程度的研究,研究内容主要集中于硅岩的岩石学、环境类型、物质来源,近年来关于硅岩带作为金矿源层及金矿直接产层引起了人们的关注.研究区硅岩的地球化学、环境与物源的探讨都揭示了其作为热水成因的特点.笔者在积累前人资料的基础上,揭示了金矿源及其在附近寻找接触热液型的金矿床的可能性.本区硅岩作为矿源层或矿层,属于层控型,由当时海底热液喷流成岩作用和地下水热液成矿作用形成.     

世界首例独立碲矿床赋矿围岩的地质地球化学研究

大水沟独立碲矿床的直接赋矿围岩为低绿片岩相变质岩。前人认为其原岩为陆源碎屑岩。通过对该赋矿岩系的地质特征（包括岩相学特征与副矿物组合标型特征）、岩石化学特征、硅同位素地球化学特征和稀土元素地球化学特征（包括元素钪的地球化学特征）的研究，证明其原岩为分异程度较低的幔源拉斑玄武岩，并具有典型岩浆玄武岩的演化趋势。     

北祁连老虎山地区玄武岩的地球化学特征和形成环境

在北祁连山东段老虎山地区分布着一套奥陶记蛇绿岩，主要包括变质橄榄岩、辉长岩，以及玄武岩和沉积岩互层。沉积岩主要是浊积岩，包括砂岩、粉砂岩，硅岩等。主要元素地球化学特征表明，偏碱性拉斑玄武岩与洋底玄武岩相似。除了个别玄武岩接近N－MORB特征，大多数样品为E－MORB。多数具Nb负异常。地球化学特征表明，老虎山玄武岩形成于弧后盆地。其εNd(t)值在＋3．0－＋8．9之间，（^87Sr/^86Sr)i值为0．7030－0．7060，表明亏损地幔源区中可能有富集地幔成分加入。砂岩岩石学特征和硅岩地球化学特征都表明沉积岩形成于靠近陆缘环境。     

Geochemical Characteristics of Wuyang Siliceous Rocks in the Southern Margin of North China Craton and its Constraint on the Formation Environment of BIF of Tieshanmiao Formation

Precambrian banded iron formation(BIF) is one of the most important mineral resources in China, mostly abundant in the North China Craton(NCC) with relatively less common in South China. Since the BIF and siliceous rocks both originated from chemical deposition, the syngenetic BIF and Siliceous rocks can help evaluate their environment of formation. We examine here the mineralogy and geochemistry of siliceous rocks associated with the Tieshanmiao Formation BIF, aiming to decipher the conditions of formation of both BIF and Siliceous rocks in the Wuyang area in the NCC. Analysis of the geochemical characteristics of whole rock shows that the Si O2 content of the siliceous rock ranges from 90.11% to 94.85% and is relatively high overall. Trace element contents of Ba and U are also high, the Ba/Sr ratio ranges from 3.89 to 25.28 and the U/Th ratio ranges from 0.09 to 0.20. Finally, the ΣREE value of rare earth elements ranges from 57.03 ppm to 152.59 ppm, and these indexes all indicate that siliceous rock resulted from hydrothermal deposition. Plots of Al2 O3-Si O2, Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O)-Mn O2/Ti O2 and Mn-10×(Cu+Co+Ni)-Fe in discrimination diagrams also verify this interpretation. However, both the Mg O content, ranging from 0.16 to 0.32, and the Fe/Ti ratio, ranging from 2.50 to 9.72, suggest that terrigenous material was added during the depositional process. Major and trace element parameters of siliceous rock, such as the Al/(A1+Fe+Mn) ratio(from 0.81 to 0.93), Mn O/Ti O2(from 0.00 to 0.17), Al/(Al+Fe)(from 0.82 to 0.93), Sc/Th ratio(from 0.21 to 0.50), U/Th(from 0.09 to 0.20),(La/Yb)N(from 0.83 to 3.04), and the(La/Ce)N(from 0.01 to 0.02) all imply that the siliceous rock formed in a continental margin. In addition, the Sr/Ba ratio from 0.08 to 0.26, the δCe value from 0.31 to 0.90, and the δEu value from 0.14 to 0.58, all indicate that the siliceous rock was formed at a relatively deeper water depth and under weak hydrodynamic conditions. Siliceous rock and BIF formed in the same geological setting, with the Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O) ratio of siliceous rock ranging from 28.61 to 47.43, the Si O2/Al2 O3 ratio from 16.53 to 32.37, and the Si O2/Mg O ratio from 287.28 to 592.81, which are all in agreement with chemical deposition associated with volcanic eruptions. The Al2 O3/Ti O2 ratio from 37.82 to 50.30 indicates that the magma source of siliceous rock was of slightly intermediate composition. During the Late Archean in the Wuyang area, the high concentration and high purity Si O2 quickly precipitated from hydrothermal fluids to finally result in the accumulation of siliceous rock in a marginal sea, while the input corresponding to iron formation components was deposited to form iron formation layers, and limestone was only the product formed during the deposition intervals of siliceous rock and iron formations. In this study, the synsedimentary siliceous rocks of BIF act as a new way to provide direct evidence to understand the formation environment of BIF due to its high geochemical stability.     

Geochemical Indication of Sinian Bedded Siliceous Rocks in the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi Area and Their Environmental Significance

In the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi area there have developed very thick bedded siliceous rocks of the late Sinian. The rocks have a fairly pure composition, with an average content of siliceous minerals exceeding 95%. They are relatively rich in Fe and Mn, and poor in Al, Ti and Mg. The Fe/Ti, (Fe+Mn)/Ti, Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) and U/Th ratios and the Al-Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-(Ni+Co+Cu)×10 triangle diagrams all show that they are hydrothermal sedimentary siliceous rocks. In the rocks the total amount of REEs is low, the δCe shows an obvious negative anomaly and the 8Eu a weak anomaly, and LREE>HREE, all indicating that they are products of hydrothermal processes. The δ30Si and δ18O values, as well as the formation temperature of the rocks all clearly show that the silica forming the rocks comes from hot water. Besides, analyses of the depositional environment of the rocks using the MnO/TiO2 ratio and the δCe and δ30Si values yield the same conclusion that they are formed in environments from continental marginal slope     

北京西山——一个早中生代拗拉谷的一部分

华北地台北部的燕辽带在晚元古代时为一拗陷带,蓟县地区的整个层系厚度在10,000m以上。中生代时发生强烈的岩浆活动和形变。其构造性质与地台的含义并不相符,前人对该区有沉降带、台褶带等提法。     

Ferromanganese carbonate metasediments of the Sob area,Polar Urals: Bedding conditions,composition, and genesis

The paper presents the results of study of ferromanganese carbonate rocks in the Sob area (Polar Urals), which is located between the Rai-Iz massif and the Seida–Labytnangi Railway branch. These rocks represent low-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks confined to the Devonian carbonaceous siliceous and clayey–siliceous shales. In terms of ratio of the major minerals, ferromanganese rocks can be divided into three varieties composed of the following minerals: (1) siderite, rhodochrosite, chamosite, quartz, ± kutnahorite, ± calcite, ± magnetite, ± pyrite, ± clinochlore, ± stilpnomelane; (2) spessartite, rhodochrosite, and quartz, ± hematite, ± chamosite; (3) rhodochrosite, spessartite, pyroxmanite, quartz ± tephroite, ± fridelite, ± clinochlore, ± pyrophanite, ± pyrite. In all varieties, the major concentrators of Mn and Fe are carbonates (rhodochrosite, siderite, kutnahorite, Mn-calcite) and chlorite group minerals (clinochlore, chamosite). The chemical composition of rocks is dominated by Si, Fe, Mn, carbon dioxide, and water (L.O.I.): total SiO₂ + Fe₂O ₃ ^tot + MnO + L.O.I. = 85.6?98.4 wt %. The content of Fe and Mn varies from 9.3 to 55.6 wt % (Fe₂O ₃ ^tot + MnO). The Mn/Fe ratio varies from 0.2 to 55.3. In terms of the aluminum module Al_M = Al/(Al + Mn + Fe), the major portion of studied samples corresponds to metalliferous sediments. The δ¹³C_carb range (–30.4 to–11.9‰ PDB) corresponds to authigenic carbonates formed with carbon dioxide released during the microbial oxidation of organic matter in sediments at the dia- and/or catagenetic stage. Ferromanganese sediments were likely deposited in relatively closed seafloor zones (basin-traps) characterized by periodic stagnation. Fe and Mn could be delivered from various sources: input by diverse hydrothermal solutions, silt waters in the course of diagenesis, river discharges, and others. The diagenetic delivery of metals seems to be most plausible. Mn was concentrated during the stagnation of bottom water in basin-traps. Interruption of stagnation promoted the precipitation of Mn. The presence of organic matter fostered a reductive pattern of postsedimentary transformations of metalliferous sediments. Fe and Mn were accumulated initially in the oxide form. During the diagenesis, manganese and iron oxides reacted with organic matter to make up carbonates. Relative to manganese carbonates, iron carbonates were formed under more reductive settings and higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the interstitial solution. Crystallization of manganese and iron silicates began already at early stages of lithogenesis and ended during the regional metamorphism of metalliferous sediments.     

广西东南部钦防海槽晚古生代硅质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义*

广西东南部钦防海槽地区晚古生代硅质岩十分发育。对硅质岩主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素的分析结果表明:该区晚古生代硅质岩含有较高的SiO₂,硅化程度较高;除上泥盆统弗拉斯阶及下石炭统硅质岩具有较低的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(0.14～0.24;0.07～0.81)及较高的U/Th值(0.34～5.09;0.16～10.1)外,其他层位硅质岩具有较高的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(0.4～0.95)及较低的U/Th值(0.1～2.1);上泥盆统硅质岩稀土元素比值Ce/Ce^*、La_N/Yb_N及La_N/Ce_N值分别为0.78～1.08、0.4～1.52和0.88～1.35,而下石炭统硅质岩具有较低的Ce/Ce^*值(0.55～0.91)、La_N/Yb_N值(0.12～1.8)及较高的 La_N/Ce_N值(1.12～1.79),中下二叠统硅质岩Ce/Ce^*、La_N/Yb_N及La_N/Ce_N值分别为1.01～1.62、0.72～2.71和0.62～1.9。钦防海槽晚古生代硅质岩地球化学特征表明:晚泥盆世钦防海槽发生扩张,热液活动比较强烈,处于大陆边缘海环境;早石炭世钦防海槽再次发生扩张,热液活动强烈,硅质岩形成于远离陆源的深海海盆环境;早中二叠世,钦防海槽逐渐收缩,海水变浅。钦防海槽晚古生代并没有出现真正的洋壳,可能属于晚古生代古特提斯分支洋盆的一个坳拉槽盆地。     

内蒙古乌拉特后旗乌兰敖包地区二叠纪中-基性火山岩地球化学、年代学、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

内蒙古乌拉特后旗乌兰敖包地区中-基性火山岩位于华北陆块北缘西段,野外出露岩性主要为灰黑色-深灰绿色玄武岩、深灰绿色玄武安山岩和灰绿色安山岩等。岩石样品中SiO_2含量49.33~65.84%,Na_2O含量0.53~5.49%,K_2O平均值为0.25~6.40%,属于钙碱性系列;由基性到中性岩石中稀土总量呈增加趋势,轻稀土元素富集程度增加,δEu负异常逐渐明显;微量元素显示火山岩普遍具有不同程度的Ta、Nb亏损,U、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素富集特征,具有俯冲带弧岩浆岩的特征。火山岩中岩浆锆石U-Pb测年结果为285.0±2.3 Ma和265.0±1.5Ma,表明其形成时代为早-中二叠世;火山岩与下伏地层接触关系及捕获锆石的年龄特征指示,乌兰敖包地区火山岩形成在华北陆块北缘之上。锆石Hf同位素信息指示岩浆起源于受俯冲板块影响的亏损地幔,岩浆上升过程中加入了壳源物质。     

浙西石炭纪层状硅质岩地球化学特征及其意义

在浙西石炭纪地层中存在与地层整合产出的层状硅质岩。硅质岩中ＦｅＯ、ＭｎＯ、ＴｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＭｇＯ、ＣａＯ、Ｎａ２Ｏ、Ｋ２Ｏ等含量相对较高，富集Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ、Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｇａ，Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／ＦｅＯ、ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２／（Ｎａ２Ｏ＋Ｋ２Ｏ）、ＳｉＯ２／ＭｇＯ比值较小，稀土元素总量低，Ｃｅ弱负异常，重稀土相对富集，包裹体富含气相组份ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２、Ｎ２、ＣＯ、Ｈ２，具热水沉积硅质岩的地球化学特征。在Ｆｅ—Ｍｎ—（Ｎｉ＋Ｃｏ＋Ｃｕ）三角图及ＳｉＯ２—Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２—Ｆｅ２Ｏ３图上均属于热水沉积硅质岩。硅质岩中硅、氧同位素也显示其热水成因之特点。硅质岩的硅同位素和稀土元素Ｃｅ／Ｃｅ※值表明本区层状硅质岩主要是在浅海环境下沉积的。硅质岩的形成温度较高，为９８℃～１５２℃     

36Cl断代法

本文讨论了³⁶Cl的成因、³⁶Cl断代法的原理及其在第四纪年代学中的应用范围和测试方法，重点论述了大陆蒸发盐的³⁶Cl断代法。作者等曾应用该法测得了柴达木盆地1．4MaB．P．以来的石盐年龄。该法也已在冰碛物、火山岩等第四纪地质体的测年中获得了成功。有理由可以相信³⁶Cl断代法将在第四纪年代学研究中得到更广泛的应用。     

黔中三叠纪地层研究新进展

通过对黔中地区区域地质调查，在二叠系—三叠系过渡层中发现了一系列的韵律层，并通过岩性岩相、矿物学、地球化学和地层古生物学研究，认为过渡层中韵律层是远源火山碎屑重力流沉积产物，并据古生物、沉积学、地层学研究将过渡层归属于三叠系。原安顺组下部“大汪段”之上、下发现大量牙形刺化石，根据岩性及古生物特征，将“大汪段”归入大冶组。黔中—黔南中三叠统陆源碎屑体系的物源来自江南古陆；菊石、双壳类化石层是浊流作用形成的事件沉积层。     

The Role of H2S-Contaminated Basins in Sedimentary Ore Formation

This work shows that modern H₂S-contaminated basins permanently concentrate P, Mn, and Fe. The oxidation of H₂S-contaminated waters can result in the deposition of phosphate–siliceous and ferromanganese sediments. Such associations of ore-bearing rocks are widespread in ancient sequences of the Earth's sedimentary cover.