Regularities in the formation and evolution of volcanosedimentary complexes in the Early Precambrian

The main objective of this work was to define directions and principal features of the evolution of volcanism and sedimentation in Early Precambrian active volcanic zones. Analysis of reconstructed type sections of intensely metamorphosed and greenstone (sedimentary-volcanic) complexes revealed a general similarity of their structure and universal presence of two principal (contrast and differentiated) volcanic associations that replace each other from the bottom to top (Lazur, 2006). Volcanic complexes are crowned with significantly sedimentary sequences and the manifestation of bimodal (basalt-rhyolite) or acid (dacite-rhyolite) volcanism (Luchitskii et al., 1982). Our work is based on specific rock complexes, for which the primary nature of intensely metamorphosed Early Precambrian rocks has been reconstructed by geological, mineralogical, geochemical, and other methods (Lazur, 1986; Rosen et al., 2005).     

Biomorphic textures in the ferruginous-siliceous rocks of massive sulfide-bearing paleohydrothermal fields in the urals

The work is dedicated to first finds of bacteriomorphic and microfaunal textures in the ferruginous-siliceous rocks that are widespread among volcanosedimentary complexes of the massive sulfide-bearing paleohydrothermal fields in the Urals. The bacteriomorphs are represented by: (1) single filaments with a diameter of 8–10 μm across and 80–90 μm long; (2) fascicles of branched or twisted-fibrous hematitequartz filaments 1–4 μm in diameter and up to 100 μm long; (3) microtubular textures, 20–30 μm across and up to 500 μm long, closely interlaced with thin hematite-quartz filaments (3–5 μm in diameter); (4)and hematite-quartz filaments (with the axial channel 1 μm across) formed by chains of elongated-oval lumps. These textures closely associate in the ferruginous-siliceous rocks with the fossilized tubular organisms (60–120 μm in diameter), tentaculites, remains of radiolarian skeletons, foraminifers, and others. It has been established that accumulation of various elements, such as Fe, Si, Ca, P, Mn, Ba, Ti, and K that are associated with biomorphic structures, was accompanied by the formation of their own mineral forms. Biomorphic textures in the gossanites (ferruginous-siliceous rocks forming haloes around destroyed massive sulphide mounds) differ from jasperites (not associating with sulfide ores ferruginouse-siliceous rocks), in terms of abundance, diversity, and development of tubular organisms and tentaculites. Biomineralization of different degrees of preservation in the Paleozoic ferruginous-siliceous rocks can indicate the microbial influence on geochemical processes during the decomposition of initial hyaloclastic sediments, which contain an admixture of sulfides and carbonates, under low-temperature conditions accompanied by the formation of iron and silica.     

我国早前寒武纪变质岩中金矿床深延问题初探

本文通过国内外绿岩带及其中的金矿床对比研究,说明我国早前寒武纪变质岩系的原岩层序和岩性特征与世界各绿岩带是可以对比的;我国早前寒武纪变质岩系中的金矿床在赋矿围岩、控矿构造及产出形式诸方面与绿岩型金矿也是可以对比的。从其成矿机理及基本事实出发,指出在我国早前寒武纪变质岩分布区及已知老矿区寻找深部矿体的可能性。     

辽宁板块构造特征及大地构造单元划分

利用板块构造理论,依据近年来1：5万区域地质调查及相关科研成果,对辽宁地壳发展演化进行了分析研究,提出辽宁地壳发展可暂划分为早前寒武纪大陆增生构造体制和中元古宙以来的板块构造体制.中太古代-古元古代发现了绿岩地体和古元古宙裂谷,因此将早前寒武纪视作原始板块,中元古代-古生代视作古板块,中生代以来视作现代板块.在此基础上对辽宁大地构造单元进行了划分.辽宁Ⅰ级构造单元为塔里木-华北板块.Ⅱ级构造单元为天山-赤峰陆缘活动带和华北陆块.Ⅲ级构造单元5个,分别为建平-西丰华力西陆缘造山带、冀辽地块、铁岭-清原微地块、辽吉地块及下辽河-辽东湾新生代裂谷.Ⅳ级构造单元16个.为清楚地了解辽宁地壳发展演化特点,对5个Ⅲ级构造单元地质特征进行简要阐述.     

Lithochemical typification of Early Precambrian ferruginous-siliceous formations in the East European Craton

The first comparative paleolithochemical characteristics of Early Precambrian ferruginous-siliceous formations of the East European Craton confined to four stratigraphic levels—Lower Archean, Upper Archean (Lopian), Lower Karelian, and Upper Karelian—are presented. Using the MINLITH method and software package for lithochemical calculations, the possible primary composition of metasedimentary rocks is reconstructed and paleogeographic settings of sedimentation are suggested. It is shown that different age formations represented initially lithogenetic groups with different compositions and quantitative relationships between the major types of sedimentary rocks with gradual transitions and genetic affinity. They accumulated in paleotectonic and facies settings that were specific for each stage of iron ore sedimentation, resulting in the development of four genetic (Bug, Algoma, Okolovo, and Lake Superior) types of ferruginous-siliceous formations.     

Perspectives of the discovery of large and unique noble metal deposits in the northeastern Siberian Platform

Geological prospecting indicators of a potential presence of the Witwatersrand-type large and superlarge noble metal deposits containing optional Pt, Ir, Os, Rh, U, and diamond are presented. Perspective areas of native gold concentration in the northeastern Siberian Platform are indicated. Gold metallogeny of this region was basically developed in Early Precambrian in association with greenstone belts and granulitegneiss complexes. Promising zones with noble metal mineralization encompass large areas at the junction of tectonic provinces.     

山东胶北地体早前寒武纪地层的划分

<正> 在前人的工作基础上,我们根据近5年来的研究认为,金矿储量占全国约四分之一的胶北隆起是一个独立地体,它的四周有明确的边界断层,如郯庐断裂、平度—莱西断裂和荣城—青岛—五莲—日照—海州断裂(即榴辉岩带)分别与其相邻的鲁西地体、胶南地体和胶东南—苏东北—黄海地体分开。胶北地体金矿富集规律长期未被搞清的原因,除对其构造环境尚未认识清楚外,主要是对其早前寒武纪地层(>1850Ma)缺乏正确划分,从而对正确认识这个具有典型克拉通性质的胶北地体的地质演化发展、性质和构造等都受     

Structural evolution of Vendian and early to Middle Paleozoic complexes in Uraltau Zone and Sakmara allochthons,Southern Urals

The structural evolution of the Late Precambrian and Early to Middle Paleozoic complexes is considered for the southern part of the Uraltau Zone and its extension in the Ebeta Antiform, as well as for the northeastern and northwestern frameworks of the ophiolitic Khabarny Allochthon, where the Late Precambrian and Paleozoic complexes of the continental margin in combination with ophiolites are drawn together in packets of tectonic nappes. The formation of the regional structure took place during several stages in various geodynamic settings. Five deformation stages have been recognized in the regional structural evolution from new data on mesostructural parageneses, which consist of folds that developed within outcrops and their relationships in rocks differing in age. The first stage is related to the Late Precambrian Timanian, or Cadomian Orogeny, and four subsequent deformation stages characterize Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the region. The geodynamic nature of the second stage remains unknown; the third stage is related to overthrusting of ophiolites in the Early Devonian; the fourth stage of deformations marks Late Paleozoic continental collision. The fifth stage of postcollisional strike-slip deformations completes the regional structural evolution.     

Geodynamics of the Early Precambrian,Part 1: Volcanism and associated mantle processes

The work is dedicated to most important abiotic processes of the Early Precambrian, effect of which is recorded in continental crust, and to complementary processes in subcontinental mantle. We intend to figure out when a certain process was triggered first in the past and what indications suggest its further activity, evolution and possible cessation in subsequent geological history. Considerations are based on described natural objects characterizing particular geological events and enabling the cause-and-effect interpretation in order to understand different viewpoints known from publications. Considered in the work are the early Precambrian greenstone belts and ophiolites, island-arc systems and ecologites, magmatism unconnected with subduction zones (rifting-related, plateau basalts, dykes, kimberlites) and anorthosites representing a group of heterochronous intrusions of complicated genesis. Main considerations are premised with a brief review of the earliest geodynamic phenomena associated with meteorite impacts by termination of the planetary accretion.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000243

We combine a geological, geochemical and tectonic dataset from 118 ophiolite complexes of the major global Phanerozoic orogenic belts with similar datasets of ophiolites from 111 Precambrian greenstone belts to construct an overview of oceanic crust generation over 4 billion years. Geochemical discrimi- nation systematics built on immobile trace elements reveal that the basaltic units of the Phanerozoic ophiolites are dominantly subduction-related （75%）, linked to backarc processes and characterized by a strong MORB component, similar to ophiolites in Precambrian greenstone sequences （85%）. The remaining 25% Phanerozoic subduction-unrelated ophiolites are mainly （74%） of Mid-Ocean-Ridge type （MORB type）, in contrast to the equal proportion of RiftlContinental Margin, Plume, and MORB type ophiolites in the Precambrian greenstone belts. Throughout the Phanerozoic there are large geochemical variations in major and trace elements, but for average element values calculated in 5 bins of 100 million year intervals there are no obvious secular trends. By contrast, basaltic units in the ophiolites of the Precambrian greenstones （calculated in 12 bins of 250 million years intervals）, starting in late Paleo- to early Mesoproterozoic （ca. 2.0-1.8 Ga）, exhibit an apparent decrease in the average values of incom- patible elements such as Ti, P, Zr, Y and Nb, and an increase in the compatible elements Ni and Cr with deeper time to the end of the Archean and into the Hadean. These changes can be attributed to decreasing degrees of partial melting of the upper mantle from HadeanJArchean to Present. The onset of geochemical changes coincide with the timing of detectible changes in the structural architecture of the ophiolites such as greater volumes of gabbro and more common sheeted dyke complexes, and lesser occurrences of ocelli （varioles） in the pillow lavas in ophiolites younger than 2 Ga. The global data from the Precambrian ophiolites, representative of nearly 50% of all known worldwide greenston     

Pre-Visean Bauxites and Iron-Aluminum Ores Deposit of the KMA and Prospects for Development

Geology of Ore Deposits - Data on geology of bauxite deposits associated with rich iron ores of the weathering crust of Precambrian ferruginous-siliceous shale formation within the Kursk Magnetic...     

Early Precambrian granitoids of the Batomga inlier of the southeastern Siberian Platform basement: Age and geodynamic formation settings

New data on the age, composition, sources, and formation conditions of the Early Precambrian granitoids of the Batomga inlier of the southeastern Siberian Platform basement are discussed. Geochronological SRHIMP II U–Pb study of the zircons reveals that the calc-alkaline granitoids of the Khoyunda Complex are 2056–2057 Ma in age and their formation was related to the Early Proterozoic stage in the development of the Batomga granite–greenstone domain. It is established that the primary melts for these rocks formed in subduction settings through melting of the depleted mantle source with some contribution of ancient crustal material. In terms of temperature, partial melting followed by crystallization of the granitoids under peak metamorphic conditions corresponds to the transition between amphibolite and granulite facies at elevated pressure; high temperature and high-grade metamorphism are subduction-related phenomena reflected in the back-arc settings of the active continental margin. The protoliths of calc-alkaline metavolcanics of the Batomga Group are found to be chronologically and compositionally analogous to the subduction granitoids of the Khoyunda and Dzhagdakan complexes; i.e., these granitoids are coeval with the Batomga island arc. The lower age limit of the Batomga Group is estimated at 2.2 Ga and its upper age limit is defined by the age of the intruded Khoyunda granitoids. The formation of the rocks of the Batomga Group and associated granitoids of the Khoyunda and Dzhagdakan complexes reflects the formation of the continental crust at the Early Paleoproterozoic stage of the evolution of the Batomga lithosphere block (2.2–2.0 Ga ago).     

登封地区早前寒武纪地壳演化—地球化学和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学制约

河南中部登封地区早前寒武纪基底主要由新太古代登封群、古元古代嵩山群和早前寒武纪花岗质岩石组成.登封群主要由斜长角闪岩、角闪变粒岩、黑云变粒岩、云母石英片岩及少量磁铁石英岩(BIF)组成,变质原岩主要为基性火山岩、中酸性火山岩和碎屑沉积岩.3个登封群变质酸性火山岩样品给出2.51～2.53 Ga岩浆锆石年龄,存在2.61～2.69 Ga残余锆石.它们高SiO2,tDM(Nd)和εNd(t)分别为2.52～2.79 Ga和0.51～4.41.嵩山群主要由石英岩和片岩组成,经受绿片岩相变质.石英岩碎屑锆石年龄峰值为2.5 Ga,与华北克拉通孔兹岩系变泥砂质岩石中存在大量2.1～2.3 Ga碎屑锆石明显不同.石英岩中可靠的最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为2.45 Ga,部分碎屑锆石年龄大于2.65 Ga,最大达3.26 Ga.会善寺奥长花岗岩、大塔寺英云闪长岩、路家沟钾质花岗岩和石秤二长花岗岩形成时代分别为2.55 Ga、2.53 Ga、2.51 Ga和1.78 Ga,会善寺奥长花岗岩中存在2621～2638 Ma残余锆石,并有～2.51 Ga变质增生边存在.花岗质岩石在元素地球化学组成上存在较大变化,但具有类似Nd同位素组成,tDM(Nd)为2.60～2.80 Ga(钾质花岗岩样品除外).根据研究,可得出如下结论和认识:①登封群形成于新太古代末期(2.51～2.53 Ga),与前人认识一致.②不同类型花岗质岩石,与登封群表壳岩一道,形成于一个相对较小的时间范围(2.50～2.55 Ga),结合岩石组合和地球化学组成特征,推测其形成与板底垫托作用有关.③在岩石组合和形成时代等方面,五台和箕山地区花岗绿岩带与登封地区的十分类似,可能为同一大型花岗绿岩带的不同部分.④可把嵩山群形成时代限制在2.0～2.45 Ga之间,与五台地区高凡群(2.14～2.47 Ga)或滹沱群(2.08～2.14 Ga)对比.⑤石秤花岗岩是华北克拉通古元古代之后拉张构造体制下壳内岩浆作用的产物.     

华北地台绿岩带地质特征类型和演化

中国绿岩带主要分布在华北地台。绿岩带产在古陆核之间或边缘，可能形成在古裂谷或古岛弧的构造环境。按原岩建造、地球化学特征和成矿作用，绿岩带可分夹皮沟型、清原型和小秦岭型。按后期的活化改造作用强度，可分基本稳定型、活化改造型和强烈活化改造型绿岩带。根据变质程度的不同，可分高级变质和中级变质为主的绿岩带。华北地台绿岩带的形成可分四个时期：中太古代、新太古代早期、新太古代晚期和早元古代。华北地台绿岩带同其他国家绿岩带相比较，其岩石类型、不一的变质程度、相似的花岗质岩石、形成在早前寒武纪和赋存丰富矿产资源等基本地质特征相似。但也具有独自的特色：１．分布面积小；２．科马提岩不甚发育；３．同构造晚期的浅成花岗岩侵入体尚未发现；４．变质程度较高；５．赋存的矿产类别有差异；６．受后期的活化改造作用强烈。     

The Bikkulovskoe manganese deposit (South Urals): Geological setting,composition of metalliferous rocks,and formation model

The results of investigation of the Bikkulovskoe manganese deposit confined to volcanosedimentary piles of the Magnitogorsk paleovolcanic belt are presented. The paper characterizes the geological setting of the deposit and mineral-chemical compositions of ores and enclosing rocks (volcanomictic sandstones; ferruginous, manganiferous, and ferruginous-siliceous tuffites; and jasperites). Analysis of the data obtained made it possible to identify four sequential stages of deposit formation: (1) accumulation and diagenesis of ore-bearing sequences (D_2–3); (2) burial and low-grade (T = 200–250°C, P = 2 to 3 kbar) regional metamorphism of rocks (D_2–3-C₁); (3) tectonic deformations of volcanosedimentary piles (C₂-P); and (4) hypergenesis and partial denudation of rocks (MZ-CZ). According to the model proposed for the accumulation of ore-bearing rocks, the productive member was formed in a zone of hydrothermal solution outflow to the seafloor surface. Discharge of solutions and precipitation of Fe and Si began below the seafloor surface (rather than above the surface) in the near-bottom sequence of volcanomictic sediments. Upon reaching the seafloor, the impoverished solutions mixed with seawater and gave up metals completely: Fe and Mn were transferred to sediments to make up the ore-bearing bed. Thus, zonal sediments with ferruginous tuffites at the base and manganese ores at the top were formed.     

Crystalline complexes of the Tarbagatai block of the Early Caledonian superterrane of Central Asia

The oldest crystalline complexes of the Early Caledonian superterrane of Central Asia were formed in the Early Precambrian. They are exposed in the basement of microcontinents, which represent old cratonic fragments. Among the latters are the crystalline complexes of the Tarbagatai block previously ascribed to the Dzabkhan microcontinent. It was shown that the crystalline complexes of the Tarbagatai block have a heterogeneous structure, consisting of the Early Precambrian and later Riphean lithotectonic complexes. Structurally, the Early Precambrian complexes are made up of tectonic sheets of gneisses, migmatites, and gneiss granites of the Ider Complex that are cut by gabbroanorthosite massif. The Riphean Jargalant Complex comprises alternating hornblende crystalline schists and biotite (sometimes sillimanite-bearing) gneisses with marble horizons. The upper age boundary of the Riphean Complex is determined by the subautochthonous granitoids with age about 810 Ma. The presence of the Riphean high-grade rocks indicates that structures with newly formed crust were formed in the paleooceanic framing of the Early Precambrian blocks of the Rodinia supercontinent by the Mid-Late Riphean. Divergence that began at that time within old Rodinian cratons and caused rifting and subsequent break-up of the supercontinent was presumably changed by convergence in the paleooceanic area.     

古老造山带洋板块地层*

重点分析和总结了由前寒武纪增生复合体和造山带混杂岩重建的古老造山带洋板块地层,包括由英国威尔士安格尔西岛新元古代莫纳超群混杂岩重建的太平洋洋板块地层、由澳大利亚西北部皮尔巴拉早太古代克里夫维尔绿岩带重建的古印度洋洋板块地层。澳大利亚东皮尔巴拉地块大理石坝地区早太古代玄武岩-硅质岩-碎屑岩序列与日本二叠纪-三叠纪洋板块地层在岩石组成和地球化学特征方面具有高度的相似性,这一认识将为早太古代洋板块地层的沉积环境从高热流洋脊扩张区经过热点向低热流海沟陆源碎屑沉积区转变这一过程提供有力支持。从增生造山带洋板块地层保存的岩石记录看,不同年代洋板块地层的主要物质组成和岩石类型相似,因此在地球38亿年的演化进程中,洋壳扩张、海洋沉积、俯冲及增生的过程并没有显著变化;但随着时间推移,年轻造山带洋板块性质和洋板块地层组成与古老造山带相比,可能会发生一些变化。就古老造山带洋板块地层而言,前寒武纪的地幔温度略高,太古代局部熔融显著,熔融量大大超过洋壳扩张速率,因而没有形成席状岩墙群。     

Quartz diorites derived by partial melting of eclogite or amphibolite at mantle depths

Rare earth elements, Rb, Sr, Ba and K have been determined in tonalite, trondhjemite, dacite, tholeiite and graywacke from the 2700 m.y. old Early Precambrian greenstone-granite terrane of northeastern Minnesota-northwestern Ontario, and also in trondhjemite from the 3550 m.y. old Morton Gneiss, southwestern Minnesota; and the Mesozoic Craggy Peak Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California.The Early Precambrian tholeiites have trace element compositions similar to modern oceanic tholeiites, while the quartz dioritic rocks, regardless of age, have total rare earth contents lower than that of tholeiitic basalts, with near chondritic heavy rare earth contents. Rb, Sr, Ba and K contents of the quartz diorites are about five times that of oceanic tholeiites, with similar alkali and alkaline earth ratios. The Early Precambrian graywacke has a rare earth content intermediate between greenstone and quartz diorite, reflecting its provenance.It is proposed that the analyzed quartz dioritic rocks, whether plutonic tonalite, dacite porphyry, gneissic or plutonic trondhjemite, or trondhjemite dikes had similar modes of origin, and were derived by partial melting of amphibolite or eclogite of basaltic or gabbroic composition at depths greater than thirty kilometers, leaving a residue consisting predominantly of garnet and clinopyroxene.     

Age of granitoids from the conjunction zone of the Baikal-Muya foldbelt and the Kalar metamorphic terrane

One of the key segments in the conjunction zone between the Baikal folded area of Baikalides, the Early Precambrian Aldan-Stanovoi shield, and the Barguzin-Vitim superterrane involving fragments of the Early Precambrian, Baikalian, and Paleozoic folded complexes is discussed. Within this segment, complicated tectonic contacts between the Late Riphean complexes of the Param-Shaman paleotrough zone in the Baikal-Muya foldbelt of Baikalides and Lower Precambrian complexes of the Kalar metamorphic terrane are mapped. The results of the U-Pb zircon isotopic dating (TIMS and SHRIMP-II) of gneisses-syenites from the Burgai Complex and gneissoid granites of the Drevnestanovoi Complex of the Early Precambrian age, as well as results of the Nd-isotope study of reference magmatic and stratified complexes of the region are presented. The ages of the oldest gneiss-syenites from the Burgai Complex and overlying plagiomigmatites in the conjunction zone have been established to differ by less than 1 Ma, making up 601 ± 5 Ma. Drevnestanovoi gneissoid granites in the conjunction zone are of the Late Paleozoic age (325–270 Ma). According to Nd isotopic data, the age of the source, from which Vendian gneisses-syenites and granites were melted, was established to be not older than the Riphean, and the material of the old continental crust to be the protolith of the upper Paleozoic granites. It has been inferred that the collision junction of Baikalian and Early Precambrian structures of the Baikal folded area and the Aldan-Stanovoi Shield into a single block took place 600 Ma ago.     

中国绿岩带金矿床的时空分布

绿岩带金矿床是在绿岩带形成和演化过程中形成的，在我国岩金矿产储量中占有很重要的地位。该类金矿床主要分布在华北地台的北缘和西南缘。金矿床的分布具有趋群性，成带性、受绿带层序、构造，岩浆作用，退变质带等多因素的控制。