应用遥感与地理信息系统评价公路地质背景的方法

在公路的预设计阶段，需要快速，廉价的公路地质背景信息遥感与GIS技术正能满足这种要求，本文认为利用遥感与GIS评价公路地质背景应包括地理因素，地质条件，水文地质与工程地质等因素，空间评价应从公路分段评价，重点工程评价，地质灾害分布三方面进行，本文介绍了应用这种方法对贵州省镇兴公路关岭至兴仁段的地质背景评价。     

墨脱公路自然环境与山地灾害

西藏墨脱公路已历经50多年的调查研究，并在20世纪70年代一度实施，均无功而返。墨脱县至今仍然是全国唯一不通公路的县。墨脱公路的艰巨性在于当地地貌环境特殊，气候条件恶劣，地质背景复杂，尤其是山地灾害广泛发育，且灾害种类齐全，大多具有相当规模。文章介绍山地灾害发育的环境，论述山地灾害的种类及特点，并根据地质条件提出公路选线应采取的措施。     

遥感技术在庐江铜陵段高速公路工程地质评价中的应用

在高速公路建设中，工程地质条件评价是十分重要的基础工作，如何利用遥感技术进行评价，其应用效果有新的突破，是今后遥感工作研究方向之一，本文通过实际工作中的研究，通过对大比例尺彩红外航片的解译，从区域地质环境背景及人类活动对地质环境的影响入手，对高速公路地质评价程度有了新的提高，为公路建设提供了科学依据。     

三峡工程库区公路复建工程主要地质病害及防治对策

三峡工程建成后, 库水回水将淹没沿江(河) 地带的公路约1 000 km. 随着库区的开发, 不仅需要复建被淹没的公路, 恢复其功能, 而且还将大量修建新公路. 通过实例对三峡工程库区公路复建工程中的主要地质病害进行了论述, 指出已发生的地质病害主要是山区常见的滑坡、崩塌、泥石流, 而潜在的地质病害是由于水库库岸再造对公路工程的不利影响; 分析了产生病害的原因, 并提出了防治对策. 对三峡工程库区今后的公路建设、相似地质条件地区的道路建设均具有一定的参考和借鉴意义.      

大坂山公路隧道工程地质特征

大坂山公路隧道位于青海西宁市－甘肃省张掖市公路，自南向北穿越大坂山主峰。隧道轴线长约１．５３８ｋｍ。轴线走向２９度，系国内海拔最高的公路隧道。由于隧道址区所处的特殊地形地质背景条件，必须查明一些特殊的隧道工程地质问题，经工程地质勘探查明了：一、大坂山址区不存在多年冻土，仅发育季节冻土，对隧道工程危害不大；二、隧道围岩类型分类四类、１１段，其中稳定性好的Ｖ类围岩占隧道全长５１％，Ⅳ类围岩占１５％，Ⅲ     

滇藏公路类乌齐-俄洛桥段地质灾害危险性评估及分区

滇藏公路类乌齐-俄洛桥段地质灾害发生频繁,长期以来一直严重影响了该段公路的正常通行。经实地调查研究发现,沿线存在崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等7类地质灾害,共有各类灾害点48处。为使该段公路改建工程的顺利进行,减少地质灾害对改建后公路的危害,文章结合地质环境条件和灾害特征等对全段地质灾害进行了危险性现状评估和预测评估,运用灾损率法和风险性区划法将评估区划分为7个区,并对这7个区进行了地质灾害危险性综合评估、建设场地适宜性和防治工程重要性分级。经综合评估发现,地质灾害危险性大的地区主要分布在地质条件差的高山峡谷地带,危险性小的地区主要分布在地质条件好的宽谷和山岭地带。最后提出了目前青藏高原地区公路地质灾害危险性评估中存在的问题。     

G316陕西段地质灾害及对策分析

随着公路建设的不断发展,公路沿线地质灾害越来越多,危及公路的安全和正常运营。论文通过对G316国道陕西段地质灾害详实调查,在分析自然条件和地质条件的基础上,公路沿线地质灾害具有种类多,分布广、活动频繁,危害大的特点,常冲毁道路、耕地、房屋,危及人民的生命财产安全,同时研究了该段公路沿线地质灾害的分布特征、形成机制、危害及对策措施。研究表明,该段公路的地质灾害与工程地质条件、公路本身建设及人为因素等因素有关。所以,应结合上述特点因地制宜地治理灾害,达到治理灾害和保持公路生态环境相协调为目的。     

汉十高速公路武一许段边坡稳定性分类研究

汉十高速公路武当山至许家棚路段地质条件复杂，40余处路堑边坡的稳定性问题成了公路建设中的一大疑难问题。以工程地质调查成果为基础，对这些边坡进行了稳定性评价及分类工作。     

地质雷达在江苏宜兴段高速公路边坡勘测中的应用

近年来,我国公路建设发展迅速,公路基础建设不断深入,各种边坡的稳定性成为基础工程建设中的一大难题。边坡设计过程中一个很重要的依据就是工程地质条件,对边坡工程地质结构的调查显得尤为重要。但由于客观条件所限,在地质条件复杂、施工条件恶劣情况下要得到较为确切的工程地质资料是困难的。使用常规地质钻探手段往往施工困难,工程投资大,控制范围有限。探地雷达作为一种新型的高分辨无损探测工具,在公路工程中的应用日趋广泛。论文在阐述地质雷达方法原理和地球物理特征的基础上,以江苏宜兴段高速公路边坡工程地质勘测为例,介绍了地质雷达技术在边坡工程地质勘测中的应用。     

沪蓉国道主干线巫山至万州段灾害地质遥感解译

沪蓉国道主干线巫山至万州段公路位于四川省境内。全线平行于长江北岸分布，地形起伏大，地势较陡，山势雄伟。由于沿线不良地质、特殊地质现象较多，工程地质条件较为复杂。为查明路段范围内不良地质分布范围，为路线方案比选提供基础地质资料，在路线工程可行性研究阶段采用了遥感技术，收到了较好的应用效果。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.