基于光学遥感技术的高山极高山区高位地质灾害链式特征分析

金沙江上游地形切割强烈、山高谷深,为典型的高山峡谷区,受金沙江断裂带的影响,斜坡完整性差、岩体支离破碎,极易发生山体滑坡。根据遥感影像上滑坡地质灾害隐患的色调、平面形态、变形标志、微地貌等特征,建立了遥感解译标志,在金沙江流域直门达—石鼓段共识别出滑坡地质灾害隐患点87处,其中大型40处、特大型47处,结合区域地理、地质环境特征,分析了其基本特征和空间分布规律。研究区堵江滑坡地质灾害隐患具有明显的链式特征,大致可划为滑坡-堵江灾害链、崩塌-滑坡-堵江灾害链、滑坡-泥石流-堵江灾害链等3种类型,分别以色拉滑坡、汪布顶滑坡、探戈滑坡为例,基于光学遥感技术对其变形特征、链式特征进行了详细分析。从地理位置上看,金沙江断裂带明显控制了金沙江干流直门达—石鼓段的平面展布,新构造运动在断裂带各段活动周期、强度存在差异性,中段和南段活动性较强、应变积累更快,地震作用可能相对频繁,为巴塘以南的金沙江两岸有利斜坡区发生堵江滑坡提供了有利的区域地质环境背景。     

基于光学遥感技术的高山极高山区高位地质灾害链式特征分析——以金沙江上游典型堵江滑坡为例

金沙江上游地形切割强烈、山高谷深,为典型的高山峡谷区,受金沙江断裂带的影响,斜坡完整性差、岩体支离破碎,极易发生山体滑坡。根据遥感影像上滑坡地质灾害隐患的色调、平面形态、变形标志、微地貌等特征,建立了遥感解译标志,在金沙江流域直门达—石鼓段共识别出滑坡地质灾害隐患点87处,其中大型40处、特大型47处,结合区域地理、地质环境特征,分析了其基本特征和空间分布规律。研究区堵江滑坡地质灾害隐患具有明显的链式特征,大致可划为滑坡-堵江灾害链、崩塌-滑坡-堵江灾害链、滑坡-泥石流-堵江灾害链等3种类型,分别以色拉滑坡、汪布顶滑坡、探戈滑坡为例,基于光学遥感技术对其变形特征、链式特征进行了详细分析。从地理位置上看,金沙江断裂带明显控制了金沙江干流直门达—石鼓段的平面展布,新构造运动在断裂带各段活动周期、强度存在差异性,中段和南段活动性较强、应变积累更快,地震作用可能相对频繁,为巴塘以南的金沙江两岸有利斜坡区发生堵江滑坡提供了有利的区域地质环境背景。     

云南省思茅区地质灾害发育特征及防治对策

云南省思茅区地质灾害主要类型有滑坡、不稳定斜坡和泥石流.通过对区内地质灾害的考察和最新地质灾害信息的分析,阐述了该地区地质灾害的主要类型及特征,归纳了地质灾害分布特征;对区内地质灾害发育的主要影响因素进行了较为系统的分析,初步认识了思茅区地质灾害的成因机制.在此基础上,进一步提出了该地区地质灾害的防治原则和防治对策,力求有效地预防和减少地质灾害的发生.     

浙江滑坡类型、成因和环境控制因素与影响因素

由于独特的地理位置,复杂的地质、地形和气候背景,浙江成为中国降雨型滑坡最频发的地区之一。要有效防范此类地质灾害必须了解引起滑坡的降雨条件和控制因素。本文依据浙江地区在1990～2007年期间发生的3744处滑坡和同一时期1257个雨量监测站记录的日降雨量数据,总结了滑坡的成因类型,对影响滑坡发生的降雨条件和地质、地形等控制因素进行了分析。     

河南卢氏县地质灾害特征及防治措施

河南省卢氏县地质灾害类型主要有不稳定斜坡、滑坡、崩塌和泥石流等。依据2013年卢氏县地质灾害详细调查资料,阐述了该地区地质灾害的主要类型、发育特征以及在时空上的分布特征;对该地区地质灾害发育的主要影响因素进行了较为系统的分析,总结了地质灾害的成因机制;为有效预防灾害发生和减轻灾害损失,提出了地质灾害防治措施。     

基于精细DEM的崩塌滑坡灾害识别及主控因素分析——以雅鲁藏布江缝合带加查—朗县段为例

雅鲁藏布江缝合带加查-朗县段位于青藏高原东南部地区,地形起伏度大,地质灾害分布密集。本文主要基于机载雷达获取的10 m精度影像数据,卫星遥感数据,以及高精度无人机航拍数据,对崩塌、滑坡地质灾害进行识别,并研究其主控因素。共计识别41处崩塌与92处滑坡,利用统计方法,分析崩塌、滑坡与各主控因素的相关性。对于识别的崩塌滑坡进行厚度识别,从而建立了灾害面积与体积之间的函数关系,实现了在已知崩塌滑坡灾害面积的情况下,对灾害规模的估算。本文阐明了区内地质灾害的空间分布情况,并研究了区域内崩塌滑坡地质灾害的主控因素。结果表明:滑坡主要发育在雅鲁藏布江南岸以及北岸坡体的中下部,而崩塌主要发生在北岸坡体的中上部。地层岩性、地形地貌、地质构造和岩体结构是崩塌、滑坡的主控因素,崩塌主要集中在砾岩和花岗岩地区,而千枚岩地区多发育有滑坡灾害。研究区内的崩塌由坡度、坡向和高程共同控制,其中坡度为主控因素;滑坡主要受到断层的控制,坡度对滑坡的发育具有一定的影响作用,高程和坡向对滑坡的影响较小。滑坡主要以牵引型为主,且大多数滑坡滑动的方向大致垂直于断裂的走向;崩塌主要以滑移式为主,通过对岩体结构面的提取可以分析其结构面发育情况,从而分析结构面对崩塌的控制作用。     

安徽太湖县地质灾害特征及其危险性评价

太湖县地处安徽省西南部、大别山区南缘,地质条件复杂,地形切割较大,山体陡峭,岩石风化强烈,加上人类工程活动活跃,降雨集中,在很大程度上改变了原有的地质环境条件,在内外动力作用下,导致该地区存在或者发育多种地质环境问题,如水土流失、矿山环境问题和滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等.其中滑坡、崩塌和泥石流等是这一地区较为严重的地质环境问题,因地质灾害而造成的经济损失较为严重.本文分析了县域内地质灾害发育特征、分布规律及地质灾害形成条件,对该区地质灾害危险性进行了分区评价,并就如何加强地质灾害防治提出了建议.     

金沙江中游巴塘县地质灾害发育特征及成灾规律分析

金沙江流域地处青藏高原东南缘,地跨我国地势一、二阶梯过渡带,地质环境条件脆弱,属地质灾害高易发区。巴塘县位于金沙江中游,目前调查发现各类地质灾害隐患点486处,以泥石流和不稳定斜坡为主。其中泥石流151处,不稳定斜坡133处,崩塌109处,滑坡93处。通过对巴塘县地质灾害详细调查与测绘,对地质灾害的发育特征、分布规律及其影响因素进行了深入研究,结果表明：（1）巴塘县地质灾害发育类型多,点多面广、密度大,分布不均衡,成条带、群片状分布;（2）地质灾害的分布与地形地貌有密切的关系。主要沿金沙江高山峡谷区及其支沟流域的深切河谷区、丘状高原与峡谷区的地形转折带集中分布。大多数的不稳定斜坡、崩塌、滑坡发育在高程2500～3500m。（3）地质灾害受地质构造控制,时空分布差异明显。地质灾害隐患点集中沿巴塘－莫西活动构造带、金沙江构造带分布。（4）不同的岩性决定了地质灾害的类型。滑坡、不稳定斜坡主要发生在第四系松散土体中,崩塌主要发育于岩浆岩、玄武岩、火山岩、细砂岩等硬岩、较硬岩岩体;软的石英片岩、绢云片岩、绿片岩为主的岩组,岩石破碎,为泥石流提供丰富的物源。     

基于加权证据权模型的青藏高原东部巴塘断裂带滑坡易发性评价

巴塘断裂带位于青藏高原东部,呈北东—南西向展布,全新世活动强烈,沿断裂带崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害极为发育。基于遥感解译和野外地质调查,在巴塘断裂带两侧10 km范围内识别出滑坡93处;在分析滑坡空间发育特征的基础上,选取地形地貌(地面高程、地形坡度和地形坡向)、地形湿度指数、地层岩性、活动断裂、降雨量、水系、人类工程活动和植被覆盖等10个因素作为滑坡易发程度的主控因素,采用加权证据权法建立滑坡易发性评价模型,开展巴塘断裂带滑坡易发性评价;成功率(ROC)曲线检验结果表明此次滑坡易发性评价的准确率为82.3%。采用基于自然断点法将滑坡易发程度划分为极高易发、高易发、中等易发和低易发4个级别,结果表明滑坡易发性受巴塘断裂带和河流控制显著,极高易发区和高易发区主要分布在巴塘断裂带、金沙江和巴曲河谷及一级支流两侧,中等易发区主要分布在巴曲各支流中上游,低易发区主要分布在人类工程活动弱的高山地带以及地形相对平缓的区域。滑坡易发性评价结果很好地反映了巴塘断裂带现今滑坡发育分布特征,对该区重大工程规划建设和防灾减灾具有科学指导意义。     

湖北恩施地区滑坡灾害成生规律

恩施地区滑坡灾害频发,为揭示恩施地区滑坡地质灾害成生规律,在综合研究恩施地区基础地质和滑坡地质灾害调查统计成果的基础上,分析滑坡灾害时空分布特征,从影响滑坡发生与否的典型因素出发,包括地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌(高程、地形坡度、沟谷)、降雨、人类工程活动,通过统计分析,完成滑坡发育分布与各个单因素间的关系探究。基于以上研究,结合敏感性分析模型,针对连续变量影响因素、线状影响因素和离散变量影响因素,分别计算单因子不同状态的敏感性系数,并对敏感性系数相近的状态进行归类,分析不同类型状态的敏感性差异,完成恩施地区滑坡成生条件研究。本文研究成果可在一定程度上指导研究区滑坡防治规划。     

Landslide-hazard mapping through multi-technique activity assessment: an example from the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain)

Landslide hazard in a region limited to data from a regional scale about triggering factors is assessed via cross tabulation between determining factors and landslides with recent activity. Firstly, landslide susceptibility was evaluated and validated through a bivariate statistical method between the previously identified stability conditioning factors and the mapped landslides. In this way, the most susceptible areas for assessing landslide hazards were selected. The main problem to solve in this type of research is the landslide activity. For this purpose, several techniques were applied: news reports, differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar, digital photogrammetry, light detection and ranging, photointerpretation, and dendrochronology. Both the strong and weak points of these techniques are also mentioned. The landslide return period was computed via the association between landslide activity and triggering factors, in this case annual rainfall. Finally, landslide hazard was mapped solely based on landslides with recent activity and their computed return period. The relationship between landslide occurrence and triggering factors shows that, according to both the considered assumptions and the observations made, deep-seated landslides are triggered or reactivated together with superficial landslides once every 18 years, while superficial landslides as flows or falls occur once every 5 years. The results show that there is generally a low landslide hazard in the study zone, especially when compared to landslide susceptibility. This means that landslides are mainly dormant from a natural evolution point of view, but could be reactivated as a result of geomorphological, climate, or human changes. In any case, the landslide hazard is successfully assessed, with a prediction of a 6% annual probability of a high hazard in 5% of the area, intersecting with the main infrastructures of the region; thus, control strategies are justified in order to avoid damage in extraordinary rainfall periods.     

台风暴雨型滑坡降雨阈值曲线研究以福建地区为例

台风暴雨型滑坡具有群发性、规模小、爆发性强的特点,容易造成严重的人员伤亡和巨大的财产损失。本文应用极值理论分析,以极端降雨重现期的极大值作为标准并计算有效的降雨区间,通过统计分析,确定触发暴雨型滑坡的降雨阈值曲线。应用模型对福建地区台风暴雨型滑坡进行了分析,福建省3个灾害高发区为:南平三明地区、泉州地区和宁德地区。南平三明地区降雨阈值较高,但发生的滑坡数量较多,主要以3d的降雨为主;泉州地区小于3d的连续降雨和大于8d的连续降雨是触发该地滑坡的主要降雨区间;宁德地区对短期降雨较为敏感,滑坡主要由1d的降雨引起。比较分析研究表明,台风地区触发滑坡的降雨阈值要高于非台风地区。降雨型滑坡阈值主要受气候,地质和土壤厚度影响,气候因素为主控因素。     

浙江庆元地区滑坡灾害的多要素评价

利用地理信息系统（GIS）与遥感技术结合进行油坡灾害评价与预测是当前滑坡研究的热点，在对浙江省庆元县进行遥感滑坡研究中，通过对滑坡各影响因素的详细分析。结合TM图像，利用GIS技术分析主要影响因素，确定影响因素集及其间的朴素关系。从而建立庆元县油坡灾害多要素综合评价的初步模型。结果有81.25%滑坡点落在危险区域。令人比较满意，因此，可以利用此模型进行庆元县滑坡灾害评价。     

Analysis of landslide susceptibility in the Suusamyr region, Tien Shan: statistical and geotechnical approach

The Suusamyr region is located in the northern part of the Tien Shan Range in Central Asia. In 1992, this region was hit by the Ms = 7.3 Suusamyr earthquake triggering several large landslides along the Suusamyr Valley and on the southern slopes of the adjacent Suusamyr Range. One of these landslides had been investigated by geophysical and geotechnical methods in order to determine local trigger factors. The present paper focuses on the influence of geological and morphological factors upon landslide occurrence on a regional scale. The analysis is based on a digital data set including landslides triggered in 1992 and several older landslides as well as various types of digital elevation models (DEMs), ASTER image data, and geological and active fault maps. These data were combined to compute landslide susceptibility (LS) maps using statistical methods, Landslide Factor and Conditional Analyses (LFA, CA), as well as a geotechnical one, the Newmark's Method (NM). The landslide data set was also analyzed with respect to the size–frequency relationship. An erratum to this article can be found at     

滑坡预警判据初步研究--以三峡库区为例

在三峡库区典型地段滑坡灾害调查评价和统计分析的基础上,结合典型滑坡变形发展的阶段性变形现象、标志和临界诱发因素分析,初步提出3个层次的滑坡预警预报判据27条,包括:(1)滑坡空间预测识别判据11条,主要用于滑坡或潜在危岩体空间识别和危险性区划,是滑坡空间预测的基本判据;(2)滑坡状态判据7条,主要用于滑坡单体稳定性评价的亚临界-临界状态预警判据,是滑坡状态预警判据系统的重要组成部分;(3)滑坡临界时间预报判据9条,主要用于单体滑坡剧烈变形或临滑预报,是滑坡时间预报研究的关键判据.     

Inclusion of earthquake strong ground motion in a geographic information system-based landslide susceptibility zonation in Garhwal Himalayas

Garhwal Himalayas are seismically very active and simultaneously suffering from landslide hazards. Landslides are one of the most frequent natural hazards in Himalayas causing damages worth more than one billion US$ and around 200 deaths every year. Thus, it is of paramount importance to identify the landslide causative factors to study them carefully and rank them as per their influence on the occurrence of landslides. The difference image of GIS-derived landslide susceptibility zonation maps prepared for pre- and post-Chamoli earthquake shows the effect of seismic shaking on the occurrence of landslides in the Garhwal Himalaya. An attempt has been made to incorporate seismic shaking parameters in terms of peak ground acceleration with other static landslide causative factors to produce landslide susceptibility zonation map in geographic information system environment. In this paper, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been carried out to calculate peak ground acceleration values at different time periods for estimating seismic shaking conditions in the study area. Further, these values are used as one of the causative factors of landslides in the study area and it is observed that it refines the preparation of landslide susceptibility zonation map in seismically active areas like Garhwal Himalayas.     

鲁甸8.03地震区甘家寨特大型滑坡发育特征及演化过程研究

2014年8月3日鲁甸县M_S6.5级地震造成了617人死亡,并诱发了大量次生滑坡崩塌灾害。其中红石岩滑坡堆积体方量最大,甘家寨滑坡造成的人员伤亡最多。根据笔者对甘家寨特大型滑坡的实地调查和遥感影像解译,分析了该滑坡堆积体的发育特征及演化期次,从活断层破裂角度研究了滑坡的主控因素,认为甘家寨滑坡分为两个发育期次,最新一期滑坡体（本次地震诱发）长约700m,宽约250m,滑体面积约18×104m2,体积约140×104m3,是在20kaBP前发生的古崩塌堆积体在地震诱发下的复活型滑坡,受控于NW向的下水沟断层。最后建议进一步防范鲁甸8.03地震次生灾害的可能危险,加强该地区活动断层的复发周期研究,为灾害恢复重建中的地质环境安全提供基础依据。     

三趾马红土与西北黄土高原滑坡

本文在前人和作者以往研究成果的基础上总结了黄土高原大中型滑坡的形成发育规律;滑坡发生的土体结构效应;指出三趾马红土（N2）是控制和影响黄土高原滑坡形成的重要因素,并对其物质成分、工程特性及古风化带（不整合面）与滑坡的关系,及其在滑坡发生中的作用进行探讨。     

aiNet- and GIS-based regional prediction system for the spatial and temporal probability of rainfall-triggered landslides

We developed a real-time forecasting system, aiNet-GISPSRIL, for evaluating the spatiotemporal probability of occurrence of rainfall-triggered landslides. In this system, the aiNet (a kind of artificial neutral network based on a self-organizing system) and GIS are merged for integrating the rainfall conditions into various environmental factors that influence the landslide occurrence and for simulating the complex non-linear relationships between landslide occurrence and its related conditions. Zhejiang Province (101,800 km² in area), located in the southeast coastal region of China, is highly prone to the occurrence of landslides during intensive rainfall. Since 2003, the aiNet-GISPSRIL has been used to predict landslides during the rainy seasons in the region. The aiNet-GISPSRIL uses the regional 24-h forecast rainfall information and the real-time rainfall monitoring data from the rain-gauge network as its inputs, and then provides 24-h forecast of the landslide probability for every 1 × 1-km grid cell within the region. Verification studies on the performance of the aiNet-GISPSRIL show that the system has successfully predicted the dates and localities of 304 landslides (accounting for 66.2% of reported landslides during the period). During the period from 2003 to 2007, because the system provided the probability levels of landslide occurrences up to 24-h in advance, gave locations of potential landslides, and timely warned those individuals at high-risk areas, more than 1700 persons living in the risk sites had been evacuated to safe ground before the landslides occurred and thus casualty was avoided. This highly computerized, easy-operating system can be used as a prototype for developing forecasting systems in other regions that are prone to rainfall-triggered landslides.     

黄河上游龙羊峡至积石峡段巨型滑坡OSL测年

通过对青藏高原东部黄河上游龙羊峡—积石峡段10个特大型古滑坡的地质结构、地层岩性的分析,结合各滑坡特征,在特定部位进行采样,归纳整理出滑坡光释光（OSL）测年样品的5种采样方法。选取11个样品应用OSL测年方法,得到各滑坡的年龄数据,分析各样品的可靠性,并探讨其构造时间、气候变化与滑坡群发性之间的关系。研究表明,由于样品来源广泛,实验方法高效准确,OSL方法可成功地应用于滑坡年龄测定,为滑坡研究提供可靠的地质依据。研究区特大型群发性滑坡和初步划分为4期分别为130~110ka、50~30ka、12~9ka和5~3ka,并解释了各期滑坡群发的主要触发因素。