滇东师宗—弥勒带北段基性火山岩地球化学有其对华南大陆构造格局的制约

滇东地区的师宗－弥勒构造带是解决古特提期东延问题的关键，综合研究表明，该带是以多条断层为骨架，包容不同性质构造岩块的构造带。明显分隔两则不同岩石－构造组合、变质作用、岩浆活动。师宗－弥勒构造带北段的火山岩地球化学研究表明，其主要为碱性弱武岩，主元素以低TiO2、高Al2O3为特征，区别于高TiO2、低Al2O3特征的眉山大陆溢流玄武岩。高场强元素丰度类似于板内玄武岩平均丰度，Zr/Nb、Hf/Th值分别变化在5．6－13．5和0．9－1．3范围内，类似于板内玄武岩。球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分模式为LREE富集型，MORB标准化的微量元素配分型成为大隆起型，显示岩浆形成于板内裂谷构造环境。不活动元素协变关系也支持这一结论。同位素地球化学研究表明，岩石以低^143Nd/^144Nd、高^87Sr/^86Sr值为特征，类似于RioGrande裂谷玄武岩的同位素组成，εNd(t）值变化在＋0．9－＋3．2之间，显示岩浆源于轻微亏损地幔，并受到富集地幔物质影响。（^206Pb/^204Pb）i和（^207Pb/^204Pb）i和（^208Pb/^204Pb）i分别顷17．131－19．119，15．386－15．670和37．780－39．266之间，（^206Pb/^204Pb）i和（^207Pb/^204Pb）i具有正相关关系。△^206Pb/^204Pb和△^207Pb/^204Pb分别变化在5－24和21－61之间，显示本次研究的玄武岩来源于DMM和EMII混合组成的地幔，明显区别于具EMI特征的峨眉山玄武岩。地质、地球化学及年龄学综合分析研究表明，滇东师宗－弥勒带北段的基性火山岩晚古生代裂谷构造环境，指示华南大陆内部存在连通滇西特提斯的裂谷型深水海道。     

白云鄂博陆缘裂谷系沉积物源与超大型稀土矿床含矿白云岩的成因探讨

白云鄂博群尖山组H4岩性段石英砂岩中的碎屑锆石年龄纪录了华北克拉通北缘两期重要的构造岩浆事件,一组年龄集中在新太古代—古元古代初期(2379～2596Ma),另一组年龄集中在古元古代晚期(1761～1946Ma),该结果与白云鄂博地区基底岩石的锆石年龄相吻合。白云鄂博群沉积碳酸盐岩的全岩207Pb-206Pb等时线年龄1649±45Ma,代表了白云鄂博群的沉积时代。白云鄂博地区沉积灰岩、白云岩与含矿白云岩的Pb同位素组成存在非常大的差异,在Pb同位素组成和构造图解中,含矿白云岩都集中在地幔演化线附近,靠近亏损地幔端元[(206Pb/204Pb)i=15.04～16.49,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.17～15.28,(208Pb/204Pb)i=31.20～36.40],而白云鄂博群中的灰岩、白云岩则位于造山带演化线附近,靠近深海沉积物端元[(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.28～19.35,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.47～15.69,(208Pb/204Pb)i=36.62～37.12]。     

青海省共和盆地周缘晚古生代镁铁质火山岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学及其地质意义

青海省共和盆地周缘晚古生代镁铁质火山岩分属阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂带,宗务隆构造带和苦海-赛什塘带。阿尼玛卿带正常洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)样品具有较高的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(t)比值(0.7066～0.7084)、高的ε_(Nd)(t)(12.2～12.8)和较低的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb初始值(17.72～17.79)。这些同位素特征类似于秦岭勉略蛇绿岩带的N-MORB以及印度洋低~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb高~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd N-MORB。该带中的洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值为0.7036～0.7044,ε_(Nd)(t)=4.4～4.8,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.45～17.62。其Sr和Nd同位素比值可与印度洋代表热点构造的洋岛玄武岩对比,但~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb低于印度洋的热点构造玄武岩,因此,具有类似印度洋低~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值MORB同位素特征。宗务隆构造带的N-MORB的Sr同位素比值在0.7041～0.7058,ε_(Nd)(t)=6.1～8.4,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.51～17.90,划归高~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值的N-MORB。苦海大陆裂谷玄武岩显示了高的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr同位素比值(0.7115和0.7104)和低的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-1.7和-2.5),其~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb(17.64和17.46)与上述大洋玄武质岩石无显著区别。上述各岩类的同位素特征反映了它们生成的构造环境和陆壳组分混染的程度。阿尼玛卿带的N-MORB代表了典型的来自亏损地幔源区的洋中脊产物。与勉略带同类岩石可能来自同一源区。OIB可能属于热点构造成因的洋岛产物并与MORB一起构成了阿尼玛卿洋洋壳。宗务隆带MORB同样代表了主要源自相对亏损地幔的洋脊产物并指示宗务隆带曾开裂成洋。苦海大陆裂谷玄武岩极高的Sr和低的Nd同位素比值是陆壳物质组分的强烈印记,这与该类火山岩发育在前寒武纪基底之上不无关系。结合本区大洋玄武岩普遍低的Nb/U和Ce/Pb比值,推测它们可能源自EMII与DMM物质的交代混合。按照习惯的想法,明显的Dupal异常(△~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值=46～103和△~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值=4～18;大多样品~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr>0.704)指示这些岩石在空间上代表了来自南半球印度洋位置的古洋壳残余。但是,北半球愈来愈多的Dupal异常的发现有可能指示它们是类似现今东南亚多洋岛构造历经"汇聚式(focused)俯冲"的产物。此外,宗务隆带MORB的Dupal异常指示本区古特提斯域的北界较先前所定还要北推200km。     

新疆东天山黄山岩体岩石地球化学特征与岩石成因

黄山岩体位于东天山北部的土墩-黄山-图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁质岩带中段,受康古尔塔格-黄山韧性剪切带控制,主要由橄榄岩、橄榄二辉岩、辉石岩、辉长苏长岩、辉长岩以及辉长闪长岩组成.岩石化学组成属拉斑玄武岩系列,普遍富集大离子亲石元素(Rb,Ba,Sr),亏损高场强元素(Nb,Ta,Ti).岩体εNd(t)=+4.1～+9.2,除3件样品εSr(t)为+2.2,+12.5和+15.4,大部分εSr(t)=(-22.5～-4.5),Nd,Sr同位素组成基本属亏损型地幔特征;Pb同住素初始值(206Pb/204Pb)i=18.081～18.413,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.441～15.513,(208Pb/204Pb)i=37.461 6～37.899,具有MORB亲和性.岩相学及岩石地球化学特征显示岩浆演化过程中主要发生了橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石和斜长石的分离结晶作用.岩浆演化晚期阶段发生了一定程度的同化混染作用,元素地球化学和Nd,Sr,Pb同位素体系证明,岩浆源区主体由软流圈地幔物质组成,同时也有一定量富集型岩石圈地幔组份加入.黄山岩体是岩石圈根部拆沉加热熔融和软流圈地幔上涌减压熔融的产物,这种地幔动力学机制应该对应于后碰撞伸展环境.     

博格达裂谷双峰式火山岩地质年代学与Nd-Sr-Pb同位素地球化学特征

东天山博格达造山带位于准噶尔和吐鲁番-哈密两个前寒武纪地块之间。已有充分的地质与元素地球化学证据证明东天山博格达陆内碰撞造山带构造属性是属于大陆裂谷,全区早石炭世火山岩的SiO_2含量在55%～64%之间出现明显的间断,其刺梅沟七角井组中玄武岩和流纹岩在时空上紧密拌生,为一典型的双峰式火山岩组合。该双峰式火山岩组合中玄武岩和流纹岩Rb-Sr同位素等时线年龄分别为:342．0±3．2 Ma和340．3±3．4 Ma。七角井组中玄武岩和流纹岩同位素等时线年龄在误差范围内与博格达古生物化石指示的早石炭世时代一致。七角井组玄武岩:ε_(Nd)(t)为+6．4～+6．7,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i为0．703261～0．703328,(~(206)pb/~(204)Pb)_i为17．703～17．989、(~(207)pb/~(204)Pb)_i为15．407～15．498、(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i为37．147～37．825;七角井组流纹岩:ε_(Nd)(t)为+6．4～+6．6,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i为0．703368～0．703469,(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i为17．827～18．114、(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i为15．460～15．517、(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i为37．077～37．973,由此可见七角井组玄武岩和流纹岩在Nd-Sr-Pb同位素特征方面具有相当一致。根据Nd-Sr-Pb同位素地球化学和元素地球化学认为其玄武岩是来源于亏损地幔,而伴生的流纹岩则是由玄武岩浆分离结晶作用的产物。一般都认为岩浆分离结晶作用只产生成分连续变化的岩浆系列,但是在特定条件下也是可以产生双峰式火山岩组合。由玄武岩浆分离结晶作用形成的双峰式火山岩并不少见,但是在裂谷环境下双峰式火山岩中流纹岩是由玄武岩浆分离结晶作用形成的这种双峰式火山岩组合至今还未发现。因此,博格达双峰式火山岩是大陆裂谷环境中比较特殊的并是十分少见的或可能是一种新的双峰式火山岩构造成因类型。     

新疆达拉布特蛇绿岩带玄武岩地球化学特征:古亚洲洋与特提斯洋的对比

发育在我国北部的古亚洲洋构造域和西南部的特提斯构造域是中国境内最重要的两个构造体系,有关这两个构造域的地幔地球化学特征是揭示它们的演化与交接关系的重要课题之一。本文选择发育在新疆西准噶尔地区达拉布特蛇绿岩带中阿克巴斯套和大棍的枕状玄武岩进行了系统的岩石学和地球化学与Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究,结果表明,达拉布特蛇绿岩带中枕状玄武岩具有N-MORB和E-MORB特征,可能形成于大洋中脊环境。岩石的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr为0.682112～0.706040之间;~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd为0.512713～0.512879,ε_(Nd)(t)= 2.8～ 5.1,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb的变化范围分别是18.341～20.085、15.541～15.651和38.292～40.534。将达拉布特玄武岩的微量元素特征比值、Nd-Pb同位素等与印度洋MORB和太平洋与北大西洋MORB,以及已知的特提斯和古亚洲洋地幔域进行对比表明,达拉布特蛇绿岩单元内MORB型玄武岩与特提斯构造域特蛇绿岩单元内MORB型玄武岩同位素特征一致,都显示了印度洋型的MORB特征。这意味着位于现今新疆西准噶尔地区的古亚洲洋地幔域没有显示出与特提斯不同的典型的太平洋和北大西洋的地球化学特征。     

冈底斯基性次火山岩地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素：碰撞后火山作用亏损地幔源区的约束

青藏高原隆升与伸展构造模式（地幔对流减薄、板片断离和大陆俯冲）认为地幔软流圈上涌为藏南碰撞后火山作用提供了热源,而已有研究成果没有包括碰撞后火山作用软流圈地幔源区的岩石学、地球化学证据,而是集中在富集岩石圈地幔.出露于冈底斯东段达孜-甲马地区的基性次火山岩的^40Ar/^39Ar坪年龄为38.07～42Ma.次火山岩具有高Mg#值和相容微量元素含量（Cr、Ni、V、Sc）,低LILE、和LREE,低LREE/HREE分离.原生样品呈现平坦的稀土配分曲线和LILE亏损的原始地幔标准化曲线,显示出OIB地球化学亲和性.岩石具有低Sr、低Pb和高Nd同位素组成[（^87Sr/^86Sr）i=0.7048～0.7064;（^144Nd/^143Nd） i = 0.5126～0.51286 ;^206Pb/^204Pb = 18.3722～18.5288; ^207Pb/^204Pb = 15.5686～15.6214; ^208 Pb/^204Pb = 38.5203～38.7298],显示出与富集OIB非常相似的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成及变化范围.应用我们的分析数据并结合已有研究成果,达孜-甲马基性次火山与adakite、林子宗火山岩、钾质岩-超钾质岩构成了藏南碰撞后火山岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成演化带,基性次火山岩分布于演化带的原生端元,揭示出其岩浆源区与富集岩石圈地幔存在明显的差异.研究结果证明,具有与OIB相似地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成的基性次火山岩的源区是软流圈地幔.由冈底斯带新近纪基性火山作用厘定的软流圈上涌深部过程对洋壳断离模式、基性岩浆底侵作用和西藏高原地壳加厚时限提供了有效的约束.     

羌塘东部治多县直根尕卡一带二叠纪栖霞期火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

羌塘东部治多县直根尕卡一带二叠纪栖霞期火山岩主要由中基性火山碎屑岩及熔岩组成,火山岩地球化学研究表明,其主元素表现为高TiO_2和低TiO_2两种特征,球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式为LREE富集型.MORB标准化的微量元素配分型式为大洋隆起型,显示岩浆形成于板内裂谷构造环境.Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学研究表明火山岩显示明显的亏损地幔源区特征.综合研究表明直根尕卡一带二叠纪栖霞期火山岩形成于大陆边缘拉张构造(或陆缘始裂谷)环境,岩浆起源于地幔,属地幔柱作用的产物.     

塔里木板块东北部古堡泉岩体岩石地球化学特征与岩石成因

古堡泉岩体位于甘肃北山裂谷带的南带,岩体呈不规则的岩株状,出露面积约1.7km2.主体岩性为辉长岩,含有较多的橄榄辉长岩、辉石橄长岩析离体,各岩相之间呈渐变过渡关系.大部分样品属于拉斑玄武岩系列,少数样品属碱性玄武岩系列.岩石中TiO2、K2O、P2O5、大离子亲石元素和稀土元素丰度很低(∑REE＝5.29×10-6～17.30×10-6).εNd(t)=+6.9‰～+8.1‰, εSr(t)=+2.3‰～+17.3‰,206Pb/204Pb=18.463～18.645, 207Pb/204Pb=15.604～15.634, 208Pb/204Pb=38.351～38.497.岩体源区可能为先期发生过部分熔融的亏损型地幔,岩浆在运移过程中遭受了显著陆壳物质的混染.原生岩浆为富铁贫镁的玄武质岩浆,在上侵和运移过程中主要发生了以单斜辉石和橄榄石为主的暗色矿物的分离结晶作用和不同程度斜长石的堆晶作用.岩体是地幔尖晶石橄榄岩在较低压力下发生较大程度部分熔融的产物.     

青海南部二叠纪火山岩Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征及地质意义

对青海南部治多-杂多一带二叠纪火山岩进行了全岩Sr、Nd、Pb同位素分析, 样品的I_Sr=0.70333~0.70417, ε_Nd(t) =4.1~5.5, 206Pb/204Pb=17.547~17.986, 207Pb/204Pb=15.476~15.584, 208Pb/204Pb=37.778~37.976.结合岩石学、地球化学研究表明, 该套火山岩为OIB型, 形成于板内伸展拉张的裂谷环境, 属于青藏高原及邻区晚古生代裂谷系统, 原始岩浆可能来自亏损的古软流圈, 裂解机制与古地幔柱活动有关.样品铅同位素的V₁=31.39~46.78, V₂=22.38~42.45, 落入扬子铅同位素省区域, 表明早二叠世青海南部地区具亲扬子性, 揭示出昌都地块在晚古生代属于特提斯区, 为泛华夏陆块群或扬子板块的一个组成部分.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.