三峡库区龙门寨危岩体崩塌产生涌浪研究

长江两岸高耸的危岩体对航道、沿岸居民带来巨大安全隐患。大宁河属于长江一级支流,龙门寨危岩体位于大宁河上,距离巫山县城仅1 km。利用FLOW-3D软件,模拟了145 m、175 m两种水位工况下龙门寨危岩体崩塌产生涌浪过程和涌浪传播过程。模拟结果表明,涌浪在145 m水位工况下最大浪高约为17.9 m,175 m水位工况下最大浪高约为11.6 m;在巫山县的五个码头处,两种水位工况最大涌浪爬高分别约为10.9 m、3.8 m;根据涌浪高度,对大宁河进行危险分区,145 m水位工况下极高危险区长度约4.4 km,很高危险区长度约1.9 km;175 m水位工况下极高危险区长度约3.0 km,很高危险区长度约1.0 km。研究结果有助于防控龙门寨危岩体潜在涌浪灾害危害,保障大宁河航道和巫山县码头安全,同时也为三峡库区滑坡涌浪灾害提供了预警依据。      

基于水波动力学模型的棺木岭危岩体涌浪数值分析

以棺木岭危岩为研究对象,在分析危岩体变形破坏的基础上,运用水波动力学模型进行危岩体在145 m、175 m水位条件下的滑坡涌浪模拟。结果显示:145 m条件下最大涌浪高度为24.2 m,最大爬高为19.9 m,1m以上涌浪高度的河道长约5.4 km;175 m条件下最大涌浪高度为23.3 m,最大爬高为14.5 m,1 m以上涌浪高度的河道长约6.6 km。在九畹溪河道上,涌浪的波高严重不均衡,下游涌浪强度明显高于上游。在长江河道上,涌浪波以九畹溪口为扰动点,向上下游衰减,衰减近似平缓。随着库水位的下降,危岩体形成的最大涌浪高度增大,而涌浪危害的范围逐渐减小。     

滑坡体散体化对涌浪波动特征的影响

岩质滑坡在下滑过程中会发生散体化, 进而分解成形状及大小各异的块体。已有滑坡体兴波方面的研究多采用单一刚性块体或均匀散体颗粒对滑坡体进行模拟, 较少关注滑坡体散体化对涌浪的影响机制。本研究通过开展三维水池物理模型试验, 初步探索滑坡体的散体化过程对涌浪波动特性的影响作用。结果表明: 初生涌浪的最大波幅和最大波高随滑坡体散体化指标的增大而减小; 第一波峰幅值和第一波高的沿程衰减规律符合孤立波理论, 且其衰减速率分别依赖于涌浪的最大波幅和最大波高; 三维水池试验中第一波峰幅值和第一波高的沿程衰减速度较二维水槽中更快。     

基于改进的FAST模型的千将坪滑坡涌浪研究

千将坪滑坡是三峡库区支流浅水区滑坡产生涌浪的典型案例,但对大范围、长距离的水动力过程和涌浪灾害分析研究成果较少。基于浅水区滑坡涌浪物理实验的推导公式,更新了FAST涌浪计算系统,构建了相应的涌浪源数值模型,在已有的滑坡涌浪灾害快速评价系统程序中新构建了浅水区滑坡涌浪源数值模型,开展了千将坪滑坡涌浪研究。数值计算区域为18.6 km×11.8 km,包括千将坪滑坡附近的长江干流及支流。计算结果显示,千将坪滑坡产生的最大浪高为38.8 m,最大爬高为36.7 m。最大涌浪空间分布显示大于1 m涌浪的河道长约10.5 km,大于2m涌浪的河道长约9.3 km,大于3 m涌浪的河道长约8 km。大于1 m的波浪影响范围主要集中在青干河和锣鼓洞河,涌浪在河道中传播受地形影响而有快速衰减或放大效应。与多源数据对比表明,涌浪爬高数值相差为±2 m,相关性系数达0.97。建立的涌浪数值模型具有消耗计算资源少、计算速度快、计算结果精度较好等优点。基于水波动力学的浅水区滑坡涌浪源模型将可用于水库区支流或干流浅水区滑坡产生的涌浪问题研究,为大范围长距离滑坡涌浪灾害预测预警提供重要技术支撑。     

水库库岸滑坡涌浪的传播与爬高研究

基于流体力学明渠非恒定流的连续性方程、运动方程和沿程水头损失理论,把滑坡涌浪衰减过程分为急剧衰减和缓慢衰减两个阶段来考虑,并认为急剧衰减阶段的涌浪的衰减符合指数衰减规律,缓慢衰减阶段符合明槽水流的沿程水头损失规律,结合初始涌浪高度对涌浪沿岸的传播高度及爬坡高度进行了计算。以新滩滑坡为例对涌浪的传播及爬坡高度进行了计算,得出了滑坡涌浪衰减先快后慢以及传播3 km时的涌浪高度只有初始涌浪高度的30 %以及传播10 km时涌浪高度只有初始涌浪高度的13 %的规律。     

库水位升降速率对雅安双家坪堆积体滑坡稳定性影响模拟分析

水库蓄水后库岸边坡的稳定性一直是研究的热点,库水位周期性涨落使得坡体内部渗流场发生变化进而影响其应力场,应力场作用于岩土体产生变形,其中水库水位升降速率对滑坡稳定性的影响尤为显著。本文以瀑布沟水电站库区双家坪滑坡为研究对象,在调查分析的基础上,基于非饱和土力学理论,考虑水—土特征曲线与渗透特性,对库水作用下的双家坪堆积体滑坡稳态—瞬态进行渗流场—稳定性数值计算。运用GeoStudio软件中的seep模块模拟库水作用下滑坡体地下水变化,计算出不同库水位升降速率条件下堆积体滑坡内部渗流场的变化并将结果耦合至slope模块中进行稳定性计算,研究结果表明:水位抬升阶段,滑坡的稳定性表现为先升高再降低,且水位抬升速率越大,滑坡稳定性升高后衰减的程度越大;水位下降阶段,滑坡的稳定性表现为先降低再逐渐回升的趋势,且水位下降速率越大,滑坡稳定性下降后再回升的程度越低。该研究结果对于库区地质灾害防灾减灾、监测预警以及水库合理调蓄具有重要的意义。     

武陵山区宣恩县双龙湖滑坡涌浪风险评价研究

水库库岸滑坡所造成的涌浪灾害,不仅会冲毁滑坡周围水工建筑物、堵塞江河,还会威胁到涌浪传播范围内的人民生命财产安全。基于此,以武陵山区宣恩县双龙湖水库滑坡为例,在滑坡危险性分析的基础上,进行了滑坡涌浪的计算,将滑坡涌浪传播范围作为承灾体调查依据,采用定量风险评价公式进行财产和人口风险分析。结果表明,在水库水位下降和20年一遇暴雨条件下,滑坡的破坏概率为54.56%,入江的体积为91.13万m3,最大涌浪高度可达20 m,滑坡涌浪在1 km范围内的传播浪高最小为8m,航道内航行或停靠在岸边的小型船舶有倾覆的风险。     

三峡库区八字门滑坡变形破坏机理分析

三峡库区库水位周期性的变化引起库岸边坡地下水位发生变化,库水与地下水共同作用影响其渗流场与应力场,促使滑坡失稳。本文以三峡库区动水压力型滑坡——八字门滑坡为例,结合滑坡监测资料,运用Geo-Studio软件中SEEP模块、SLOPE模块以及SIGMA模块进行模拟,深入分析在不同库水下降速率条件下对滑坡渗流场、应力场、位移场以及稳定性的影响,研究其致灾机理。研究结果表明:八字门滑坡滑体物质遇水易软化、渗水性差,为动水压力型滑坡创造了良好条件。动水压力型滑坡的失稳主要是由于库水位下降,地下水位相对滞后,形成指向外侧的动水压力,不利于滑坡的稳定,库水位下降速率越大,滑坡体的稳定系数减小越快。在库水下降速率不断增大时,渗流作用增强,但是渗流速率的增长率有减缓趋势。八字门滑坡在库水下降的条件下,滑坡159 m处的滑体及滑带附近出现明显的应力集中现象并逐渐扩大连成一片,表明滑带附近为剪切塑性区,主要承受剪切应力。滑坡塑性区竖向位移呈现先减小后增大的趋势。在周期性库水作用下会产生应力带促进滑坡变形,长期在这种应力作用下可能产生新的滑带,形成次级滑坡。     

库水升降作用下浮托减重型滑坡稳定性研究

大坝建成后形成众多涉水滑坡。为研究库水位升降作用对涉水边坡稳定性的影响机制,基于重大涉水滑坡分类,针对浮托减重型滑坡,运用自主研制的滑坡模型试验系统,建立浮托减重型滑坡模型进行库水升降作用试验。试验结果表明,库水位升高,滑坡模型体内有效应力随之减小;库水位降低,有效应力随之增大。对于模型试验过程,运用Geo-studio软件进行渗流及稳定性计算,对照试验结果与数值模拟结果得出土压力及孔隙水压力渗流模拟变化情况与试验实测变化情况基本吻合。库水位上升阶段,滑坡稳定性系数随之减小;库水位下降阶段,滑坡稳定性系数随之降低。由此分析得出库水升降对浮托减重型滑坡稳定性的影响规律是：库水位上升引起滑坡体内阻滑段有效应力随之减小,导致滑坡稳定性降低;库水位下降引起滑坡体内阻滑段有效应力随之增加,使得滑坡稳定性提高。     

水库滑坡涌浪传播有限元数值模拟

库岸滑坡涌浪危害巨大,正确预测库区可能的滑坡涌浪非常重要,是工程可行性论证的重要内容之一。将浅水控制方程应用于滑坡涌浪数值模拟,控制方程采用简便且具有较高精度的两步Taylor-Galerkin方法进行求解。通过算例对数值模型的应用进行验证,结果表明,涌浪产生后将以入水点为源点迅速向四周推进并不断衰减,且随传播距离的增加浪高降幅逐渐减小。计算的涌浪高度及水位变化规律与实测资料吻合得很好,并将滑坡涌浪的沿程传播过程可视化。研究结果表明,文中方法模拟滑坡涌浪传播是有效可行的,可用于滑坡涌浪灾害的预测和防治。     

Comprehensive analyses of the initiation and landslide-generated wave processes of the 24 June 2015 Hongyanzi landslide at the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Reservoir landslides pose a great threat to shipping safety, human lives and properties, and the operation of the hydropower station. In this paper, the 24 June 2015 Hongyanzi landslide at the Three Gorges Reservoir is considered as an example to study the initiation mechanism and landslide-generated wave process of a reservoir landslide. The finite difference method and limit equilibrium analysis are used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of the Hongyanzi slope. Simulation results show that a large deformation (about 358 mm) happens in the shallow deposits under intermittent rainfall condition, and the slope is in a limit state. At the same time, continuous rapid drawdown of the water level (about ?0.55 m/day during 8–24 June 2015) reduced the support and accelerated the drainage of the water for the bank slope. A coupling effect of intermittent rainfall and rapid drawdown of the water level was the triggering factor of the 24 June Hongyanzi landslide. Landslide-generated wave process was simulated using a fluid–solid coupling method by integrating the general moving object collision model. Simulation results show that the landslide-generated wave is dominated by the impulse wave, which is generated by sliding masses entering the river with high speed. The maximum wave height is about 5.90 m, and the wave would decay gradually as it spreads because of friction and energy dissipation. To prevent reservoir landslides, the speed for the rising or drawdown of the water level should be controlled, and most importantly, rapid drawdown should be avoided.     

Numerical modeling of the June 24, 2015, Hongyanzi landslide generated impulse waves in Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Subaerial landslides falling into confined water bodies often generate impulsive waves. Damaging landslide tsunamis in Three Gorges Reservoir, China, have struck several times in the last 15 years. On June 24, 2015, a 23?×?10⁴ m³ slope failure occurred on the east bank of the Daning River opposite Wushan Town. The sliding mass intruded into the Three Gorges Reservoir and initiated a reservoir tsunami that resulted in two deaths and significant damage to shipping facilities. A post-event survey revealed the landslide geometry and wave run-up distribution, while an eyewitness video captured most of the landslide motion. Employing these firm constraints, we applied the Tsunami Squares method to simulate the 2015 Hongyanzi landslide and tsunami. The simulation revealed that the landslide experienced a progressive failure in the first few seconds and impacted the water with a maximum velocity of ~?16 m/s. The initial wave propagated to the opposite shore in an arch shape, and the water surface reached a maximum amplitude of ~?11 m near the landslide. Wave amplitude-time curves at four points on the river cross section show that the initial wave reached Wushan town in about 50 s with an average wave velocity of ~?30 m/s. The maximum wave run-ups on the shoreline opposite the landslide are around 6 m and attenuate to less than 1 m beyond 2-km distance. The landslide simulation matches the observed geological profile and the eyewitness video, and the numerical results coincide with the observed wave run-up heights. Nearly 80% of landslide energy is lost due to frictional resistances, but the remaining fraction imparted to the tsunami carried catastrophic consequences to a large region. The numerical results emphasize the efficiency and accuracy of Tsunami Squares method for a “Quick Look” simulation of a potential landslide.     

清华洞暗河堵洞成库与防渗技术

为解决富宁县城供水及其附近乡村农业灌溉问题,对清华洞暗河进行堵洞成库。水库设计总库容9934万m3,堵洞体高87.5m,最大蓄水深约116m。地质调查发现,库盆及四周均分布有较完整的相对隔水层、隔水层,山体雄厚,泉点出露均高于水库设计蓄水高程,但是,枢纽区地质构造较为复杂,岩溶发育,暗河进口左岸有溶洞和断层溶塌体分布,引起绕坝渗漏的可能性很大。根据枢纽区工程地质条件,选择附近有D3g隔水层分布并能避开溶洞影响,同时距暗河进口较近而利于施工的0+085坝址段对清华洞暗河进行封堵,并采用上下两层悬挂式半封闭帷幕灌浆对溶塌体和其他岩溶裂隙通道进行防渗处理。经多年实践表明,本防渗技术可行,坝址、防渗帷幕灌浆线路以及灌浆设计合理,水库造价低,有效地解决了县城供水和下游2.26万亩农田及21.5万亩热区作物灌溉问题。      

Analysis of waves generated by Gongjiafang landslide in Wu Gorge, three Gorges reservoir, on November 23, 2008

At 4:40p.m. on November 23, 2008, the Gongjiafang slope collapsed on the north bank of Yangtze River in Wu Gorge of Three Gorges Reservoir. The 380,000-m³ sliding mass consisted mainly of cataclastic rock. A video record of the major sliding incident was analyzed using the general laws of physical motion. The analysis indicated that the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of the sliding mass were 11.65?m/s and 2.23?m/s², respectively, and that the maximum amplitude and the propagation velocity of the water wave near the landslide were 31.8?m and 18.36?m/s, respectively. Wave run-up investigation indicated that the maximum run-up on shore was 13.1?m, which declined to 1.1?m at Wushan dock 4?km away. The incident causes no casualties, but did result in economic losses of RMB five million. The numerical simulation model GEOWAVE was used to simulate and reproduced the impulse wave generated by the landslide; the results were in good agreement with the observed incident. The numerical simulation data were then applied to analyze the decay and amplification effects of the landslide wave in the river course. The field investigations and witness information provide valuable materials for the studies of landslide kinematics and impulse waves generated by landslides. In addition, the research results provide a useful reference for future similar waves generated by landslides in reservoirs.     

Potential collapse of the upper slope and tsunami generation on the Great Barrier Reef margin, north-eastern Australia

Analysis of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and seismic profiles in the Noggin Passage region, north-eastern Australia, has identified a small area (Noggin block) in the upper-slope offshore Cairns that may potentially collapse and generate a tsunami wave. The Noggin block extends from 340 to 470 m depth covering a roughly circular (2.4 km long and 3.7 km wide) area of about 5.3 km². The well-defined margins of the block correspond to different bounding seabed features. These features include steep headscarps, small landslides and a group of aligned circular pockforms up to 500 m wide and 20 m deep. Slope stability simulations indicate that the Noggin block is stable under normal present-day gravitational conditions on the upper slope. However, block failure may result under external loads, such as those produced by earthquakes. Failure modelling shows that critical peak horizontal accelerations of 0.2–0.4 g could lead to the collapse of the Noggin block. In north-eastern Australia, these acceleration values would involve earthquakes generated at short hypocentral distances and short periods. The collapse of the potential sediment slide mass of about 0.86 km³ (162 m average thickness) may lead to the formation of a landslide-generated tsunami wave. Semi-empirical equations indicate the collapse of this mass would yield a 7–11-m high three-dimensional tsunami wave. These waves could reach an estimated run-up height at the coast of 5–7 m. Our first-order approach highlights the potential consequences for nearby coastal communities, the need for better sediment characterisation in the study area, and the systematic identification of other areas prone to slope failures along the Great Barrier Reef margin.     

A new case of reservoir triggered seismicity: Govind Ballav Pant reservoir (Rihand dam), central India

We report here that seismicity near Govind Ballav Pant reservoir is strongly influenced by the reservoir operations. It is the second largest reservoir in India, which is built on Rihand river in the failed rift region of central India. Most of the earthquakes occurred during the high water stand in the reservoir with a time lag of about 1 month. We use the concept of coulomb stress change and use Green's function based approach to estimate stresses and pore pressure due to the reservoir load. We find that the reservoir increases coulomb stress on the nearby faults of the region that are favourably oriented for failure in predominantly reverse slip manner under the NNE–SSW compression and thus promotes failure. The above two factors make it an obvious, yet so far unreported case of reservoir triggered seismicity.     

板文地下河系统内涝

在查阅东兰县历年水灾纪实的基础上，通过详细剖析板文地下河系统管道特征，认为主流下游段水力坡度小、流速慢是造成系统内灌输的主要内因。同时，区分了拉平洼地内涝和巴纳洼地内涝的差异。拉平洼地地下河管道连通性差、部分淤塞，常常引发天然内涝；而巴纳洼地地下河管道畅通，因岩滩水库蓄水造成库水倒灌，地下河水位抬升，排泄能力降低，使洪水沿巴纳溢流天窗漫溢到巴纳洼地形成岩溶内涝。岩滩水库不仅增加了板文地下河系统内涝范围，而且使最小致涝降雨量从建库前的216.4mm降低到建库后的120mm，从而使内涝更易发生和严重。     

应用图解法预测万县市新城区库岸再造带宽度

万县市新城区位于长江三峡库区腹地,城市建设主要分布于沿江斜坡地带.三峡水利水电工程按175m正常蓄水后,由于地下水位的周期性变化和水浪击岸等营力作用,将产生库岸再造,而库岸再造带宽度,无疑地影响着城镇规划,国土整治,重大工程建设布局.     

Sedimentology of the December 26, 2004, Sumatra tsunami deposits in eastern India (Tamil Nadu) and Kenya

The December 26, 2004 Sumatra tsunami caused severe damage at the coasts of the Indian ocean. We report results of a sedimentological study of tsunami run-up parameters and the sediments laid down by the tsunami at the coast of Tamil Nadu, India, and between Malindi and Lamu, Kenya. In India, evidence of three tsunami waves is preserved on the beaches in the form of characteristic debris accumulations. We measured the maximum run-up distance at 580 m and the maximum run-up height at 4.85 m. Flow depth over land was at least 3.5 m. The tsunami deposited an up to 30 cm thick blanket of moderately well to well-sorted coarse and medium sand that overlies older beach deposits or soil with an erosional unconformity. The sand sheet thins inland without a decrease of grain-size. The deposits consist frequently of three layers. The lower one may be cross-bedded with foresets dipping landward and indicating deposition during run-up. The overlying two sand layers are graded or parallel-laminated without indicators of current directions. Thus, it remains undecided whether they formed during run-up or return flow. Thin dark laminae rich in heavy minerals frequently mark the contacts between successive layers. Benthic foraminifera indicate an entrainment of sediment by the tsunami from water depths less than ca. 30 m water depth. On the Indian shelf these depths are present at distances of up to 5 km from the coast. In Kenya only one wave is recorded, which attained a run-up height of 3 m at a run-up distance of ca. 35 m from the tidal water line at the time of the tsunami impact. Only one layer of fine sand was deposited by the tsunami. It consists predominantly of heavy minerals supplied to the sea by a nearby river. The sand layer thins landward with a minor decrease in grain-size. Benthic foraminifera indicate an entrainment of sediment by the tsunami from water depths less than ca. 30 m water depth, reaching down potentially to ca. 80 m. The presence of only one tsunami-related sediment layer in Kenya, but three in India, reflects the impact of only one wave at the coast of Kenya, as opposed to several in India. Grain-size distributions in the Indian and Kenyan deposits are mostly normal to slightly positively skewed and indicate that the detritus was entrained by the tsunami from well sorted pre-tsunami deposits in nearshore, swash zone and beach environments.     

Risk management study on impulse waves generated by Hongyanzi landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir of China on June 24, 2015

On June 24, 2015, Hongyanzi slope located in Wushan County of the Three Gorges Reservoir collapsed, generating 5–6-m-high impulse waves, which overturned 13 boats, killed 2 persons, and injured 4 persons. It is the second incident of landslide-generated impulse waves since the 175-m experimental impoundment in 2008. The emergency investigation shows that Hongyanzi landslide is a bedding soil landslide with a volume of 23?×?10⁴ m³ induced by a series of triggering factors such as rainfall, flooding upstream, and reservoir drawdown. The nonlinear Boussinesq water wave model is used to reproduce the impulse waves generated by the landslide of June 24th. The numerical simulation results suggest that the wave propagation process was influenced by the T-shaped geomorphic conditions of river valley, and the coastal areas in the county seat were the major wave-affected areas, which is opposite to the landslide. The numerical wave process accord well with the observed incident, and the investigation values were in good agreement with the calculated values. Moreover, the worst-case scenario of the 7?×?10⁴ m³ deformation mass beside Hongyanzi landslide is potential to generate impulse waves, which was predicted with the same numerical model. This adjacent deformation mass will probably generate impulse waves with maximum height and run-up of 2.2 and 2.0 m, respectively, and only a very few areas in the water course had waves rising to a height of 1 m or above. The research results provide a technical basis for emergency disposal to Hongyanzi landslide and navigation restriction in Wushan waterway. More importantly, it pushes the risk management of the navigation based on the impulse wave generated by landslide. It is advised that the Three Gorges Reservoir and other reservoirs around the world should put more efforts in performing special surveys and studies on the potential hazards associated with landslide-generated impulse waves.