塔里木河下游生态输水及植被恢复遥感监测评价

在干旱区内陆河流域,由于水资源过度开发利用,生态环境退化已成为普遍现象.向断流的河道和生态退化区域实施生态输水,是河流生态系统恢复的基本行为和必然过程.基于向塔里木河下游7次生态输水过程中地表水、地下水、植被恢复等系统监测,并运用卫星遥感技术,对生态输水后植被恢复响应特征指标NDVI(植被指数),进行了系统研究分析,并提出植被相对恢复度的评价方法.     

基于RS和GIS的南汀河流域石漠化评价

以南汀河流域ETM、DEM和地质岩性数据为基础数据,应用遥感和地理信息技术提取了石漠化评价因子,构建石漠化评价指标并对石漠化强度进行评价。运用空间叠加分析和统计分析方法对石漠化信息进行分析,得到流域岩溶区石漠化强度分级特征,利用土地利用数据及石漠化信息与土地利用/覆盖类型的相关关系以分析土地利用方式对石漠化的影响。结果表明（1）研究区石漠化强度为:中度石漠化>轻度石漠化>潜在石漠化>强度石漠化>无石漠化>极强度石漠化。（2）强度石漠化区和极强度石漠化区主要分布在以耕地和疏林地为主要覆盖类型的区域。说明了造成石漠化的因素除裸岩率、植被、坡度、岩性等主要影响因子外,人们利用土地的方式对石漠化也具有很大促进作用。      

沙质荒漠化的遥感监测与评估──以中国北方沙质荒漠化区内的实践为例

土地荒漠化已成为受其影响地区经济发展和环境保护的一个重要障碍,及时了解其过程、现状和发展趋势,对确定荒漠化防治的战略和措施均有重要意义。本文以我国北方沙质荒漠化为研究对象,对其开展了遥感监测和评估及其方法论的研究。结果表明,在沙质荒漠化土地程度分级和遥感监测判别指标体系确立后,采用合适的方法可以在短时间内完成大范围的动态监测,使对土地沙质荒漠化的定量评价成为可能。     

The extent of desertification on Saudi Arabia

Desertification is the process that turns productive deserts into non-productive deserts as a result of poor land-management. Desertification reduces the ability of land to support life, affecting wild species, domestic animals, agricultural crops and humans. The reduction in plant cover that accompanies desertification leads to accelerated soil erosion by wind and water. South Africa is losing approximately 300–400 million tons of topsoil every year. As vegetation cover and soil layer are reduced, rain fall impact and run-off increases. This paper discusses the extent of desertification, its potential threat to sustained irrigated agriculture and possible measures adopted to control ongoing desertification processes to minimize the loss of agricultural productivity in an arid country such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.     

若尔盖高原地物遥感分类

各种物质在遥感数据中都有其特征的波谱吸收峰。因此通过波谱识别就可以大大减少以往遥感分类方法中的漏分及混分现象。为了解决若尔盖高原地物遥感分类问题,首次对本区ETM多光谱融合数据采用了地物波谱角分类法进行地物识别。分类步骤:遥感数据定标→选择训练区样本→MNF变换减维去噪处理→利用纯净像元指数(PPI)进行样本提纯→利用n-D散度法进行样本重组→波谱角分类(SAM).其分类结果表明,类别精度评价总精度为0.806,kappa系数为0.785.其精度均符合1:5万比例尺的土地详查工作的技术要求。      

中国北方沙漠化的若干问题

随着经济、社会的发展,沙漠化问题对自然环境和社会发展的影响愈来愈深刻,已得到国际社会的普遍重视,作为沙漠化问题极其严重的国家,我国在对沙漠化的认识及治理上,经过多年工作取得了一些成就.本文根据已有的经验和研究成果,就中国北方沙漠化的成因、发展过程、灾害评价及防治机理等方面做一简单探讨,以便为今后更好地开展沙漠化研究工作起一定的参考作用.     

植被指数研究进展

在遥感应用领域,植被指数已广泛用来定性和定量评价植被覆盖及其生长活力。由于植被光谱表现为植被、土壤亮度、环境影响、阴影、土壤颜色和湿度复杂混合反应,而且受大气空间—时相变化的影响,因此植被指数没有一个普遍的值,其研究经常表明不同的结果。20多年来,已研究发展了40多个植被指数。该文对已有的大部分植被指数进行了归纳分类,评价其各自优势和局限性,并探讨了未来研究的方向,这将有助于遥感在农业、植被和生态环境监测方面进行有效地开发与应用。     

黑河中游金塔地区生态环境变化遥感监测

利用1990年和2000年的TM遥感资料,在经过定标、几何校正和图像增强等图像处理的基础上对土地覆盖类型进行解译,从而实现黑河中游金塔地区的生态环境遥感动态监测.从监测结果计算出黑河中游金塔地区2000年的生态环境相对于1990年的生态环境变化如下:人工用地增加34.17%,农业用地增加19.47%,水体增加8%,湿地增加6.3%,未利用土地增加了1.73%,自然/半自然植被减少42.78%.并对这些生态环境变化的原因进行了初步探讨。     

Aeolian processes and landscape change under human disturbances on the Sonid grassland of inner Mongolian Plateau,northern China

Based on remote sensing monitoring, observations and experiments in wind tunnel and field, aeolian processes and landscape change of the Sonid grassland of Inner Mongolia Plateau in northern China were explored in this paper. Aeolian process was very strong and seriously affected by human disturbances on the Sonid grassland of Inner Mongolia Plateau. Sand transport rate of grassland increased quickly with the increase of desertification severities, especially at the very severe desertification stage of sand sheet emergence. Human disturbances can seriously destroy balanced-state soil surface to induce new soil wind erosion over and over again, in particular at the higher wind speeds. Spatial variation of wind erosion was strongly related to land use/cover change, and finally led to landscape change, while emergence of erosional bare patches might be the key link, especially around herdsmen’s settlements and along roads or fences. Avoiding grazing before windy season is very important for decreasing soil wind erosion, not only to protect vegetation cover, but also to reduce trampling-inducing destruction of the soil surface structure. Prohibition of overgrazing must be strictly obeyed under any possible climate conditions, and reclamation should be more careful. Reducing human disturbances by selective emigration and eco-compensation mechanism would be considered as a priority for reducing local wind erosion.     

Evaluation of indicators for desertification risk assessment in part of Thar Desert Region of Rajasthan using geospatial techniques

Desertification has emerged as a major economic, social and environmental problem in the western part of India. The best way of dealing with desertification is to take appropriate measures to arrest land degradation, especially in areas prone to desertification. This requires an early warning system for desertification based on scientific inputs. Hence, in the present study, an attempt has been made to develop a comprehensive model for the assessment of desertification risk in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India, using 23 desertification indicators. Indicators including soil, climate, vegetation and socio-economic parameters were integrated into a GIS environment to get environmental sensitive areas (ESAs) to desertification. Desertification risk index (DRI) was calculated based on ESAs to desertification, the degree of land degradation and significant desertification indicators obtained from the stepwise multiple regression model. DRI was validated by using independent indicators such as soil organic matter content and cation exchange capacity. Multiple regression analysis shows that 16 indicators out of 23 were found to be significant for assessing desertification risk at a 99% confidence interval with \(R^{2}=0.83\). The proposed methodology provides a series of effective indicators that would help to identify where desertification is a current or potential problem, and what could be the actions to alleviate the problem over time.     

GPS对滇西北土地覆盖的遥感多波段光谱响应特性分析 --以大中甸乡为例

分析覆盖地物的遥感光谱响应特性对于利用遥感监测土地覆盖是非常必要的。基于GPS实地调查，利用ETM 数据，采用全数字化遥感定量方法对大中甸乡典型土地覆盖地物多波段光谱响应特性进行研究。结果表明，该区13种典型覆盖地物，同属于非植被类型与同属于植被类型覆盖地物所表现的响应特性曲线形态具有明显差异，NDVI表现出以数值0为分界限，大于0为植被地物，小于0为非植被地类；另外，光谱响应分析还应考虑遥感信息获取的时相特性。     

土壤水分与干旱遥感研究的进展与趋势

对土壤水分和干旱遥感监测的国内外发展情况进行了回顾,依据土壤水分和干旱遥感监测的原理,围绕着可见光与近红外、热红外、微波光谱波段的使用,分别以土壤和植被为观测对象,对国内外土壤水分与干旱遥感现状与发展趋势进行讨论。重点对微波遥感土壤湿度的算法发展和研究趋势进行了较详细的论述。在总结国内外土壤水分遥感监测研究实验中所用过的方法与原理的基础上,对目前遥感监测土壤水分研究领域的重点、难点和未来的发展方向进行了评述。土壤水分遥感监测是一个复杂的间接过程,波段及变量选择、传感器的性能等因素对土壤水分监测是至关重要的,土壤的各种理化性状、地形的分异作用以及气候变化和人为的土壤管理措施对土壤水分均有不同的影响,地表特征与土壤水分也存在着一定的相关性。改进的热惯量法和作物缺水指数法是当前土壤水分遥感监测中较为成熟的方法。GIS技术的广泛应用、土壤水分遥感监测模型的优化。微波遥感的应用将是该领域的重点研究方向。     

基于生态环境状况指数的兰州市生态环境质量评价

为评价兰州市的生态保持和恢复情况,本文以兰州市地理数据库、遥感影像、行政区划数据为基础,依托遥感数据处理技术手段重点对兰州市植被、水域、农田、建筑用地、大气环境等生态因素进行监测和评价,并形成城市生态环境定期监测,为政府部门制定生态环境决策提供依据。对兰州市2018—2020年生态环境状况进行评价与分析,结果显示：监测期间兰州市生态环境指数由42. 47增长到46. 78,兰州市环境质量有逐渐变好的趋势;生物丰度、植被覆盖、水网密度值都得到了提升;污染负荷指数则呈现小幅度下降的趋势,表明兰州市环境污染得到了一定的改善。     

青海湖地区生态环境动态变化遥感监测

由于青海湖地区的生态环境较为脆弱，且人类活动进一步加剧，人口、资源与环境的矛盾日渐突出，因此，近年来．青海湖及其周边地区的生态环境出现了明显变化，主要表现在水位下降及水域面积减小、草原退化、沙质荒漠化土地面积扩大等。文章采用1975年MSS卫星图像及1987、2000年TM卫星图像作为遥感信息源，并结合地理信息系统方法，旨在查明青海满地区耕地、沙质荒漠化土地和水域等生态环境要素的时空演化规律，为青海湖地区实现资源开发与环境协调发展提供科学依据。监测结果表明，25a来，青海湖地区的耕地及沙质荒漠化土地面积出现明显的扩大，而水域面积出现明显缩小，同时由于湖周各河流土壤侵蚀的加剧，在部分河流入湖处泥沙淤积较为严重，生态环境出现明显恶化。     

Investigating remote sensing indices to monitor drought impacts on a local scale (case study: Fars province,Iran)

As drought occurs in different climates, assessment of drought impacts on parameters such as vegetation cover is of utmost importance. Satellite remote sensing images with various spectral and spatial resolutions represent information about different land covers such as vegetation cover. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of satellite vegetation indices to monitor the agricultural drought on a local scale. In this regard, satellite images including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data were used to evaluate vegetation cover and their gradual changes effects on agricultural drought. Fars province in Iran with relatively low precipitation values was selected as the study area. Modified Perpendicular Drought Index (MPDI), MPDI1, Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Anomalies (NDVIA), and Standardized Vegetation Index (SVI), were evaluated to select the remote sensing based index with the best performance in drought monitoring. The performance of such indices were investigated during 13 years (2000–2013) for MODIS and 29 years (1985–2013) for AVHRR. To assess the efficiency of the satellite indices in drought investigation, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) data of five selected stations were used for 3, 6, and 9 month periods on August. The results showed that NDVI-based vegetation indices had the highest correlation with SPI in cold climate and long-term timescale (6 and 9 month). The highest correlation values between remote sensing based indices and SPI were acquired, respectively, in 9-month and 6-month time-scales, with the values of 43.5% and 40%. Moreover, VCI showed the highest capability for agricultural drought investigating in different climate regions of the study area. Overall, the results proved that NDVI-based indices can be used for drought monitoring and assessment in a long-term timescale on a local time-scale.

     

广西都安县三只羊地区与贵州罗甸县大关地区岩溶石漠化进程对比分析

基于遥感数据得出贵州罗甸县大关地区和广西都安县三只羊地区三个时期的土地覆盖类型数据。通过对这些不同时期土地覆盖类型数据的分析,发现大关地区从1979年到2001年,植被面积减少,石漠面积增加,土地覆盖类型以灌木林→灌丛→荒草地→石漠的方向变化为主,岩溶生态环境朝着恶劣的方向即典型的石漠化方向发展;而都安三只羊地区则相反,从1976年至2002年,植被面积增加,石漠面积减少,土地覆盖类型的主导变化方向是石漠→荒草地→灌丛→灌木林,即反石漠化方向,岩溶生态环境总的趋势是朝着良性的方向发展。两地的石漠化进程不同的原因主要在于土地利用的方式不同,大关地区采取的是劈山造田的方式来解决紧张的人地关系;而三只羊地区则是采取生态移民的方式。      

Remote sensing monitoring the spatio-temporal changes of aridification in the Mongolian Plateau based on the general Ts-NDVI space, 1981–2012

This paper has developed a general Ts-NDVI triangle space with vegetation index time-series data from AVHRR and MODIS to monitor soil moisture in the Mongolian Plateau during 1981–2012, and studied the spatio-temporal variations of drought based on the temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI). The results indicated that (1) the developed general Ts-NDVI space extracted from the AVHRR and MODIS remote sensing data would be an effective method to monitor regional drought, moreover, it would be more meaningful if the single time Ts-NDVI space showed an unstable condition; (2) the inverted TVDI was expected to reflect the water deficit in the study area. It was found to be in close negative agreement with precipitation and 10 cm soil moisture; (3) in the Mongolian Plateau, TVDI presented a zonal distribution with changes in land use/land cover types, vegetation cover and latitude. The soil moisture is low in bare land, construction land and grassland. During 1981–2012, drought was widely spread throughout the plateau, and aridification was obvious in the study period. Vegetation degradation, overgrazing, and climate warming could be considered as the main reasons.     

基于遥感和GIS的塔里木河下游土地荒漠化的动态变化

塔里木河下游是土地荒漠化发展变化的典型区域.以遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)作为荒漠化信息获取与分析的工具,利用2个不同时段的遥感影像对塔里木河下游10年土地荒漠化进行了动态监测.结合区域环境特点,对土地荒漠化的动态变化规律进行了系统研究.结果显示该地区轻度荒漠化的土地面积有所减少,但总的荒漠化程度却有所增加.其主要原因是由于近年来的大量开荒造田,以及对塔里木河水资源的不合理利用,导致中下游天然植被大面积衰败和死亡,尤其是胡杨林面积锐减,致使荒漠化程度加重.     

植被覆盖度遥感估算研究进展

植被覆盖度是刻画地表植被覆盖的重要参数,在全球变化研究、地表过程模拟和水文生态模型中发挥着重要作用.遥感能够反映不同空间尺度的植被覆盖信息及其变化趋势,是获取区域及全球植被覆盖度参数的一个重要手段.综合分析了用于植被覆盖度估算的遥感数据源,包括高光谱数据、多光谱数据、微波数据和激光雷达数据.而且分析了各种常用的植被覆盖度遥感估算方法及其优缺点,并评价了现有基于遥感数据的植被覆盖度产品及存在问题.最后,针对目前研究中存在的问题,讨论了植被覆盖度遥感估算研究的发展趋势,指出高时空分辨率长时间序列的全球植被覆盖度数据集、多源遥感数据融合和同化技术是未来植被覆盖度遥感估算研究的主要方向.     

陆面过程中植被的描述及其卫星遥感反演——从定性描述向定量描述的发展

植被在陆面参数化方案（Land Surface Parameterizations, LSPs）中的描述经历着从定性描述向定量描述发展的过程。这一方面是由于陆面过程研究的深入,另一方面则得益于地表植被信息获取方式的进步,尤其是卫星遥感技术的发展。对三代LSPs中的植被描述做了简要概述,并介绍了卫星遥感在植被参数反演上的发展和应用情况。其中包括：①定性描述,主要指地表覆盖类型的描述方式;②部分参数定量描述,指SiB2等模式中对LAI等时空变化较大的少数参数由卫星资料直接反演的赋值方式;③植被特征连续分布（VCF）定量描述,一种完全定量的描述方式。