四川盆地厚坝侏罗系大型油砂矿藏的成藏主控因素

厚坝侏罗系大型油砂矿藏位于四川省江油市,龙门山北段推覆体构造带的单斜构造单元内,地表出露大量的侏罗系沙溪庙组下段的含油砂岩,经钻井证实油砂资源丰富,油砂层的平均厚度为34.7 m,平均含油率为9.46%,初步估算0～500 m埋深的油砂分布面积为26.79 km²。通过研究区详细的石油地质和地球化学的研究发现,厚坝侏罗系大型油砂矿藏的成藏主控因素为：①寒武系烃源岩为厚坝侏罗系大型油砂矿藏提供了充足的油源;②储集层砂岩含油率高、油砂层厚、储集物性和储集空间良好;③龙门山北段区域构造带控制了油砂成矿带的形成与分布,逆冲断层、节理发育带与高孔隙度中-粗砂岩的良好配置是油砂形成的最有利形成条件,而喜山期构造掀斜、断裂输导和山前剥蚀是油砂形成和保存的必要条件。     

四川江油青林口地区油砂矿地质及成藏特征

江油青林口油砂矿是四川盆地龙门山山前带非常规石油资源，受上寺-罗妙真-漆树槽逆冲断层南侧次一级庙子坝断层南东单斜构造带控制，区域上属下寺-金子山-厚坝油砂成矿带。对该地区已获取的地质、钻探工程、物探测井、采样测试等油砂矿成果资料进行综合研究，结果显示：油砂储集体发育在侏罗系中统沙溪庙组下段细-中粒岩屑石英砂岩中，油砂油矿体质量含油率平均值9.55%，含油饱和度平均值43.3%，含水饱和度平均值4.54%，有效孔隙度平均值15.9%，且具闪点高、密度大、粘度大及残碳、灰分、机械杂质高、高硫含量的典型稠油特点。油砂油储集体物性条件良好，水平方向渗透率低，垂直方向渗透率特低，具有较好的油砂油储存空间，显示出该地区有扩大资源储量的潜力，是值得进一步勘查的远景区。     

川西北厚坝地区上沙溪庙组沉积特征及油砂预测

川西北厚坝油砂岩为我国典型的一类非常规石油资源,油砂主要发育在上沙溪庙组中下部的中-粗砂岩中。以层序地层学及沉积学相关理论为指导,通过野外观察、岩心描述、测井相分析、地震解释等手段对厚坝地区上沙溪庙组的沉积特征及油砂分布情况进行了研究。结果表明,上沙溪庙组发育低位体系域、水进体系域和高位体系域;该套地层发育的沉积相类型包括河流相、辫状河三角洲相和湖泊相;沙溪庙沉积期研究区西北部的龙门山古陆为物源区,碎屑向东南注入湖盆,在平面上,沉积相带从西北到东南依次为河流相、三角洲相、湖泊相。通过对野外露头以及单井沉积相研究发现油砂层主要发育在上沙溪庙组河道砂体中,孔渗性能较好,含油率较高,由此可知河道以及三角洲平原上的分支河道为有利沉积相。最后通过多口井的合成记录与地震剖面进行对比,从而标定并计算出油砂层的位置及厚度,绘制出油砂岩的厚度平面分布图,预测出上沙溪庙组油砂层的有利勘探区带。     

川西北天井山构造泥盆系油砂成矿条件与资源评价

通过对四川盆地油砂资源的全面调查与评价,首次在川西北地区天井山构造下泥盆统平驿铺组的石英砂岩中发现了油砂矿体。根据石油地质及成矿理论对该矿点的成矿条件进行了分析,认为该油砂矿形成过程中可能的烃源岩为早寒武世和早志留世的黑色泥页岩;当进入印支期,烃源岩开始大规模生成液态烃,液态烃通过该期运动形成的逆断层运移至下泥盆统平驿铺组圈闭富集成藏;进入喜山运动,早先形成的油藏抬升暴露、剥蚀而最终形成了目前的油砂矿体。天井山构造泥盆系埋深500 m以上的油砂资源量为5 356.4×10⁴ t。     

龙门山冲断带北段前山带构造分带性及山前带变形特征

龙门山冲断带构造分带性是龙门山构造研究中的核心内容和关键科学问题.在野外实测地质大剖面以及路线地质调查的基础上,根据冲断带不同部位构造样式的不同,将龙门山冲断带北段前山带划分出3个构造亚带,即唐王寨-仰天窝飞来峰-滑覆体构造亚带、楼子坝-雁门坝-马角坝叠瓦冲断亚带、矿山梁-天井山-二廊庙冲断背斜亚带.各亚带具有不同构造变形特征:飞来峰-滑覆体构造亚带具有"推覆加滑覆"的构造叠加和演变特征;叠瓦冲断亚带中冲断构造十分发育,从北西至南东方向,不同系、同一系中不同组、同一组中不同段的地层依次由老向新逆冲,组成典型的叠瓦状构造样式,逆冲断裂向西呈铲式倾斜,并收敛于逆冲断裂系底板断层之上.构造岩片中褶皱构造十分发育,以断层传播褶皱为主,其轴迹走向和轴面产状与叠瓦冲断亚带中各条断层的总体产状几乎相同,均倒向前陆方向.冲断背斜亚带具有双重构造特点,在浅层表现为近直立的短轴背斜,构造样式以断层转折褶皱为主,深层由多个逆冲岩片叠置而成.下寺-金子山-厚坝山前带浅部层次中冲断稀少、规模较小、变形微弱,主要表现为向南东倾斜的单斜构造,深部层次发育有大型隐伏逆冲断裂.从前山带和山前带总体上具有变形强度向前陆方向有规律递减、卷入构造的地层逐渐变新、变形层次逐渐变浅的趋势,反映了冲断构造具有前展式特征.冲断构造是晚三叠世与新生代两期构造变形的产物:晚三叠世构造变形强烈,是龙门山前陆冲断带的主要形成期;新生代变形较弱,叠加和改造了晚三叠世的构造变形.     

天井山古隆起的“前世今生”:论古隆起的构造复原

古隆起是地质历史时期地表的正向构造单元,是该时期地球内、外动力综合作用的结果;复原其构造-沉积面貌,将为探索地球演化历史及资源、能源矿产的赋存规律奠定重要基础。文中以龙门山北段的天井山古隆起为例,分析古隆起的地质结构及其演化、改造特征,探讨古隆起复原的思路、方法及意义。天井山古隆起早在20世纪80年代便被人们发现并提出,由于其所处地理位置特殊,天井山古隆起的地质结构及其在地质历史时期的形成与演化过程一直存在争议。基于天井山地区的地层与构造分布,文中建立其浅表地质结构模型,应用构造复原方法重建其形成与演化过程,恢复出天井山古隆起在不同地质历史时期的空间展布特征。研究认为,天井山古隆起发育震旦系、寒武系—志留系、泥盆系—石炭系、二叠系—三叠系和侏罗系—第四系等5套构造地层层序,沿构造走向划分为北、中、南3段。天井山古隆起北段总体表现为两背斜夹一向斜构造,中段表现为一紧闭的背斜构造,南段表现为一逐渐倾伏的背斜构造;天井山古隆起经历了寒武纪—志留纪幕式隆升、泥盆纪—石炭纪持续隆升、二叠纪—三叠纪整体埋藏与侏罗纪—现今为破坏改造等4个演化阶段;天井山古隆起在形成演化过程中,古隆起核部呈现出向南东迁移的特征。天井山古隆起为改造残余古隆起,反映了龙门山北段的多幕伸展-挤压构造事件的作用。     

川西前陆盆地侏罗纪构造层序地层格架内沉积充填特征

为了研究侏罗纪龙门山造山带与川西前陆盆地盆山关系,以侏罗系3个构造层序(TS1~TS3)体系域(BE, BW)为研究的基本单元,通过对川西前陆盆地构造层序充填特征的研究发现:龙门山造山带构造运动与沉积盆地的构造层序充填特征吻合较好,并且龙门山造山带北段,中段,南段在各期次构造活动中活动情况具有差异。TS1BE期,川西前陆盆地北部和南部地区都发育有冲积扇-扇三角洲沉积,中部地区为三角洲沉积,显示该期龙门山造山带北段和南段构造活动可能较为剧烈,中段相对较平缓。TS1BW期,川西前陆盆地北部和南部地区都以湖泊沉积为特征,仅在川西前陆盆地中部地区发育有三角洲沉积,显示本期龙门山造山带构造活动不发育,较为平稳。TS2BE期,川西前陆盆地北部和南部地区自西而东为冲积扇,三角洲—滨湖、浅湖沉积环境,中部地区为三角洲沉积,显示龙门山造山带又一次剧烈隆升,且北段和南段活动较为剧烈,中段相对较弱。TS2BW期,层序充填结构表明龙门山造山带北段和中段活动情况再次趋缓,但南段构造活动仍然较为活跃。TS3BE期,川西前陆盆地北部和南部地区发育有冲积扇沉积,中部则以三角洲-湖泊沉积为特征,显示该期龙门山造山带北段和南段都发生了较为剧烈的构造隆升运动,龙门山造山带中段,构造活动相对较为平缓。TS3BW期,龙门山造山带北段和中段构造活动减弱,南段活动持续加剧,于芦山两河口地区沉积有巨厚的冲积扇沉积物。     

川西坳陷东坡沙溪庙组气藏成藏演化模式

川西坳陷东坡气藏主力产层为沙溪庙组,其圈闭类型以构造-岩性圈闭为主,多为致密砂岩储层,但断层发育,有效改善了储层物性,断砂匹配样式与构造演化对油气成藏过程有重要影响。基于前人已有的认识,通过沙溪庙组气藏成藏动力演化、气水分布特征及生烃期次分析,结合构造演化、成藏幕次等研究,认为沙溪庙组天然气成藏受构造古隆起、断砂配置、储层物性、构造演化影响,形成了“构造控向、断砂控运、储层控藏、演化控调”的成藏演化模式,同中存异,高庙子地区古构造的控制作用更为明显,而中江地区岩性控制作用占主导。沙溪庙组气藏间歇性充注具“燕山期三幕成藏,喜山期调整改造”的成藏特征,多期构造演化和较强的储层非均质性影响了含气饱和度,导致沙溪庙组气藏分布、气藏产能差异大。     

平落坝储层有机包裹体特征与气藏形成过程研究

通过储集层成岩作用与有机包裹体的研究认为,研究区储集层有机包裹体主要通过交代和重结晶作用而形成,有各种相态形式,主要分布在石英颗粒内溶蚀缝或孔隙中,构造裂缝中基本未见有机包裹体。上三叠统储集层包裹体丰度明显高于侏罗系沙溪庙组。香二气藏砂岩有机包裹体均一温度主峰在 10 0～ 110℃;沙溪庙气藏砂岩有机包裹体均一温度主峰在 90～ 10 0℃。香二气藏形成时间早,经历了印支期少量注入到印支期末-喜山早期大量注入,再到喜山晚期调整、部分注入的过程。沙溪庙气藏天然气注入则主要发生于喜山运动期。     

广东吴川-四会断裂带北段金矿找矿方向

把吴川-四会断裂带北段,划分了四条金矿找矿成矿带,即新洲-石坎-江屯成矿带;龙潭-塔岗山-河台成矿带;桃源-北市成矿带;鱼坝-石狗成矿带.研究了控制成矿的时控条件认为,金矿主要形成于燕山晚期.矿体受区域性NE-NNE断裂构造带(新华夏系构造体系)活动控制.成矿富集因素是"矿源层"中不同构造带复合地段,构造古应力值增高的构造应力集中区以及深大断裂和岩浆作用深源物质加入的地段,这些地段以利于形成"矿源层"中的有利部位.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.