新疆谢米斯台地区晚古生代俯冲作用:来自塞勒肯特岩体的岩石学、年代学及地球化学证据

塞勒肯特岩体出露于谢米斯台中东部,岩性主要为二长花岗岩、石英闪长岩及花岗闪长岩。本文通过锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素等研究,探讨其形成的构造环境及岩石成因。结果表明,二长花岗岩(400.9±4.3Ma)和石英闪长岩(398.1±4.5Ma)形成于早泥盆世,花岗闪长岩(381.7±2.9Ma)形成于晚泥盆世。岩体整体富碱,属于准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩类。轻重稀土分馏较明显且富集轻稀土((La/Yb)_N=5.09～9.22),Eu异常不明显,相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素;二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩具有低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值(0.7040～0.7043),正ε_(Nd)(t)值(+4.85～+6.18),年轻的t_(DM1)(Nd)年龄(663～732Ma),二长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为+7.94～+12.12,t_(DM2)(Hf)=648～889Ma;花岗闪长岩也具有低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值(0.7045～0.7046),正ε_(Nd)(t)值(+4.61～+4.80),年轻的t_(DM1)(Nd)年龄(731～749Ma),花岗闪长岩锆石εHf(t)值为+4.26～+11.69,tDM2(Hf)=631～1103Ma。综合研究表明,塞勒肯特岩体形成于俯冲背景下的大陆边缘弧环境,可能是俯冲板片脱水交代地幔楔产生的玄武质岩浆上涌,导致新生下地壳发生部分熔融。二长花岗岩及石英闪长岩均来源于新生下地壳的部分熔融;花岗闪长岩主要来源于新生下地壳的部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质的加入,花岗闪长岩中的暗色微粒包体可能是幔源物质与新生下地壳部分熔融的岩浆未发生完全混合,最终冷凝结晶的产物。谢米斯台地区与俯冲相关的中酸性岩浆活动至少从晚奥陶世一直延续至晚泥盆世。     

湘东北三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩的岩石成因——锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素约束

对湘东北三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素分析。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩成岩年龄为131.9±1.1Ma。三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩为一套强过铝质钙碱性系列花岗岩,富集U、Ta、Pb,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、Zr、Ti等元素,稀土元素配分模式为右倾配分模式,具有弱负Eu异常。Hf同位素分析表明,三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩燕山晚期锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-5.9~-2.4,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄为1558~1338Ma,表明其物质来源于中元古代古老地壳岩石部分熔融。749.5Ma继承锆石核的ε_(Hf)(t)值为+4.8,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄为1355Ma,暗示其物质来源有幔源物质加入。三墩铜铅锌矿区花岗岩可能是由于中下地壳的熔融岩浆形成后,混入少量幔源物质上侵形成的。     

西藏冈底斯带西部达雄岩体的岩石成因:锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素约束

对出露于冈底斯西部地区措勤北部达瓦错东侧的达雄岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素研究,以约束其岩石成因。达雄岩体的主体岩性为花岗闪长岩,其中发育大量闪长质包体。花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP MS年龄为107±1Ma,该年龄代表了岩体结晶年龄。花岗闪长岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值变化于-1.0～3.0,两阶段模式年龄变化于974～1226Ma。花岗闪长岩富硅(SiO_2=70.65%～71.10%),富钙(CaO=3.21%-3.26%)、贫钾(K_2O= 2.81%～2.99%)、低P_2O_5(0.09%),铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.01～1.02,属于偏铝质花岗岩或弱过铝质花岗岩。闪长质包体Sio_2含量为57.84%,与寄主岩相比,闪长质包体更富CaO、MgO、TFe_2O_3和TiO_2。花岗闪长岩和闪长质包体均属中钾钙碱性系列,ε_(Nd)(t)值分别为-4.6和-3.2,两阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))相近(分别为1277Ma和1166Ma),并与锆石Hf同位素模式年龄一致。岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究表明闪长质包体可能是由岩浆混合作用形成的镁铁质微粒包体。我们的初步研究成果似乎表明,冈底斯中西部地区在早白垩世晚期(～110Na)很可能存在一次重要的岩浆混合作用,这一初步认识对研究冈底斯中北部地区规模宏大的白垩纪岩浆作用的深部动力学过程具有重要意义。     

甘肃北山明舒井岩体形成年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

北山明舒井岩体为一由辉长岩、闪长岩和花岗岩构成的岩浆杂岩体。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年分别获得辉长岩442.9±1.2Ma、闪长岩437.0±2.3Ma、花岗岩435.9±2.2Ma的形成年龄。其中,辉长岩为富钙、高铁和镁的钙碱性岩,相对富集LREE和LILE、贫化HFSE,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和P,Pb正异常,具中等偏高的(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.705892)、高放射性成因Pb,低εNd(t)(0.1),锆石εHf(t)变化大(-7.1~+8.3)。闪长岩和花岗岩富钠、低钙、铁和镁,为准铝质钙碱性岩;它们富集LREE和LILE、亏损HFSE,Nb、Ta及Sr、P、Ti明显负异常;也显示中等偏高的(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.705951~0.706196)和高放射性成因Pb、低εNd(t)(-0.2~-0.1),但锆石εHf(t)明显偏正(-1.1~+12.0)。不同岩类的地球化学特征及其相对一致的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素及明显不同的锆石Hf同位素,指示它们形成于板块消减带构造环境,为源自受流体交代和陆壳物质改造的幔源岩浆与新元古代陆壳物质部分熔融的岩浆混合和分离结晶演化的产物,代表北山南部早古生代晚奥陶世-早志留世晚期与大洋俯冲消减作用有关的构造岩浆事件。     

黑龙江跃进山矽卡岩型铜金矿床花岗闪长岩的年代学和地球化学特征

对跃进山铜金矿床与矽卡岩型矿化有关的花岗闪长岩开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、锆石Lu-Hf同位素及岩石地球化学研究。结果表明,花岗闪长岩中26个锆石测点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为(118.96±0.77) Ma (MSWD=0.29);岩体中锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值均为正值(+1.4～+3.2),且具有较年轻的Hf二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2)=1.09～0.98 Ga);花岗闪长岩表现为富Al、高K和Na以及低Ti、P、Ca的钙碱性I型花岗岩地球化学特征,显示出轻稀土富集、重稀土元素亏损的稀土元素组成特征;样品锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)的值为偏低的正值,表明岩浆物质来源应为壳幔混源。结合岩石地球化学投图以及区域构造背景演化认为,花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩均属于后碰撞-火山弧花岗岩,研究区的成矿成岩作用与太平洋板块强烈俯冲背景下的下岩石圈地幔拆沉有直接关系。     

西准噶尔南部庙尔沟岩体晚石炭世花岗闪长斑岩岩石成因及其动力学背景

位于西准噶尔南部的庙尔沟岩体主体由碱长花岗岩和少量紫苏花岗岩组成。本文在前人工作基础上,以岩体东南边缘新发现的花岗闪长斑岩为研究对象,开展岩石学、年代学和Hf同位素以及全岩地球化学研究,确定花岗闪长斑岩形成时代、揭示岩石成因类型及源区属性、探讨其与碱长花岗岩和紫苏花岗岩岩浆演化成因联系及其形成的深部动力学过程。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩形成于317.4±1.9Ma,为晚石炭世早期岩浆活动的产物,明显早于紫苏花岗岩(～307Ma)和碱长花岗岩(～303Ma)。岩石地球化学数据表明,花岗闪长斑岩具有较高硅、中等铝,贫钙、铁、镁,富集Rb、K、Th、U,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Ti的特征,为钙碱性弱过铝质I型花岗岩;紫苏花岗岩更多的表现出钙碱性-高钾钙碱性镁质I型紫苏花岗岩特征;碱长花岗岩为碱性准铝质-弱过铝质A型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩、紫苏花岗岩和碱长花岗岩均具有高正的ε_(Hf)(t)值(+11.6～+15.8)和年轻的二阶段模式年龄(325～600Ma),表明其原始岩浆主要起源于亏损地幔新衍生的年轻地壳物质。综合分析认为,庙尔沟岩体花岗闪长斑岩形成于晚石炭世早期洋壳俯冲背景,由底侵的、受流体交代的幔源基性岩浆与其诱发的年轻下地壳酸性岩浆在深部混合而成。紫苏花岗岩和碱长花岗岩形成于弧后伸展背景,前者是伸展初期继续底侵于下地壳的幔源玄武质岩浆降温释放大量的水和热诱使早期侵位于下地壳的镁铁质岩石再次发生部分熔融的产物,后者是伸展后期大规模软流圈地幔上涌底垫加热年轻中下地壳使其部分熔融而成。     

华北陆块北缘崇礼-赤城地区晚古生代花岗岩类的锆石年龄和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成

本文报道冀北崇礼-赤城地区晚古生代花岗岩类岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成特征.它们出露在华北陆块北缘的构造单元内,侵位于中高级变质基底岩石红旗营子群中.锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明,海流图花岗岩岩体记录了两期岩浆作用,即299±3Ma和254±11Ma;镇宁堡片麻状二长花岗岩和白花沟片麻状黑云母石英二长闪长岩分别形成于287±1Ma和252±3Ma.这些晚古生代花岗岩类岩石具有较低的初始~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值(0.7062～0.7076)、低的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-18.1至-9.6)和古老的Nd亏损地幔模式年龄(2.49～1.87Ga).其锆石的ε~(Hf)(t)值变化在-13.2至-7.4之间,Hf平均地壳模式年龄值(T_(DM)~C)在2.15Ga至1.79Ga之间.锆石Hf同位素特征与全岩Nd同位素特征指示古老的华北陆块地壳物质是花岗岩浆的主要物源.在形成时代和地球化学特征上,崇礼-赤城地区晚古生代花岗岩与出露在东部丰宁-承德地区的花岗岩类岩石既有相似性,又有不同之处,可能代表华北陆块北缘不同构造背景下岩浆作用的产物.     

河南东沟钼矿花岗斑岩成因: 岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素制约

本研究对东沟超大型钼矿床的成矿母岩-东沟花岗斑岩开展了系统的年代学、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析工作.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,东沟花岗斑岩成岩年龄为114～117Ma,与已有的成矿年龄(116±2Ma,Re-Os法)一致,证实了东沟钼矿为一斑岩型矿床.详细的岩石地球化学分析显示东沟花岗斑岩岩体与区域上太山庙大型花岗岩基为同源演化关系,它们均为弱过铝质,具有富Si、富K、富Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素、富Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素,贫Fe、Mg、Ca,贫Sr、Ba,Ga/Al比值较高等地球化学特征,属铝质A型花岗岩,形成于伸展构造体制,东沟岩体是母岩浆经历了强烈结晶分异高度演化的产物;东沟岩体Nd同位素组成为0.51166～0.51182,ε_(Nd)(t))值在-17.3～-14.3之间,锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值变化较大,由-3.4至-18.7,另有一颗年龄为1715Ma的捕获锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值为-2.4,Nd、Hf模式年龄分别为1.5～1.8Ga与1.3～1.7Ga.我们认为东沟岩体的岩浆源区以古老地壳物质为主,但也有少量幔源组分参入,并且幔源物质的加入及很高的岩浆演化程度可能对东沟钼矿的成岩成矿过程具有重要作用.     

东昆仑五龙沟晚二叠世花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石成因及意义

报道了东昆仑东段五龙沟岩体的锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩和痕量元素地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素和原位锆石Hf同位素数据。五龙沟岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明花岗闪长岩主要侵位于260 Ma左右。花岗闪长岩具有适中的SiO2、高Al2O3和全碱含量,属于中钾钙碱性弱过铝质系列。样品富集LREE,大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE),具有陆缘弧花岗岩的特征。此外,花岗闪长岩具有弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.8~1.0),高Sr((377~484)×10-6),低Y((8.7~17.5)×10-6)和Yb((0.89~1.57)×10-6),类似于埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。岩石具有较均一(87Sr/86Sr)i值(0.709 1~0.707 6),较低的全岩εNd(t)值(-4.3~-5.3)和古老的Nd模式年龄T2DM(1.6~1.7Ga)。原位锆石Hf同位素显示εHf(t)值介于0.6~-3.5,对应二阶段模式年龄T2DM(1.3~1.5Ga)。上述地球化学特征说明花岗闪长质岩浆是由古老的基性下地壳部分熔融而成,其形成深度在30~40km。岩体中出露的同生成基性岩墙指示该时期有幔源岩浆活动,部分熔融作用可能与岩浆底侵作用相关。因此,结合区域地质研究,我们认为晚二叠世五龙沟花岗闪长岩形成于活动大陆边缘的局部伸展环境,这种背景可能响应了布青山—阿尼玛卿洋洋壳北向俯冲过程中俯冲极性的突变。     

藏南早侏罗世新特提斯洋俯冲过程中壳幔混合作用:来自日喀则东嘎闪长质岩体的证据

大陆地壳的总体成分是闪长质的,闪长岩的成因是理解大陆地壳形成的关键。发育在青藏高原南部的冈底斯岩基,其总体成分是闪长质的,但是前人的研究主要集中在讨论镁铁质和长英质岩石的成因,很少涉及闪长岩。本工作选取冈底斯岩基中部东嘎闪长质岩体作为研究对象,以揭示冈底斯带闪长岩的成因及其与地壳生长的关系。锆石U-Pb定年显示东嘎闪长岩形成于(176.5±1.2)Ma,并且有(191.3±1.2)Ma的继承锆石,指示有早期地壳组分的加入。这些闪长岩具有相对较高的Mg~#(0.40~0.44),亏损的Sr((~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.703570~0.703595)、Nd(ε_(Nd)(t)=+6.1~+6.5)和锆石Hf(ε_(Hf)(t)=+12.0~+14.7)同位素组成,以及较高的~(147)Sm/~(144)Nd值,表明岩浆源区有地幔物质贡献。岩相学上,闪长岩中镁铁质聚晶团块附近的针状磷灰石,以及东嘎岩体中广泛发育的镁铁质包体,暗示闪长岩为岩浆混合成因。岩浆混合的地球化学检验,也证实东嘎闪长岩是由幔源和壳源岩浆混合形成。东嘎闪长岩的壳幔混合成因表明在早侏罗世新特提斯洋俯冲过程中发生了垂向大陆地壳生长。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.