长春东南劝农山地区早二叠世范家屯组岩石变形组构及流变学特征

劝农山地区位于长春市东南部,处于佳-伊断裂和西拉木伦河缝合带交汇处.详细野外调查发现,该区曾遭受强烈韧性剪切变形,剪切带内岩石普遍糜棱岩化,主要由下二叠统范家屯组（P₁f）钙质糜棱岩与侵入其中的燕山期花岗质糜棱岩组成,变形程度处于初糜棱岩至糜棱岩之间,多具有糜棱结构.岩石应变类型主要为压扁型应变,偏一般压缩,为L=S型构造岩,指示其形成于挤压型剪切带的构造环境.多种宏微观韧性剪切变形标志,指示明显的左行剪切运动.电子探针方解石-白云石地质温度计、方解石和石英EBSD组构特征、方解石e双晶形态以及石英长石变形行为等均显示岩石具有低温塑性流变特点,变形环境不超过绿片岩相.剪切带内应变速率偏高,应变集中带应变速率最大,在10-6.95~10-8.89之间,远离强变形带应变速率在10-9.25~10-12.17之间,糜棱岩化作用过程中差异应力下限应大致为51.27~65.46 MPa,代表剪切带糜棱岩化作用为低温中等强度应变,在稍快的应变速率条件下形成.压溶扩散和双晶滑移为劝农山韧性剪切带变形初期的主要变形机制,随着递进变形,逐渐以双晶滑移和晶内滑移为主,递进变形晚期,局部强变形域内发生了粒间滑移.劝农山韧性剪切带形成与早白垩世中晚期伊泽纳崎板块NNW向高斜度斜向俯冲于欧亚大陆之下有关,是佳-伊断裂带左旋走滑事件的局部表现.      

舒兰韧性剪切带应变分析及石英动态重结晶颗粒分形特征与流变参数估算

舒兰北东向韧性剪切带位于佳木斯-伊通断裂带(佳-伊断裂带)中南段, 剪切带内糜棱岩具有明显左行走滑特征, 片麻理产状近NNE向.糜棱岩中长石有限应变Flinn图解判别岩石类型为L-S型构造岩, 属拉长型应变.石英C轴EBSD组构分析表明, 石英组构以中低温菱面为主, 滑移系为{0001} < 110>.剪切带内糜棱岩的剪应变为0.44, 不同方法计算所得运动学涡度值均大于0.95, 指示剪切变形以简单剪切为主.综合矿物变形温度计、石英C轴EBSD组构、石英的粒度-频数图及Kruhl温度计综合估计该韧性剪切带变形机制以位错蠕变机制为主, 变质相为低绿片岩相, 发生韧性变形和糜棱岩化温度范围在400~500 ℃之间.糜棱岩内石英动态重结晶新晶粒边界普遍具有锯齿状或港湾状结构, 利用分形方法对其重结晶新晶边界研究表明, 这些晶粒边界具有自相似性, 表现出分形特征, 分形维数值为1.195~1.220.根据石英重结晶粒径估算差应力值为24.35~27.59 MPa, 代表了舒兰韧性剪切带糜棱岩化作用过程的差异应力下限.使用不同实验方法估算、比较和分析了该剪切带古应变速率, 认为该速率应为10-12.00~10-13.18 s-1, 与区域性应变速率10-13.00~10-15.00 s-1对比, 说明舒兰韧性剪切带的应变速率与世界上大多数韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩应变速率一致, 是缓慢变形的结果, 其形成可能与早白垩世伊泽纳崎板块向欧亚大陆俯冲发生转向有关.      

青海可可西里北缘韧性剪切带的显微构造特征

在可可西里北缘发现的糜棱岩化带,经显微构造研究确定为韧性剪切带。此带发育流劈理及拉伸线理。糜棱岩化花岗岩和糜棱岩化石英脉中的石英发育亚晶粒构造、位错构造和动态重结晶,长石主要发育机械双晶。石英c轴组构属韧性剪切带中的典型形式,石英变形以位错蠕变机制和位错滑移机制共存为特征,石英的动态重结晶作用是由亚晶粒旋转机制形成。长石的变形主要是通过机械双晶实现的。此韧性剪切带形成时的温度约400℃,差异应力约30MPa,应变速率约1.9×10^-13s^-1.     

龙门山韧性剪切带主要矿物结构水含量与变形的关系

矿物中的各种水对变形有显著影响。本文研究了龙门山中央断裂带映秀-北川断裂南段韧性剪切带花岗质岩中石英和长石的变形和水含量的关系。通过显微镜下统计石英、长石的粒度和轴比,得出剪切带中花岗质岩石的变形程度分为:弱变形带和过渡带的花岗片麻岩以及强变形带的初糜棱岩。其中弱变形和过渡变形样品中有细粒化强变形条带。根据石英动态重结晶粒度与流动应力关系,计算了剪切带的流动应力约15～200MPa。利用稳态流变方程,估算出韧性剪切带的变形温度范围400～550℃。花岗质岩石和细粒化剪切带的全岩化学成分分析显示,强变形导致SiO2、K2O减小,Fe2O3、CaO、MgO、LOI增大。Fe、Mg含量增大,K含量降低。显然说明长石含量降低,铁镁质矿物含量增多,初步认为是长石经水解反应发生云母化导致的。利用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)对剪切带花岗质岩石中的主要矿物石英和长石进行了结构水含量的分析,结果表明长石的水含量高于石英的水含量,弱变形的粗粒长石和石英的水含量低于强烈变形的细粒长石和石英的含水量,即随着变形程度的增强,矿物中的含水量呈增加趋势。因此,在剪切带中,强烈剪切变形导致长石和石英晶体位错密度变大,形成点缺陷和缺陷,这些缺陷中被OH充填,形成结构水。这种结构水促进了剪切带中岩石的变形。     

河北张宣地区糜棱岩的特征及找金的初步研究

近年来我们对张宣地区的研究发现,该区韧性剪切构造十分发育,呈东西向狭长带状分布于尚义—赤城—平泉韧性剪切带及两侧,宽约1～5km,长约60～70km。根据韧性剪切带构造岩的宏观、微观特征、重结晶程度、组构特征及矿物组合,将糜棱岩分为糜棱岩化岩石,糜棱岩及变晶糜棱岩三类。 1.区内糜棱岩分类及特征糜棱岩化岩石:主要分布在西水沟、四道沟等地、韧性剪切带的边部或弱变形中,变形较弱,具残斑(碎斑)结掏,斑晶粒径0.3～1.5mm,残斑为圆形、椭圆形具定向排列,成分为长石、石英、角闪石、黑云母、磷灰石、石榴石等。长石以条纹长石、斜长石为主,其条纹及聚片双晶多发生弯曲,石英破裂纹发育,具波状消光,糜棱岩化岩石的基质为细粒或微粒,粒径0.01～0.1mm,由石英,长石、绿帘石及云母、绿泥     

新疆萨尔托海石英菱镁岩中发育的韧性剪切带及其对金矿的控制

萨尔托海金矿产在达拉布特蛇绿混杂岩带中。本文首次在该金矿区厘定出韧性剪切带,糜棱岩或者糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩中构成糜棱面理的矿物(铬云母、石英)形成于韧性剪切变形过程中,而切割糜棱面理的方解石-石英-黄铜矿-白云母脉代表脆性变形阶段的流体活动。根据矿物组合相互切割关系,识别出三期构造变形:早期NE向韧性变形(形成铬云母-石英组合)之后,发生了应力方向显著不同的破裂,形成NNW向分布的方解石-石英-黄铜矿-白云母脉;再晚期,应力方向又恢复到NE向,发育了浅层次的脆性构造破坏,形成了白云母-石英细脉。韧性剪切变形向脆性变形转换期间形成了石英-碳酸盐脉,其中往往含硫化物和自然金,此阶段是萨尔托海金矿的主要成矿时期。韧性剪切带控制着萨尔托海地区的金矿分布,成矿作用主要受沿剪切带迁移流体的控制,穿切糜棱面理的方解石-石英-黄铜矿-白云母脉是主要的找矿标志。韧性剪切带对金矿的显著控制表明,韧脆性转换期间形成的含硫化物石英碳酸盐脉以及相伴生的热液蚀变使金富集成矿,矿体一般赋存在断裂构造复杂的膨胀部位。萨尔托海金矿的成因与蛇绿岩的形成和演化没有关系。对韧性剪切带的系统研究是在该地区取得找矿勘探突破的关键。     

辽西兴城—台里韧性剪切带北段变形特征

辽西兴城—台里地区发育系列花岗质岩石,强烈构造变形特征均显示其具有韧性剪切带的特点。对剪切带北段进行详细宏微观构造解析,结合岩石变形强度差异性分析、有限应变测量、石英C轴EBSD测试以及古差异应力值估算等研究,结果表明剪切带内花岗质片麻岩和眼球状花岗质片麻岩具有NEE向左行剪切变形特征,变形岩石为S-L构造岩,应变类型属于平面应变,古差异应力值介于30~40 MPa之间。长石-石英矿物温度计以及石英C轴EBSD组构指示剪切带以中低温变形为主,温度在400℃~500℃,属绿片岩相变质,具中-低温韧性剪切带特征。韧性剪切带内普遍存在变形分解现象,弱变形带内岩石残斑含量较高,眼球状构造和S-C组构较为发育;强变形带岩石残斑含量较低,剪切面理较为发育,糜棱面理发育较弱或者不发育。     

大别山晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带主要造岩矿物的变形与应变分析

大别山北缘的晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带主体发育在北大别片麻岩之上,具有近水平左行剪切的运动学特征;剪切带自中心向外围依次发育超糜棱岩、糜棱岩、初糜棱岩、变形片麻岩(片岩)、围岩,发生变形的主要造岩矿物包括石英、长石、角闪石、云母等。岩石有限应变测量和矿物颗粒形态学优选方位统计显示,随着糜棱岩化程度的加强,主要造岩矿物平均粒径均呈递减变化;矿物长短轴所反映的应变均呈加强的趋势,矿物长轴与X的锐夹角皆逐渐变小;以90°为一个区间统计的矿物长轴定向显示,变形矿物的长轴在钝角区间(顺剪切方向)有优选,以15°为一个区间统计的矿物长轴定向显示,矿物定向存在一定对称性,即在锐夹角区的优选区间和钝夹角区的优选区间互为补角区间。此外,云母矿物的应变在不同样品中均显示最大,其次为石英、角闪石、长石;随着构造岩类型的不同,应变的变化趋势最明显的也是云母,其次为石英,角闪石和长石变化不明显;矿物长轴与X轴夹角的统计表明,云母、角闪石长轴与X轴锐夹角比石英、长石均偏小。矿物的变形还表明,指示剪切带剪切方式最明显的是云母类矿物,尤其是云母鱼构造,是判定运动方向的可靠标志,其次是角闪石,较之斜长石更易形成不对称残斑构造;综合矿物在剪切带中的含量和分布,结构特点,以及对剪切带应变反映的"灵敏性"等方面的因素,石英矿物最能表现剪切带的整体应变状态,是较为理想的应变标志矿物。上述结果表明不同矿物随变形环境的渐变,在粒径、应变、形态学优选等方面具有较统一的变化,即不同变形矿物在反映剪切带的剪切作用方式、应力—应变等特征时是较为一致的;同时不同矿物在上述变化中又表现出区别于其他矿物的各自特点,这反映了矿物自身的晶体结构、结晶形态、力学性质、变形习性等特性。所以,对于研究韧性剪切带而言,针对不同研究内容,要综合不同矿物的变形情况来选取合适的变形矿物及其变形组构来研究,才能得到更准确的结果和更合理的解释。     

郯庐断裂带桐城段构造变形解析

郯庐断裂带桐城段韧性剪切带位于大别造山带东北缘。首先对剪切带两端的两套片麻岩进行宏观构造特征、矿物组成以及锆石U-Pb年代学研究,确定片麻岩为印支造山期高压变质产物。之后由于郯庐断裂带左行韧性走滑叠加,在原来近东西向造山带片麻岩基础上形成了NE-SW向的糜棱岩—超糜棱岩带。根据糜棱岩中主要矿物的变形行为,估算剪切带的变形温度约为450 ℃～530 ℃,局部可达550 ℃,为高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相变质;有限应变测量和应变强度计算的结果表明,矿物在韧性剪切过程中经历了强烈的拉长变形,剪切带中间位置变形程度最强,向两边慢慢减弱;运用多种方法对糜棱岩进行运动学涡度的测量计算,结果表明郯庐断裂带桐城段为一以简单剪切为主导的减薄型一般剪切带。     

秦岭洛栾断裂带糜棱岩的变形特征及形成环境分析

洛栾断裂带是华北板块南缘与秦岭北缘的分界线,其变形作用细节可以恢复板块碰撞过程中板缘的变形作用。洛栾断裂带走向为290°,倾向NNE,倾角多为67°~80°,由多条近平行的韧性剪切带组成,单个剪切带宽度由几米至上百米不等,西部较窄,东部较宽。洛栾断裂带主要构造活动有四期,第二期强烈的塑性变形形成了大规模的糜棱岩。糜棱岩中的线理倾伏向、矿物σ、δ残斑和石英脉形态等运动学特征均指示断裂带具有由南向北俯冲兼有左行平移的运动学特征。糜棱岩的变形特征显示洛栾断裂带东部的变形机制为晶质塑性变形,西部为低温扩散蠕变、颗粒边界滑移以及晶质塑性变形机制。糜棱岩中的矿物塑性变形序列为:方解石黑云母石英斜长石钾长石。洛栾断裂带长英质糜棱岩的变形相自东向西依次为二长石变形相、石英斜长石变形相和石英变形相。糜棱岩的形成温度为300~550℃,其中东部的温度高于西部。角闪石全铝压力计获得的压力为:0.75~0.95GPa,多硅白云母压力计得出的压力为0.27~0.87 GPa。差异应力为0.32~0.41GPa,应变速率值为3.92917×10~(-11)~3.17713×10~(-16)。雪茄状应变椭球体和大于0.75的涡度显示断裂带为强烈剪切拉伸变形,且西段强于东段。上述特征显示洛栾断裂带是发育于中-中深层次的韧性变形,糜棱岩的变形条件总体属于中温、中压环境下的中等应变条件,但东部温度高于西部,西部差异应力大于东部。相当于东部位于中地壳偏深环境,西部位于上地壳下部-中地壳上部环境,说明洛栾断裂带在后期的抬升过程中东部高于西部。这期糜棱岩的变形是对洛栾断裂带第二期构造活动的响应,真实地反映了洛栾断裂带这期构造活动的构造物理作用过程和形成环境,对解读洛栾断裂带的形成环境有着重要意义。     

阿尔泰造山带内韧性剪切带的显微、超显微构造和变形机制

阿尔泰造山带的剪切带中发育大量S-C糜棱岩,其内云母产生云母鱼和扭折构造并发生边界重结晶。长石发生不同性质的系列变形,并以出熔成核为主的动态重结晶为主要变形机制,同时伴有强烈的扩散作用,属Naborrow-Herring蠕变。石英的变形呈条带状并发生完全的旋转和边界迁移动态重结晶。石英晶内变形以位错运动和动态恢复为主,形成亚颗粒构造及动态重结晶,以致产生应变弱化和超塑性变形,定量分析确定的石英变形机制主要为低温幂指数蠕变。     

内蒙古色尔腾山地区花岗绿岩带糜棱岩变形变质过程探讨

采用不同研究方法分析和解读岩石和矿物的显微构造特征，能再造结晶基底岩石复杂的变形和变质演化过程和条件。通过对色尔腾山地区花岗绿岩带中韧性剪切带的糜棱岩显微构造、石英组构、矿物化学等综合分析，发现该区糜棱岩在经历了低角闪岩相区域变质及绿帘角闪岩相退变质变形之后，发生了不均匀进变质重结晶作用及中低绿片岩相退变质变形等几个演化阶段。由不同阶段温压条件所限定的p-T演化轨迹为一个在早期顺时针的基础上叠加了一个晚期逆时针环的复杂图像。     

Transfer zones and fault reactivation in inverted rift basins: Insights from physical modelling

Carbonate mylonites with varying proportions of second-phase minerals were collected at positions of increasing metamorphic grade along the basal thrust of the Morcles nappe (Helvetic nappes, Switzerland). Variations of temperature, stress, and strain rate, changes in chemistry of solid and fluid phases, and differing degrees of strain localization and annealing were tracked by measuring the shapes, mean sizes, and size distributions of both matrix and second-phase grains, as well as crystal preferred orientation (CPO) of the matrix. Field structures suggest that strain rate was constant along the fault. The mean and distribution of the calcite grain sizes were affected most profoundly by temperature: Increased temperature, presumably accompanied by decreased stress, correlated with larger mean sizes and wider size distributions. At a given location, the matrix grains in mylonites with more second-phase particles are, on average, smaller, have narrower size distributions, and have more elongate shapes. For example, mylonites with 50 vol.% of second phases have matrix grain sizes half that of pure mylonites. Changes in calcite chemistry and the presence of synkinematic fluids seemed to influence microfabric only weakly. Temporal variations in conditions, such as exhumation-induced cooling, apparently provoke changes in temperature, stress, and strain rate along the nappe. These changes result in further strain localization during retrograde conditions and cause the grain size to be reduced by an additional 50%. The matrix CPO strengthens with increasing temperature or strain, but weakens and rotates with increasing second-phase content. These fabric changes suggest differing rates of grain growth, grain size reduction, and development of CPO owing to variations in the deformation conditions and, perhaps, mechanisms. To interpret natural mylonite structures or to extrapolate mechanical data to natural situations requires careful characterization of the microfabric, and, in particular, second-phase minerals.     

北喜马拉雅穹隆带然巴韧性剪切带石英动态重结晶颗粒的分维几何分析与主要流变参数的估算

位于北喜马拉雅穹隆带东段的然巴构造穹隆外围发育环形韧性剪切带,带内岩石经韧性剪切形成各类糜棱状岩石。石英为带内变形岩中最为常见的造岩矿物,在不同的温度、应变速率下产生不同的显微构造,其中动态重结晶最为常见。重结晶新晶颗粒边界普遍具有锯齿状或港湾状结构,是应变和变形环境的天然记录。新晶粒分维几何统计分析表明:带内动态重结晶石英颗粒边界形态具有自相似性(1≤D≤2),表现出分形特征,分维数值为1.14～1.19,变形温度大约500℃。同构造变质环境属中——高绿片岩相;初步估算古应变速率可能低于10^-9.5S^-1;根据重结晶粒径估算变形古应力6.2～58.8MPa。     

Fluid-assisted fracturing,cataclasis, and resulting plastic flow in mylonites from the Moresby Seamount detachment,Woodlark Basin

The Moresby Seamount detachment (MSD) in the Woodlark Basin (offshore Papua New Guinea) is a large active low-angle detachment excellently exposed at the seafloor, and cutting through mafic metamorphic rocks. Hydrothermal infiltration of quartz followed by that of calcite occurred during cataclastic deformation. Subsequent deformation of these a priori softer minerals leads to mylonite formation in the MSD. This study aims at a better understanding of the deformation mechanism switch from cataclastic to plastic flow. Deformation fabrics of the fault rocks were analyzed by light-optical microscopy. Rheologically critical phases were mapped to determine distributions and area proportions, and EBSD was used to measure crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Strong calcite CPOs indicate dominant dislocation creep. Quartz CPOs, however, are weak and more difficult to interpret, suggesting at least some strain accommodation by diffusion creep mechanisms. When quartz aggregates are intermixed with the polymineralic mylonite matrix diffusion creep grain boundary sliding may be dominant. The syntectonic conversion from mafic cataclasites to more siliceous and carbonaceous mylonites induced by hydrothermal processes is a critical weakening mechanism enabling the MSD to at least intermittently plastic flow at low shear stresses. This is probably a crucial process for the operation of low-angle detachments in hydrated and dominantly mafic crust.     

主要造岩矿物动态重结晶作用及其变质条件

动态重结晶是一种重要的矿物变形作用,主要包括膨凸、亚晶粒旋转和颗粒边界迁移重结晶作用三种变形机制。随着变质程度的不断增强,膨凸、亚晶粒旋转和颗粒边界迁移重结晶作用顺次出现。动态重结晶作用是温度、压力、应力以及流体等多方面综合作用的结果,而不仅仅与变形温度有关,因此我们认为以变质相带代替温度变化作为主要造岩矿物动态重结晶机制的转变条件应该更为合理。通过大量薄片观察和综合分析,我们概述了不同变质相条件下主要造岩矿物的变形特征组合,并提出了主要造岩矿物的动态重结晶发生的相对顺序大致应为方解石→黑云母→石英→长石→角闪石→橄榄石→辉石,与前人有所不同。     

Macro‐and Microstructural,Textural Fabrics and Deformation Mechanism of Calcite Mylonites from Xar Moron‐Changchun Dextral Shear Zone,Northeast China

The calcite mylonites in the Xar Moron-Changchun shear zone show a significance dextral shearing characteristics. The asymmetric(σ-structure) calcite/quartz grains or aggregates, asymmetry of calcite c-axes fabric diagrams and the oblique foliation of recrystallized calcite grains correspond to a top-to-E shearing. Mineral deformation behaviors, twin morphology, C-axis EBSD fabrics, and quartz grain size-frequency diagrams demonstrate that the ductile shear zone was developed under conditions of greenschist facies, with the range of deformation temperatures from 200 to 300°C. These subgrains of host grains and surrounding recrystallized grains, strong undulose extinction, and slightly curved grain boundaries are probably results of intracrystalline deformation and dynamic recrystallization implying that the deformation took place within the dislocation-creep regime at shallow crustal levels. The calculated paleo-strain rates are between 10~(–7.87)s~(–1) and 10~(–11.49)s~(–1) with differential stresses of 32.63–63.94 MPa lying at the higher bound of typical strain rates in shear zones at crustal levels, and may indicate a relatively rapid deformation. The S-L-calcite tectonites have undergone a component of uplift which led to subhorizontal lifting in an already non-coaxial compressional deformation regime with a bulk pure shear-dominated general shear. This E-W large-scale dextral strike-slip movement is a consequence of the eastward extrusion of the Xing'an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt, and results from far-field forces associated with Late Triassic convergence domains after the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.     

High Temperature Mylonitization of Quartzofeldspathic Gneisses: Example from the Schirmacher Hills, East Antarctica

In the Schirmacher Hills, most of the ductile shearing took place under high to medium grade amphibolite facies metamorphism. The microstructure of the mylonites shows characteristic features of high temperature deformation and thus gives us an idea of deformation mechanisms of the constituent minerals at great crustal depth. The variation in microstructure of the sheared rock is partly due to heterogeneity of the intensity of strain from domain to domain, producing protomylonites, orthomylonites and ultramylonites. However, a large part of the microstructural variation has resulted from syn- to post-tectonic recrystallization and grain growth of constituent minerals. Both quartz and feldspar have deformed by crystal plastic processes with dominant grain boundary migration. The present aspect ratio of the feldspar grains is a result of various degrees of dynamic recrystallization along the grain boundary. The ratio varies between 1.5 and 2. Presence of exsolution lamellae in perthites and formation of myrmekite at the strained grains of K-feldspar suggest diffusion assisted dislocation creep. These mylonites are characterized by the presence of weakly strained or unstrained long quartz ribbons. The development of quartz ribbons with the absence of significant strain suggests grain recovery and grain growth during high temperature mylonitization. The growth of quartz ribbons took place by coalescing neighbouring grains both along and across the ribbon length. At the ultramylonite stage the fine-grained matrix of quartz and feldspar mostly accommodates the bulk strain.     

Oxygen isotope salt effects at high pressure and high temperature and the calibration of oxygen isotope geothermometers

The influence of NaCl, CaCl₂, and dissolved minerals on the oxygen isotope fractionation in mineral-water systems at high pressure and high temperature was studied experimentally. The salt effects of NaCl (up to 37 molal) and 5-molal CaCl₂ on the oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and water and between calcite and water were measured at 5 and 15 kbar at temperatures from 300 to 750°C. CaCl₂ has a larger influence than NaCl on the isotopic fractionation between quartz and water. Although NaCl systematically changes the isotopic fractionation between quartz and water, it has no influence on the isotopic fractionation between calcite and water. This difference in the apparent oxygen isotope salt effects of NaCl must relate to the use of different minerals as reference phases. The term oxygen isotope salt effect is expanded here to encompass the effects of dissolved minerals on the fractionations between minerals and aqueous fluids. The oxygen isotope salt effects of dissolved quartz, calcite, and phlogopite at 15 kbar and 750°C were measured in the three-phase systems quartz-calcite-water and phlogopite-calcite-water. Under these conditions, the oxygen isotope salt effects of the three dissolved minerals range from ∼0.7 to 2.1‰. In both three-phase hydrothermal systems, the equilibrium fractionation factors between the pairs of minerals are the same as those obtained by anhydrous direct exchange between each pair of minerals, proving that the use of carbonate as exchange medium provides correct isotopic fractionations for a mineral pair.When the oxygen isotope salt effects of two minerals are different, the use of water as an indirect exchange medium will give erroneous fractionations between the two minerals. The isotope salt effect of a dissolved mineral is also the main reason for the observation that the experimentally calibrated oxygen isotope fractionations between a mineral and water are systematically 1.5 to 2‰ more positive than the results of theoretical calculations. Dissolved minerals greatly affect the isotopic fractionation in mineral-water systems at high pressure and high temperature. If the presence of a solute changes the solubility of a mineral, the real oxygen isotope salt effect of the solute at high pressure and high temperature cannot be correctly derived by using the mineral as reference phase.