天山北麓黄土记录的30万年以来古气候演变

对天山北麓黄土分布特点与形成年代的研究,以及以此为载体应用各代用指标的古气候重建已经取得了不少进展。在前人工作的基础上,选取黄土—古土壤序列分明,底部S3古土壤发育的鹿角湾剖面为主要研究对象,结合天山北麓的其他多个典型黄土剖面,运用色度、粒度、常量地球化学元素含量和环境磁学参数等指标,探讨大约30万年以来的古气候演变。鹿角湾黄土实验结果显示,各古气候代用指标随剖面深度变化与黄土—古土壤更替大概一致,剖面上部（L2及其以上）与下部区别明显。粒度分布揭示黄土物源输入主要受控于两股不同风系,随黄土古土壤的更替两者的主次地位发生变化。环境磁学实验结果显示,剖面下部磁性弱,频率磁化率低,但古土壤层稳定单畴含量较高,反映湿润成壤环境下超顺磁亚铁磁性矿物溶解或转化为弱磁性矿物;剖面上部比剖面下部的磁性要强,磁性矿物粒度更粗;S0为磁性成壤增强模式,与其他黄土古土壤层不同。再结合其他典型剖面的记录,可以推断研究区30万年以来有干旱化的趋势,但S2发育阶段总体上可能比S3发育阶段略为湿润,这一阶段之后气候明显变干,S1发育阶段明显比S2与S3发育阶段干旱,干旱化趋势一直保持至全新世开始之前。     

A study of late Pleistocene loess deposits,South Canterbury,New Zealand: Part I. Forms and amounts of phosphorus compared with other techniques for identifying paleosols

Four paleosols, and soil horizons within paleosols, were clearly identified in the thick calcium carbonate-free loess sections at Timaru, South Island, New Zealand, by changes in the distribution of total phosphorus and calcium phosphate in the upper 2 m to each paleosol. Extractable manganese was also sensitive in identifying paleosols, particularly the upper horizons. The distribution of bulk density values was useful in identifying paleosols; however, the maximum bulk density (>1.7 g/cc) occurred in horizons identified as B2 rather than fragipan horizons in three of four cases. The distribution of clay particles was useful in understanding the genesis of the modern soil and paleosols, but not in identifying paleosols.     

陕西洛川黄土剖面的白度参数及其古气候意义

对陕西洛川黄土剖面的白度研究表明，黄土和古土壤存在明显的白度差别，表现为黄土的白度值较高，而古土壤的白度值较低，依据白度值可以清晰地区另出剖面中的黄土层和古土壤层。化学处理以及分粒级实验结果表明风化成壤作用造成细粒级铁氧化物的含量增高是古土壤中白度值降低的主要因素。洛川剖面白度值的变化与第四纪冰期－间冰期旋回的波动特征相一致，其逐渐增高的趋势与全球气候变冷总体趋势相吻合，表明白度在反映夏季风环流强度变化，以及对全球气候变化的响应问题上具有广泛的应用前景。     

Particle size contributions to bulk magnetic susceptibility in Chinese loess and paleosol

The magnetic enhancement of paleosol is observed in the Chinese loess. The origin of this magnetic enhancement is still very uncertain. It is, however, a key problem in correctly understanding the paleoclimatic significance of changes of magnetic susceptibility and in transferring the magnetic signals to paleoclimatic parameters. Two main models have been proposed to explain the mechanism of magnetic enhancement in paleosols: a depositional model and a pedogenic model. Together with composition and concentration, grain size distribution of magnetic minerals also plays an important role to the magnetic enhancement of paleosols. Systematic susceptibility measurements were carried out on the samples of the upper part (S₀ to top of L₂) of three loess sections from Jixian, Xifeng, and Xining, along an east–west transect in the loess plateau, China. The samples with the highest value of magnetic susceptibility in S₁ and the lowest value in L₂ of each section were selected as the representatives. These representatives were separated into different grain size fractions based on Stokes’ law for coarse grains and by centrifuge for fine grains. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility and mass have been carried out on these fractions. Results show that for the loesses magnetic susceptibility changes little in the fractions with different grain size and for the paleosols it increases with decreasing grain size. The magnitude of changes is bigger in the east (Jixian and Xifeng) than that in the west (Xining). The fraction with the finest particle size in paleosols does not show very high magnetic susceptibility values. A new approach is used to estimate the contribution of each fraction to total magnetic susceptibility. The contribution comes mainly from coarse grains (>10 μm) for loess samples. It reaches about 90%. The main contribution comes, however, from the particles with medium size (10–0.2 μm). The very fine grained particle (<0.3 μm), which is considered to be with the pedogenic origin, contributes little to the bulk magnetic susceptibility, no more than 3% because of their very little amount. This approach provides a sounder basis for the study of the origin of the magnetic susceptibility enhancement in paleosols and of the paleoclimatic significance of magnetic susceptibility of loess and paleosols.     

黄土和古土壤中磁性矿物的粒度分布

磁化率是一种重要的环境替代性指标，对中国黄土中古土壤磁性增强已有不少讨论．本文对采自吉县、西峰和西宁的S₁和L₂的代表性样品进行了粒度分离，并测量了各个不同粒级的磁性参数，对所获得的结果就不同粒级的颗粒对磁化率的贡献、黄土和古土壤中磁性矿物颗粒的粒度和古土壤磁性增强的原因进行了初步的探讨，指出古土壤形成过程中并没有像一些学者所认为的那样，有大量超顺磁颗粒生成，它们对古土壤磁化率增大的作用有限。     

Correlation and interpretation of paleosols and loess across European Russia and Asia over the last interglacial-glacial cycle

Loess-paleosol sequences of the last interglacial-glacial cycle are correlated from European Russia to central Siberia and the Chinese Loess Plateau. During cold periods represented by marine oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 2 and 4, loess deposition dominated in the Russian Plain and the Loess Plateau. In central Siberia, loess deposition took place also, but five to seven thin, weakly developed paleosols are identified in both stages. OIS 3, in the Chinese Loess Plateau near Yangchang, consists of a loess bed that is flanked by two weakly developed paleosols. At Kurtak, Siberia, OIS 3 is represented by two distinct, stacked paleosols with no loess bed separating the paleosols. In the Russian Plain, OIS 3 consists of a single, possibly welded paleosol, representing upper and lower stage-3 climates. Brunisols and Chernozems dominate the profiles in China and Siberia, whereas Regosols, Luvisols, and Chernozems are evident in the northern and southern Russian Plain, respectively. OIS 5 is represented in China and the Russian Plain by pedo complexes in a series of welded soils, whereas in contrast, the Kurtak site consists of six paleosols with interbedded loess. The paleosols consist largely of Brunisols and Chernozems. Although the three areas examined have different climates, geographical settings, and loess source areas, they all had similar climate changes during the last interglacial-glacial cycle.     

Late Quaternary landscape reconstruction and geochronology in the northern Pampas of Buenos Aires province,Argentina

This paper reports the main sedimentary characteristics, soil micromorphology and optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages, and details the pedosedimentary reconstruction, of the Hudson site situated in the northern Pampas of Buenos Aires province. It also provides the OSL chronology and a reinterpretation of previously reported micromorphological features for the nearby site of Gorina. Finally, the stratigraphic records of both sites are compared and the main environmental events discussed in a regional context.At Hudson, situated at a low altitude environment close to the coastal plain, the basal fine-grained paludal deposits were unconformably covered by coastal marine sediments with an OSL age of ca. 128 ka supporting its correlation with the high stand of sea level of marine isotope stage 5e. A paleosol developed on the marine deposits and the underlying paludal sediments. OSL ages suggest that soil development and its subsequent erosion occurred over some period between ca. 128 and 54 ka. Fine sediment accumulation in a paludal environment continued until prior to ca. 23 ka when the accumulation of the uppermost loess mantle started. It continued until the early Holocene when present soil development began. At Gorina, OSL ages suggest that the upper part of the pedocomplex formed at some stage between ca. 194 and 56 ka. Loess then accumulated followed by an erosional phase; loess deposition restarted by ca. 29 ka and continued until the beginning of the Holocene (ca. 9 ka) when the present land surface was established.The stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental differences exhibited by the Hudson and Gorina records result from their contrasting geomorphological settings. The OSL geochronology suggests that the last interglacial (MIS 5) at Hudson is marked by the accumulation of marine deposits (MIS 5e) and the subsequent development of a paleosol. The equivalent soil-forming interval at Gorina is represented by the upper part of the buried pedocomplex. Both at Gorina and Hudson, loess accumulation was dominant especially during MIS 2. Loess accumulation continued during MIS 1 until the early Holocene with apparently somewhat higher sedimentation rates in Hudson. Pedogenesis has been predominant during the rest of the Holocene, resulting in the formation of the surface soil profiles.     

末次盛冰期北美风成环境变化及其在全球气候突变事件中的意义

本文用末次冰期北美大冰盖南缘的风尘堆积记录来重建末次盛冰期的亚极地环境变化.磁化率、有机碳含量和潜育化程度的资料表明,末次盛冰期的前期(约21000～15000aB P.)植被覆盖较差,而后期(15000～10000aB.P.)植被覆盖较好,15 000aB.P.环境发生了急剧的变化,磁化率曲线显示了大约1000a的氧化-还原周期.这种大约1000a的环境变化周期很可能由低纬地区的海洋和大气的扰动所驱动,这种扰动的能量通过北美大冰盖及时地传递到北大西洋.     

The loess-paleosol and related subaereal sequence in Hungary

The loess of type localities is subdivided into 3 subseries on the basis of the paleosols allowing even an Eurasian comparison for their lithostratigraphy.

1. The upper young loess (8–10 m) is most widespread, characterized by 3 sandy loess and 2 intercalated humic loess horizons. The ages of the humic loess horizons H₁, H₂ are c. 16 ka and 20 ka BP, respectively.
2. The lower young loess (15–20 m) contains 4 loess packets and 3 chernozem-like paleosols, usually doubled soil complexes (designated MF, BD, BA). The MF paleosol complex, first member of lower young loess is c. 27–28 ka BP (C¹⁴ and TL dating). The lower young loess is underlain by a brown forest soil and chernozem-like paleosol-assemblage (MB), probably formed during the last interglacial (c. 105–125 ka BP).
3. The old loess (c. 20 m) is generally characterized by 6–7 loess, mainly brown forest soil and 2 interbedded fluvial sand layers. The lowermost old loess member and an ochre-red paleosol lie below the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (0,73 Ma).
4. The loess is underlain by a subaerial non-loessic sequence (20–40 m) with 5–10 red soils, red clays mostly directly superimposed on and locally interbedded by sand and silty sand. At the base of this sequence of red paleosols usually Uppermost Miocene inland sea deposits are found.

It can be concluded that the reddish paleosol developed under climatic, and in general, ecological conditions (probably warm subhumid with rapid cyclical climatic changes) differing from the cold and semiarid or semidesert environments of typical loess formation. The former conditions were characteristic — from the Lower Pliocene to the Lower Pleistocene — on continental or global scales.     

New Data on the Composition of Magnetic Minerals from Paleosols of Southern Tajikistan

A dependence of the magnetic susceptibility () on the alternation of paleosol and loess has been revealed for loess sections of southern Tajikistan: the value increases in paleosols and decreases in loesses. The magnetic signal intensification in the paleosol is caused by an elevated content of ferromagnetics. New electron-microscopic data on magnetic minerals from the paleosol have demonstrated that the principal ferromagnetic responsible for high values of the paleosol is biogenic fine-dispersed magnetite. Its particles vary from 0.0n to 0.n m in size and exhibit crystallochemical characteristics typical for this mineral. Under pedogenetic conditions and participation of Fe-reducing bacteria, the activity of biomineralization is controlled by paleoclimatic variations.     

中国黄土中的风化壳研究

据野外调查和室内鉴定,在布容期 0.78～ 0MaBP形成的黄土剖面中确定了三个时期的风化壳,它们主要发育在黄土高原东南部。黄土中的风化壳是红褐色古土壤在特定的气候条件下转变而成的,厚度在 3～ 6m之间,风化壳剖面常由 3个层次构成,发育时间为 5～ 10万年不等。风化壳上部是发育好的红色古土壤,中部是褐黄色强风化破碎黄土,下部是棕黄色弱风化黄土。粘土矿物分析表明,黄土中的风化壳为伊利石-蒙脱石型。黄土中风化壳发育时的年均降水量在 90 0～ 10 0 0mm之间,是黄土高原降水丰富的气候事件的显示。黄土高原东南部和中部风化壳的发育证明黄土中有些古土壤确属淋溶型森林土壤,当时亚热带气候至少迁移到了黄土高原中部.     

灵台红粘土—黄土—古土壤序列频率磁化率的古气候意义

通过对甘肃灵台晚新生代红粘土－黄土－古土壤序列的磁化率测量和频率磁化率分析，发现红粘土及黄土－古土壤的磁化率和频率磁化率化率存有良好的正相关关系，表明两套沉积在成壤过程中由生物作用或化学作用而形成的超顺磁性矿物含量，对磁化率和频率磁化率增大有重要的贡献。相比化率而言，受影响因素较少的频率磁化率变化，反映了不同气候条件下形成的超顺磁粒级铁磁矿物的相对含量，能更真实、敏感地记录不同时间尺度的古气候波动。灵台红粘土－黄土－古土壤序列的频率磁化等在2．6MaBP前后不同的变率特征，揭示了大冰期来临前后黄土高原的冷暖、干湿反差产生了显著变化，而与此相关的冬、夏季风变迁则表现出不同的组合特征。     

Loess stratigraphy of the Lanzhou profile and its comparison with deep-sea sediment and ice core record

After summarizing the results of Quaternary climatic fluctuations in China, authors describe the significance of the Lanzhou loess and paleosol sequence in Quaternary studies. In the Lanzhou area the loess sequence attains 400 m thickness, inwhich five stratigraphic units are identified with at least 21 intercalated paleosols, TL, paleomagnetic and fission track dating techniques have been applied to determine the age of the loess horizons. Correlations are made with the terrace of the Yellow River and oxygen isotope curves of the Pacific deep-sea cores V28-238 and V28-239 and the Vostok ice core isotope curves. The comparative study proves that the Lanzhou loess is a very sensitive recorder of climatic fluctuation.     

The role of principles and methods in loess-paleosol investigations

In the process of loessification, the development of loess fabric, the role of zonal, regional and partly of local environmental factors is regarded decisive. In the loess sequences various genetic types of loess pockets and paleosols occur and reflect different climatic and paleogeographical conditions.As a consequence, even within a single profile the colour, grain size and mineral composition, CaCO₃ content, degree of weathering and fabric of loess may vary. Zonal, regional or even local variations in such loess properties may equally derive from syngenetic or postgenetic processes. For similar reasons, spatially and temporally different forms, types and subtypes of paleosol also developed.This way, loess and soil formation resulted in various spatial types in the same glacial, interstadial or interglacial phase in the various geographical zones and regions. Although there exist major loess regions where the interglacial soils (eg brown forest soils) are markedly distinct from interstadial steppe soils or from other types of humic soils, continental loess areas can also be observed where the paleosols developed under interglacial and interstadial conditions (eg steppe or forest steppe soils) cannot be referred into different genetic types. In such cases the changes in paleoenvironments are difficult and uncertain to reconstruct.The interregional correlation of paleosols is occasionally hindered by the various terminologies applied to denote them. In addition, there are uncertainties concerning the dating and identification of paleoenvironments of polygenetic soils and of soil complexes consisting of paleosol units: how many soil formation phases they represent and how long erosional gaps can be reckoned with between these phases.     

黄土醋酸淋溶实验及其碳酸盐组分的地球化学特征

选择性的化学淋溶实验 ,广泛用于沉积物的地球化学研究中。通过对比 1mol/L的盐酸和醋酸两种溶剂对黄土和古土壤的淋溶效果 ,发现 1mol/L的醋酸能选择性淋溶黄土和古土壤中碳酸盐组分 ,对硅酸盐、铁的氧化物等影响很小。在确定溶剂后 ,以 1mol/L醋酸溶液选择性淋溶了洛川剖面 4 3个黄土和古土壤样品 ,通过分析淋溶液的组成 ,得出黄土和古土壤中碳酸盐组分的平均成分 (wB)为 :MgO 1.71% ,MnO 670× 10 - 6 ,Sr 4 90× 10 - 6 。淋溶结果较好地反映了黄土-古土壤剖面的风化成壤程度 ,其中醋酸淋溶液中MnO含量能更好地反映当时的古气候信息。     

彬县水帘洞煤矿工业场地西侧黄土高边坡特征及成因分析

水帘洞煤矿工业场地西侧黄土高边坡为老滑坡的后壁,在边坡的脚下有老滑坡体残留物。地表水沿黄土垂直节理、裂隙下渗,逐渐在边坡的顶部形成落水洞;边坡还受黄土层理、倾角（5～10）和古土壤层位置的控制,地表水下渗至古土壤层,古土壤层是良好的隔水层,加上黄土层理倾向沟谷,在古土壤层面位置（半山腰）易形成与边坡顶部落水洞贯通的落水洞出口。受长期降水或短期强降水的影响,导致边坡失稳。     

Reliability of Relative Paleointensity Recorded in Chinese Loess–Paleosol Sediments

A detailed paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic investigation spanning loess L7 to paleosol S8 has been carried out at the Baoji and Xifeng sections. Results of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility confirm that the studied loess–paleosol sediments retain primary sedimentary fabrics. Stepwise thermal demagnetization shows that two well-defined magnetization components can be isolated from both loess and paleosol specimens. A low-temperature component, isolated between 100°C and 200°C, is consistent with the present geomagnetic field direction, and a high-temperature component, isolated between 200–300°C and 620–680°C, includes clearly normal and reversed polarities. Isothermal remanent magnetization and thermomagnetic analyses indicate that characteristic remanent magnetization is mainly carried by magnetite and hematite. The Day plot, together with the stratigraphic variations of rock-magnetic parameters, shows that the uniformity of magnetic mineralogy and grain size fulfills the criteria for relative paleointensity (RPI) studies. RPI records have been constructed using natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensity after thermal demagnetization at 300°C normalized by low-frequency magnetic susceptibility (NRM300/χ). The results show that the RPI record from the Baoji section, where pedogenesis is quite weak, is compatible with the stacked PISO-1500 paleointensity record, suggesting that it might reflect the paleointensity variation of the geomagnetic field. The RPI record from the Xifeng section, where pedogenesis is rather strong, indicates a clear dissimilarity with the stacked PISO-1500 paleointensity record, implying that it does not reflect the paleointensity variation of the geomagnetic field. Our new results show that the NRM300/χ from the strongly pedogenetic paleosols does not completely eliminate the pedogenetic (climatic) influence, so it might be unsuitable for a reliable paleointensity study.     

川西漳腊黄土地层与气候变化

川西高原风成黄土广泛分布,其中漳腊盆地黄土剖面厚约9.5 m。根据磁化率、粒度和地层特征,并通过与金川黄土和甘孜黄土剖面的对比,可将漳腊黄土地层划分为冰后期S0古土壤、末次冰期L1复合黄土、末次间冰期S1复合古土壤、倒数第二冰期L2黄土等4个地层单位,其中L1复合黄土可细分为L1L1、L1S1、L1L2、L1S2和L1...     

Reconstruction of the late Quaternary paleoenvironments of the Nussloch loess paleosol sequence,Germany, using n-alkane biomarkers

This study contributes to the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the loess–paleosol sequence of Nussloch, Germany, by using n-alkanes as plant leaf-wax-derived lipid biomarkers. We found that n-alkane patterns and concentrations in the Saalian loess and the last interglacial Eemian paleosol of Nussloch point to very strong degradation and prevailing deciduous vegetation. Degradation effects in the overlying paleosols and loess layers are less pronounced and allow for the application of an end-member mixing model to estimate vegetation changes semi-quantitatively. Our findings highlight the potential for the interpretation of degradation-corrected n-alkane ratios. n-Alkane modelling results for loess layers, paleosols and an in-filled paleochannel dated to ~ 60–32 ka suggest that up to ~ 50% of the n-alkanes were derived from deciduous trees or shrubs. This finding is in agreement with the abundant occurrence of wood fragments and indicates a highly variable and dynamic landscape dominated by tundra shrubland. On the other hand, deciduous trees or shrubs did not contribute significantly to the soil organic matter in the late Weichselian loess layers and the intercalated Gelic Gleysols (~ 32–18 ka).     

川西高原甘孜黄土地层学

本文初步研究了甘孜黄土地层，实测了甘孜县城西南郊新市区和满地两剖面，它们分别厚２３．７ｍ和２６．０ｍ。根据岩性、磁性地层特征、磁化率、ＣａＣＯ３质量分数测定和热释光测年结果，甘孜黄土可划分为冰后期Ｓ０复合古土壤，末次冰期Ｌ１复合黄土和末次间冰期Ｓ１复合古土壤等３个地层单位。布莱克反向极性亚时记录于底部Ｓ１ＬＬ１黄土中。甘孜黄土沉积始于晚更新世早期，大约为１２０ｋａＢＰ。甘孜黄土的磁化率变化反映了最近１２０ｋａ来的高原季风演化和气候环境变迁，６个磁化率高值段指示了６个夏季风环流增强的时段，６个磁化率低值段则