Probabilistic models for ore body recognition

Four statistical models have been developed to aid in exploration drilling for ore deposits. The Austinville (Virginia) deposit, which is a Mississippi Valley-type deposit with 31 million metric tons of ore in 17 ore bodies, provides the data base. Because most ore bodies are not solid ore, holes drilled through them will intersect sub-ore mineralization as well as ore. The statistical models were designed to show whether drilling is through an ore body or not, depending on the mineralization intersected by holes. The models are based on a threefold classification of mineralization penetrated by surface drill holes and were developed for cases of fixed budgets with specified number of drill holes and floating budgets with variable number of drill holes. Two classifications were used: (1) binomial ore/non-ore classification and (2) trinomial ore/mineralized/barren. For the fixed budget model with the ore/non-ore classification, at least five holes need to be drilled to decide whether or not an ore body has been penetrated. For the fixed budget model with the ore/mineralized/barren classification, and for both floating budget models, at least three holes need to be drilled. All decisions are based on a 90% confidence level.     

陡倾型隐伏金属矿勘查关键

以往陡倾型金属矿勘查钻孔的见矿率较低,查找无矿钻孔出现的原因及提高钻孔见矿率成为陡倾型隐伏金属矿勘查的关键。本次通过陡倾型隐伏铜矿的勘查,对陡倾型隐伏金属矿的无矿钻孔出现的原因进行分析,以期有助于以后陡倾型金属矿床的高效勘查。根据岩矿石的物性特征,选择激电中梯、激电测深综合物探方法,进行钻探验证,分析发现无矿钻孔主要是由矿体倾向发生反转和矿化不均一两种原因造成的。建议在分析确定好作为物探资料解译约束条件的深部金属矿体物性特征的前提下,选择适宜的电法、磁法、重力等地球物理扫面和测深综合物探方法进行陡倾型隐伏金属矿的前期勘查,主要利用附近钻孔有无矿化或利用物探测深的矿致异常有无间断来判断矿体矿化是否均一,利用物探扫面矿致异常的位置或附近钻孔钻遇的矿体倾向特征及井中物探来判断矿体倾向是否发生反转。另外,为提高陡倾型隐伏金属矿钻孔见矿的可能性,建议多施工一些倾角较小的钻孔。     

西藏班-怒成矿带多龙矿集区斑岩铜矿综合信息找矿预测

通过对西藏班-怒成矿带多龙矿集区的研究,提出了含矿花岗闪长斑岩的特征、构造与铜矿化体的关系、矿体围岩蚀变特征及找矿意义、矿体风氧化带特征、地层接触带与铜矿化的规律、铜矿化的物探异常特征、铜矿化的化探异常特征等8个成矿-找矿模型标志信息,组成找矿靶区定量预测数学模型的8个统计变量.针对区内地质工作基础较差的现实情况,将加权特征分析方法应用到多龙矿集区找矿靶区预测中,优选出10个具代表性的见矿钻孔,作为模型单元,对7个未知预测单元进行了定量预测,优选了找矿靶区.     

黄沙坪多金属矿床综合信息三维找矿模型的构建

通过使用"探矿者"软件,建立了湖南黄沙坪多金属矿床局部综合信息三维找矿模型。在收集和整理研究区的地质图、地形图、地质剖面图、钻孔柱状图的基础上提取钻孔数据,建立地质空间数据库。通过分析矿床控矿条件,构建主要控矿地质体的三维数字模型,实现局部综合信息找矿模型的三维数字化。从矿体模型中,可以直观地观察矿区内矿体的产状和空间分布特征。地层模型和石英斑岩-矽卡岩岩体模型比较准确地展示了主要赋矿地层和石英斑岩-矽卡岩岩体对铅、锌和钼矿体的控制作用,从而证实了该软件具有较全面的功能及建模方法的有效性,为矿床进一步的勘查预测工作提供了依据。     

定向钻进技术在黑龙江金厂矿区的应用

黑龙江省金厂矿区金矿体呈倾向南西的筒状产出,向西南方向侧伏。由于筒体切面范围小,故钻孔布设密度较大,地表钻孔布设位置易发生偏差,往往达不到预期钻进目标。为此引进了定向钻进技术,有效地控制了钻孔轨迹,提高了钻进效率,并且可以在此基础上开展＂一基多孔＂,有效控制该区矿体的形态。主要介绍了定向钻进应用中的影响因素及技术措施。     

Optimization of grid-drilling using computer simulation

A computer simulation method has been developed to find efficient drilling grids for mineral deposits. A well-known ore deposit is used as a model to develop an efficient pattern for undiscovered ore bodies in the same area or in other prospects where similar geometry is suspected. The model for this study is the Austinville, Virginia deposit, a Mississippi Valley-type deposit composed of 17 ore bodies totaling 34 million short tons (30 million metric tons). The method employs a computer program that simulates drilling the model deposit with different patterns, including various levels of follow-up drilling. Follow-up holes are drilled in fences at one half the original spacing around holes in the grid that show ore-grade mineralization. Each pattern is drilled 100 times from random starting locations to provide a range of outcomes of drilling, including the best, worst, and most likely. For this study, patterns of 100 drill holes were composed of 10 fences spaced 1000–5000 feet (305–1524 m) apart, each with 10 holes spaced 200–1000 feet (61–305 m) apart. In all, 25 grids were used with zero to three levels of follow-up drilling. The 600/2000 grid, with drill holes spaced 600 feet (183 m) apart in fences spaced 2000 feet (610 m) apart, was compared with the 200/5000 grid because they represented contrasting outcomes. The 600/2000 grid penetrated many ore bodies consistently but with few multiple hits to individual ore bodies; whereas the 200/5000 grid inconsistently penetrated few ore bodies with many multiple hits. The 600/2000 grid was more efficient than the 200/5000 grid at hitting large ore bodies of 1,000,000 short tons or greater (900,000 metric tons or greater) and was made more effective by adding one cycle of follow-up drilling. The 600/2000 grid had a 97% chance of hitting one or more large ore bodies with at least one drill hole per ore body, and the 200/5000 grid had a 64% chance. Once hit, there was an 82% chance that the largest ore body would be penetrated by three or more holes when using the 600/2000 grid and an 88% chance using the 200/5000 grid.     

Optimal location of additional exploratory drillholes using afuzzy-artificial bee colony algorithm

In most research studies, the problem of locating additional drillhole is simplified, and the ore body is considered as a 2d object. In this study, location of additional drillholes are optimized by considering the third dimension of the ore body, the azimuth and the dip of additional drill holes. A new objective function is defined to address the effect of rock type in locating new drillholes. The optimization problem is solved using a novel fuzzy-artificial bee colony algorithm, called FABC. The parameters of the FABC algorithm is dynamically adjusted using a designed fuzzy inference system with three performance measures as inputs and two outputs. The comparison performance with state-of-the-art optimization algorithm, using a nonparametric hypothesis test, indicates higher performance of the FABC algorithm. The results indicate significantly a decrease of kriging variance by introducing additional drillholes.     

利用井中磁测异常确定磁性体走向的方法

利用井中磁异常矢量分布特征能确定引起该异常磁源的走向。其作用不仅可以判断磁性体相对于钻孔的位置，而且可以进行定量和半定量计算，以及经旋转一角度采用地面方法作反演解释，计算矿体头部或尾部距已知钻孔的距离、深度，设计下一钻孔的深度、顶角、方位角。这种方法简便易行，应用在大冶铁矿的矿山深部找矿效果很好。     

利用井中磁测异常确定磁性体走向的方法

利用井中磁异常矢量分布特征能确定引起该异常磁源的走向.其作用不仅可以判断磁性体相对于钻孔的位置,而且可以进行定量和半定量计算,以及经旋转一角度采用地面方法作反演解释,计算矿体头部或尾部距已知钻孔的距离、深度,设计下一钻孔的深度、顶角、方位角.这种方法简便易行,应用在大冶铁矿的矿山深部找矿效果很好.     

井中声波透视测量和解释系统及其探测金属矿的应用效果

井中声波透视法探测金属矿研究取得实效,在国内尚属首次.本文叙述了井中声波透视法的基本原理和野外观测系统及工作方法、仪器简要特点和技术性能、声波资料的层析成像处理方法和软件.讨论了铜铁矿床和铅锌银矿床岩矿的声学特性和矿体的透射波异常场特征.列举了方法用于寻找隐伏矿和深部盲矿、确定矿体位置及产状、圈划矿体形态等应用实例,说明了方法的有效性.特别是在大冶铜铁矿床进行找矿应用研究中,对相距180m的两个未见矿钻孔做井中声波测量,发现了井旁盲矿异常,圈出了两个矿层.经布钻验证见矿,矿厚度分别为39.12m和17.77m.矿体相对钻孔的空间位置、大致深度和产状均与推断结果相符,取得了好的效果.     

深厚堆积体地层钻进工艺方法研究

太钢(集团)有限公司矿业公司峨口铁矿是一个从20世纪60年代就开始开采的老矿区,经过长期开采储量已严重不足。为了延长矿山寿命,需要进一步扩大勘探范围,在原有矿山周边地区进行勘探。最初采用岩心勘探钻机进行常规回转钻进加套管护壁,历时3个月。在上部堆积体地层最大钻孔深度达到约20m,再也无法继续钻进,使勘探工作被迫停止。针对深厚堆积体地层钻孔施工遇到的具体困难,介绍了风动潜孔锤双管跟管钻进在工程施工中的应用,在对深厚堆积体地层进行分析的基础上,探讨进行深厚堆积体地层钻孔施工的工艺方法及技术措施;在钻孔结构基础上选择钻孔设备及钻孔机具的一般原则,对深厚堆积体地层的钻孔工程施工具一定指导意义。     

白云鄂博矿区深边部铁矿床勘查突破及启示

围绕白云鄂博矿山寻找铁矿接替资源的急迫需求,聚焦构造对深部矿体控制作用,开展复杂地形及强干扰地区重力-磁法-电法-高精度反射地震综合勘查示范研究.通过一系列专题地质填图和综合研究,笔者构建了白云鄂博矿床成矿模式和新的勘查模型,提出矿区近东西向逆-平移断层(F2)导致了主矿、东矿深部矿体向东平移的新认识,明确指出深部存在...     

弓长岭铁矿二矿区深部富铁矿地质-地球物理找矿模型

弓长岭铁矿二矿区是我国鞍山式铁矿的典型矿床,近年来采用地质与物探相结合的方法,寻找深部富铁矿体获得突破性进展。通过总结弓长岭铁矿二矿区深部富铁矿床成矿地质条件和控矿因素,解释磁异常特征,建立了该矿区地质-地球物理找矿模型,预测了矿区深部富铁矿体赋存部位并经钻探验证。     

山东焦家金矿床深部成矿预测与找矿效果对比

焦家金矿床是著名的构造破碎蚀变岩型金矿床，通过物化探研究，对深部成矿远景进行预测并布置了钻探工程，大致查明了矿床深部破碎蚀变带地质特征及含矿性；基本探明了矿体的规模，形态，产状及赋存部位，矿石的类型和结构构造等特征，并合理地圈定了矿体，以深部原生晕建立了深部化探异常模式，指出了深部矿体矿头和近矿指示元素组合特点，从而为深部是否继续开展普查提供了依据。通过钻探工程验证，矿体及构造带的位置与物探结果比较吻合，说明本区物探方法寻找隐伏矿体有较好的效果。     

三维地质建模应用于以钻代槽的方法研究

随着生态文明建设的进一步加强,绿色勘查理念的进一步深入,通过浅钻代替槽探在基础地质调查、矿产调查的应用中得到了进一步推广。在以钻代槽方法研究中,为了更为直观的用钻孔信息模拟槽探揭示地质体（矿体）的三维结构,研究了基于钻孔数据的三维地质建模方法,认为浅钻揭露的垂向地质体信息更丰富,基于钻孔,结合专家干预,可快速构建钻孔控制区域的三维地质模型,形象、直观、易用。同时,通过模型构建可以用来指导浅钻布孔。     

侧伏矿体的布孔方法

本文介绍侧伏矿体的三种布孔方法,1)倾伏线投影法:根据矿体地表产状用赤平投影等方法求出矿体延深的投影范围,然后布孔.2)矿体轴线法:先编制矿体各中段水平投影图,求出矿体轴线,然后根据该轴线下廷方向布置占孔.3)纵投影法:根掘控制孔见矿情况,在纵投影图上圈定矿体边界,用此图结合剖面图布置占孔.     

激电测深法在南秦岭苏岭沟金矿区的勘查应用

探测了泥盆系地层覆盖地段Ⅰ号构造带和黑色含矿岩系在深部向西延伸及其倾向埋深展布情况。根据激电测深数据获得“低阻-高极化”特征的断面激电异常曲线图并结合地质资料,解译推测了深部含矿目标层及含矿构造空间赋存状况。经钻探验证,金矿化体位置与激电测深推断的极化率异常中心埋深基本吻合。     

异常结构三维综合系统的开发和应用

地球化学异常结构三维综合系统的开发和应用是为了满足地球化学多维异常体系的研究而逐步展开的。应用于深部找矿预测的多维异常结构方法,从钻孔岩芯直接采样,获得了具有真三维属性的地球化学数据,研究者迫切需要在三维场景下对所获三维地球化学数据进行解读和表达。异常结构三维综合系统(3D-MDAS)是利用三维可视化和地质体三维建模技术,在MapGIS K9平台上进行二次开发获得的。本系统实现了地上、地下数据模型的一体化显示,实现了实体模型与属性模型的耦合一体化显示,在此基础上还可以对异常结构进行空间分析,建立三维地球化学找矿模型。笔者详细阐述了三维异常结构3D综合系统的三维建模思路和技术,并用安徽马头矿区的实际应用成果给以说明。     

瑶岗仙钨矿综合物探找矿效果

通过对瑶岗仙钨矿重力、航磁异常的研究,结合地面磁法、激电法成果对矿区物探异常特征进行了综合分析,同时对矿区找矿进行了预测。通过预测区的进一步物探工作制定了验证钻孔,钻探成果不仅证明了场源体的存在,同时发现了新的矿源和矿种,成为近年来危机矿山找矿取得较大突破的矿区之一,为矿山的规划和发展提供了很好的依据。     

Source of ore-forming material for the Huangtuliang gold deposit,Hebei Province and ore prospecting in the deep periphery

The Huangtuliang gold deposit is characterized by its wide and large ore belt, stable extension and closely spaced orebodies. Unfortunately, no orebody was found by deep drilling. As a result, ore prospecting in this region was once put into dilemma. Detailed analysis of ore-forming and ore-controlling structures in the mining district by the authors has revealed that the ore-forming and ore-controlling structure in this mining district is a steeply dipping （85°-110°/∠70°-85° N-NNE）, spade-shaped ductile shear zone, and the ore-controlling structures are a series of nearly erected second-ordered faults which are developed in the upper part of the ductile shear zone, inter-secting with the ductile shear zone. Deep cutting of the ductile shear zone made it possible the ascending of ore fluids from the mantle plume at depth and these ore fluids would migrate upwards along the ductile shear zone under certain temperature and pressure conditions. Along their ascending path, the ore fluids would extract ore-forming elements from the country rocks and the extracted ore-forming elements would be deposited as ores in the hang- ing-wall second-ordered faults. The reason why no orebody was found in early prospecting at depth is that north- ward-dipping drilling in the southern part of the shear zone extended so deeply as to be beneath the shear zone. Only shallow-level orebodies could be found by southward-dipping drilling practice in the northern part of the shear zone. The location where deep-seated orebodies occurred shifted northwards and the orebodies occurred at greater depth. Therefore, it is natural that no orebody could be found when drill core passed through the shear zone. After the ore-forming and ore-controlling structures were well understood, the focus of ore prospecting was placed on the deep-level, northward-penetrating veins. In this way a number of new blind orebodies of great thickness have been found. On the basis of research development in the mining district, a prospecting plan has been made