西南天山东德沟地幔楔环境异剥钙榴岩的形成过程

中国西南天山昭苏县东德沟地幔楔环境的斜长角闪岩与蛇纹岩接触带中发现了异剥钙榴岩.按异剥钙榴岩化程度,可将研究的岩石分为三种类型:斜长角闪岩、异剥钙榴岩化斜长角闪岩和异剥钙榴岩,它们的矿物组合分别为:角闪石+中长石+石英+榍石+磷灰石±次透辉石;角闪石+钙长石+透辉石+斜黝帘石+绿泥石±方解石;斜黝帘石+钙铝榴石+透辉石+绿泥石+方解石.异剥钙榴岩化岩石的矿物化学及主量元素特征反映出交代流体中富Ca、Al.与洋底变质环境和俯冲带中发生的异剥钙榴岩化作用相比,此处的异剥钙榴岩化岩石中的流体有限.质量平衡计算也表明斜长角闪岩在富Ca、Al流体的交代下形成异剥钙榴岩,这一过程中,早期有Mg元素加入,而晚期异剥钙榴岩形成时,Mg又大量流失.     

冀北异剥钙榴岩的岩石学、地球化学及锆石SHRIMP年代学研究

对产于红旗营子群黑云斜长片麻岩或黑云斜长变粒岩之中的冀北异剥钙榴岩进行岩石学研究表明,其主要矿物成分有富钙石榴石、钠长石或钡冰长石以及角闪石等,另有少量异剥辉石(透辉石)残留,其形态多呈大小不等的透镜状或团块状.异剥钙榴岩的化学成分总体表现为SiO2(36.63%～44.46%)明显不饱和,富CaO(17.81%～27.78%)、FeO*(9.76%～18.36%)和贫MgO(O.77%～4.56%)的特征.异剥钙榴岩化作用除导致岩石的CaO升高而SiO2降低外,REE总量和某些不活动性微量元素(Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,Y和V等)含量也相应增加,但REE配分模式变化太大.冀北异剥钙榴岩的原岩可能为蛇绿岩型畀剥辉长岩,经历过早期的钙交代和晚期的钡交代.前者以岩石中发育富钙石榴石为标志,后者则形成钡冰长石,是富钡流体交代钠长石的结果.冀北异剥钙榴岩的锆石SHRIMP年龄为396.4 Ma±5.3 Ma,代表异剥钙榴岩的形成时代     

青藏高原北部东昆仑南缘德尔尼蛇绿岩： 一个被肢解了的古特提斯洋壳

青藏高原北部东昆仑德尔尼蛇绿岩由变质橄榄岩、基性超基性堆晶岩、辉绿岩墙群和基性喷出岩组成。变质橄榄岩主要为纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、含长二辉橄榄岩和含石榴石二辉橄榄岩,岩石中残余尖晶石的Cr’值(=100×Cr/(Cr+Al))为30～57,Mg’值(=100×Mg/(Mg+Fe2+))为50～75,指示一个富Al和Mg成分系列。变质橄榄岩有一个相对窄的成分,其Mg’值为89.1～91.3,Al2O3含量1%～4%,REE轻度亏损,表明其为经历了中、低程度部分熔融的残余地幔物质。含石榴石二辉橄榄岩中的石榴石为钙铁榴石,富Ca和Fe,贫Mg和Al(And95%～97%,Pyr0.27%～5.06%,Gro0～2.62%),为变质成因。堆晶岩包括纯橄岩、异剥橄榄岩、(石榴石)辉石岩和辉长岩。堆晶纯橄岩与层状杂岩伴生,偶含少量斜长石。异剥橄榄岩由橄榄石、透辉石和少量斜长石组成。层状辉长岩-辉石岩杂岩由透辉石和斜长石组成,两种矿物交替形成层状堆积层理。石榴石辉石岩或异剥钙榴岩呈团块状产于变质橄榄岩中,其中的石榴石为钙铝榴石(Gro69.19%～89.93%;And9.12%～18.84%;Br0.73%～11.63%),也属变质成因。辉绿岩墙显示LREE亏损,(La/Sm)N=0.5～0.8,HREE呈近平坦型分布,Eu正异常(δEu1.2～1.6)。玄武岩的REE模式与MORB类似,(La/Sm)N=0.5～0.9,显示不同程度的Eu负异常。熔     

东喜马拉雅地区高压麻粒岩岩石学研究及构造意义

将该区内的高喜马拉雅结晶岩划分为南部的角闪岩相岩石和北部的中低压麻粒岩相岩石,后者沿那木拉逆冲断层向南推覆于前者之上。高压麻粒岩相岩石仅以残余产出于后者,主要包括石榴石蓝晶石片麻岩和石榴石透辉石岩。前者的峰期矿物组合为石榴石+蓝晶石+三元长石+石英+金红石;后者的峰期组合为石榴石(铁铝榴石10_±钙铝榴石_>80)+透辉石+石英+方柱石+榍石(Al₂O₃为4%-4.5%).变质温压估计结果表明高压麻粒岩相岩石形成于大约1.7-1.8GPa,890℃,然后经历了近等温降压变质作用至0.5±0.1GPa,850±50℃。它们的原岩可能是大理岩及泥质岩。这表明在区内曾存在一高压麻粒岩带,那木拉冲断层可能是高喜马拉雅结晶岩内的一条重要的构造界线。     

柴北缘沙柳河地区洋壳超高压变质单元中异剥钙榴岩的发现及其地质意义

在柴北缘超高压变质带东端的沙柳河地区蛇绿岩剖面中,首次发现了与蛇纹石化方辉橄榄岩共生的异剥钙榴岩。该异剥钙榴岩主要由钙铝榴石、透辉石、绿泥石、碳酸盐及少量葡萄石和黝帘石组成。异剥钙榴岩通常被认为是洋底变质作用的标志性产物。因此,此异剥钙榴岩的确定,为柴北缘超高压变质带曾经存在过洋壳俯冲提供了又一证据。     

华北克拉通两类早前寒武纪麻粒岩(HT-HP和HT-UHT)及其相关问题

华北克拉通广泛存在高级变质的早前寒武纪岩石,其中高温高压(HT-HP)麻粒岩和高温超高温(HT-UHT)麻粒岩近年来备受人们的关注,并将它们视为探讨早前寒武纪大陆演化的关键课题.HT-HP麻粒岩主要是含石榴石的基性麻粒岩,它们以透镜体或强烈变形的岩墙状出露于片麻岩中.HT-UHT麻粒岩主要是富铝的变质沉积岩系,俗称孔兹岩系,其中有含假蓝宝石和尖晶石等矿物组合,指示部分岩石的变质温度高于900～1000℃.本文探讨了这两类麻粒岩的出露状况、变质过程与变质历史、原岩与变质年龄.初步研究表明:①两类麻粒岩在变质的峰期温度和压力上有很大的重叠区间,都经历了一个近等温-略升温的降压变质;②两类麻粒岩很有可能在峰期和随后的降压变质阶段是同时的或有关联的;③HT-HP和HT-UHT麻粒岩的分布特征是线状或面状分布仍有待进一步查明;④高级变质的麻粒岩代表了华北克拉通的最下部地壳,它们变质的温压体系、岩石的刚性程度、分布特征、岩石组合以及抬升速率等具有与显生宙明显的不同.本文从而指出两类麻粒岩是否有成因联系是今后研究中非常值得注意的问题,深入研究将会对华北克拉通早期地壳演化、构造和动力学机制提供丰富的资料和证据.     

胶北南山口古元古代高压基性麻粒岩和钙硅酸盐岩的岩石地球化学特征探讨

胶北莱西古元古代的高压基性麻粒岩和钙硅酸盐岩的基本矿物组合分别为以铁铝榴石为主的石榴石-普通辉石-铁紫苏辉石和钙铝榴石-黝帘石-葡萄石-钠长石.矿物岩石学研究表明钙硅酸盐岩是由含石榴石高压基性麻粒岩经退变质和钙质交代作用形成.南山口高压基性麻粒岩记录了麻粒岩相变质作用前、麻粒岩相变质作用、退变质和钙硅酸盐岩化共同作用以及完全钙硅酸盐岩化的四个阶段的地质作用,其矿物组合分别为Cpx+ Pl+ Qtz(M1),Grt+ Cpx+ Rt+ Qtz(M2),Cpx+Pl+ Opx+ Ilm+ Mgt+ Ep(M3)和Grs+ Zo+ Prh+ Ab+ Cal(M4).微量元素研究表明,高压基性麻粒岩中大离子亲石元素Ba、Rb、K、Rb、Th富集,而高场强元素Nb、Zr、Ti、Y亏损,具有轻稀土富集的右倾型稀土配分曲线.稀土元素和微量元素配分图解显示了岛孤拉斑玄武岩的特征.主元素、微量元素的构造判别图解进一步分析表明高压基性麻粒岩及其钙硅酸盐岩的原岩形成于大陆边缘的岛弧环境.综合高压基性麻粒岩岩石学、元素地球化学特征认为,莱西高压基性麻粒岩的原岩是拉斑玄武岩质岩石,可能是形成于孤后扩张背景下基性的侵入岩或喷出岩.岩石形成以后,在胶-辽-吉带碰撞闭合过程中,经历了麻粒岩相变质作用,又在后来的抬升过程中经历退变质和钙硅酸盐岩化作用.     

西天山异剥钙榴岩的地球化学研究

西天山长阿吾子的蛇绿混杂岩带的超基性岩及其伴生岩石异剥钙榴岩位于伊犁中天山板块和塔里木板块碰撞造山带。微量元素特征表明退变榴辉岩原岩成因与俯冲带环境有关。异剥钙榴岩中稀土元素和微量元素全面、大幅度降低,反映出来自于蛇纹岩化,作用于异剥钙榴岩化流体的强大的淋滤作用。因而异剥钙榴岩的稀土和微量元素特征都不能反映原始岩浆的特点,无法据此推断原始岩浆产生的大地构造环境。对退变榴辉岩的主元素和微量元素稀土元素的研究表明,长阿吾子异剥钙榴岩的原岩钙碱性玄武岩可能形成于俯冲上板片(SSZ)的岛弧环境。     

东南极茹尔群岛超高温麻粒岩的研究进展

茹尔群岛(又称赖于尔群岛)位于东南极普里兹构造带的东部边缘,是一个由太古宙和中元古代岩石组成的复合高级变质地体。中元古代岩石是含有富Fe-Al的含石榴子石-矽线石的费拉副片麻岩组合,经历了格林维尔和泛非两期变质作用。太古宙正片麻岩是含有富Mg-Al的含假蓝宝石的超高温泥质麻粒岩组合(梅瑟副片麻岩组合),主要由经历超高温变质作用的含假蓝宝石的泥质麻粒岩、富Mg的石榴子石-矽线石泥质片麻岩、斜方辉石-矽线石石英岩、含石榴子石镁铁质麻粒岩和钙硅酸盐麻粒岩等组成。其中,含假蓝宝石泥质麻粒岩中石榴子石变斑晶和矽线石集合体(蓝晶石假象)周围分别发育峰期后由假蓝宝石+斜方辉石和假蓝宝石+堇青石后成合晶组成的典型减压结构。含石榴子石镁铁质麻粒岩中石榴子石变斑晶周围则发育峰期后由斜方辉石+斜长石后成合晶组成的典型白眼圈减压结构。不同研究者得出了具有不同超高温峰期条件、峰期前及峰期后演化历史、不同形式的顺时针变质P-T轨迹。对超高温变质事件发生的时间和构造背景的认识也存在较大分歧,有认为超高温变质事件发生于格林维尔期(~1000 Ma)并与碰撞造山和弧岩浆作用有关,也有研究认为发生于泛非期(~590 Ma或~530 Ma)并与普里兹造山及冈瓦纳大陆聚合有关。因此,为理清该区超高温麻粒岩的变质演化历史和构造背景,需要对其进一步进行详细深入的矿物组合-变质结构分析、P-T轨迹重建及高精度的锆石-独居石U-Pb年代学研究,并进行区域上对比。      

新疆西天山异剥钙榴岩地球化学特征及其对俯冲带流体的指示意义

新疆西天山长阿吾子异剥钙榴岩是目前首例发现的在俯冲带形成的原岩为榴辉岩的异剥钙榴岩,与其作用的流体为俯冲带流体。该异剥钙榴岩与大洋底变质作用形成的异剥钙榴岩相比,岩石学特征非常相似,但是元素迁移方面存在一定的差别。为了推断流体成分,我们使用了三种方法。一、测试了异剥钙榴岩化前后主要矿物相石榴石和辉石化学成分。二、在ACF图上,可以看出全岩成分从F端元向C端元演化,代表Fe减少,Ca增加的趋势,而且完全异剥钙榴岩成分落在了前人所做的异剥钙榴岩成分区间内。三、假设Al为不迁移元素,根据Grant的计算方法,做出主量元素、微量元素和REE的等浓度图。综合以上分析结果推断,俯冲带中流体的成分是复杂和变化的:部分异剥钙榴岩化阶段流体富集Ca、Si、Ti、Mn、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf,贫乏Fe、Mg、Na、K、REE、Tb、Y,氧逸度升高,流体属于不饱和状态,因此导致不平衡结构发育;完全异剥钙榴岩阶段,流体富集Ca、Mg、LREE、Ni、Cr,贫乏Fe、Ti、Rb、Ba、MREE、HREE等元素,此时流体作用强烈,富水流体相的强烈淋滤作用,使得大部分元素发生了迁移。     

Metals,arsenic, and sulfur in the Aue and Eibenstock granites,Erzgebirge

Average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and other metals, as well as S and As, were calculated for the Aue granitic cupola, the contact aureole of which hosts the large vein-type uranium deposit of Schlema-Alberoda and the Schneeberg uranium-base metal deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany). The cupola was exposed by mine workings and boreholes, which provided an opportunity to evaluate variations in the abundances of metals in the granites over a vertical interval of more than 2.5 km and estimate their losses in the upper oxidized part of the investigated volume of the cupola (coefficient of iron oxidation, KO _Fe, increases in the granites from bottom to top from 7 to 70%) compared with the lower unaltered and unoxidized part (with a KO _Fe plateau at about 5%). The average concentrations of metals in the upper part of the cupola are lower than those in the lower part by a factor of 2.5 for Pb, 1.56 for Zn, 1.45 for Cu, 1.3 for Co, etc. A similar decrease in the abundances of ore elements along the vertical section associating with the relative epigenetic alteration and oxidation of the granite was previously described by us for U and Th and for the components of high-temperature ores, W, Sn, and Mo. The removal of ore elements from the granite was accompanied by a decrease in the bulk contents of sulfur and arsenic by a factor of 1.35 and 1.65, respectively. The leaching of trace metals from the granites of the upper part of the Aue cupola was followed by their partial redeposition above the cupola in the ore veins of the Schlema and Schneeberg deposits. Original Russian Text ? Vikt. L. Barsukov, N.T. Sokolova, O.M. Ivanitskii, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 9, pp. 967–982.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Helium,neon, and argon in the iron meteorites Dongling,Nantan and Ningbo

The light noble gases He, Ne and Ar have been measured in the iron meteorites Dongling, Nantan and Ningbo. Dongling and Ningbo show a deficit of cosmic-ray that produced³He of ca. 30% and 10%, respectively, which is argued to be caused by the loss of³H (tritium) from the meteoroids during the time of their exposure to the cosmic radiation. Nantan has the lowest content of noble gases as yet reported for any iron meteorite. Cosmogenic³He and³⁸Ar are only about 1/5000 of those in Dongling which has particularly interesting implications if the two meteorites belong to the same fall^[2]. In addition, Nantan contains nonspallogenic⁴He which we believe to be of radiogenic origin. This radiogenic⁴He, together with a U-content of 2.6×10⁻¹¹ g/g^[20] yields a⁴He retention age close to the cosmic-ray exposure age of Dongling. If Dongling and Nantan were part of the same meteoroid^[2], this result would indicate that He retention in the meteoroid age were 4,500 Ma, a U-content of less than 7.2×10⁻¹³ g/g is required to explain the non-cosmogenic₄He present. An upper limit to the number of transuranium or superheavy-element atoms which have decayed by α-emission in Nantan since onset of He retention is 2×10¹⁰ per gram.     

赣南大吉山与漂塘花岗岩及有关成矿作用特征对比

对江西南部大吉山和漂塘两个钨矿床有关的花岗岩的岩石化学和微量元素地球化学特征、成因及其与成矿的关系等方面进行了对比研究，认为两者不同的成矿作用特征主要是由于大吉山花岗岩比漂塘花岗岩的分异演化程度更高而造成的。对前人提出的含钨花岗岩、含钽铌花岗岩及花岗岩产出的动力学背景等问题，也进行了一些初步讨论。     

Sedimentary structures in the Lower Greensand of the Weald,England, and Bas-Boulonnais,France

Study of the cross-stratification and other sedimentary structures in the Lower Greensand of the Weald, England, and Bas-Boulonnais, France, indicates that the sediments were deposited by the lateral migration of sand waves in a neritic sea. Comparison of the Lower Greensand sea with the modern North Sea was attempted. If those sediments were deposited as a result of tidal current similar to the present-day North Sea then the Lower Greensand shoreline could be deduced as running northwest-southeast, indication that the western part of the London Platform was submerged.     

Flood anticipation,reality, and uncertainty,the 2019 flood in Khuzestan,Iran

Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to...     

Quasiperiodic oscillations in the atmospheres of the Sun,Earth, and planets

The published data on long-term observations on cycles of the activity of the Sun and stars of late spectral classes (F, G, K) were analyzed. Quasiperiodic oscillations (QPO) in solar activity with periods varying from 1.8 (7-year cycles) to 12.5 years (24-year cycles) were revealed for the first time. A high degree of correlation between QPO periods and long-term cycles of variations in the activity of the Sun and stars was revealed.     

Mega- and giant ripples in the Ganga,Yamuna, and Son Rivers,Uttar Pradesh,India

Sand bars of the three important rivers of the Gangetic Alluvium, namely the Ganga, Yamuna and Son are investigated. Megaripples of undulatory type are the most abundant bed forms present, and are responsible for the development of large-scale cross-bedding, the most common bedding structure present in the area. Giant ripples, with superimposed megaripples are recorded in one sand bar in the Yamuna River. On a steeply sloping point bar in the Ganga River, delta-like lobes have produced foreset bedding oriented towards the main channel, at right angles to the direction of the main flow.     

Modeling runoff and soil erosion in a catchment area, using the GIS, in the Himalayan region, India

Remote sensing data and GIS techniques have been used to compute runoff and soil erosion in the catchment area along the NH-1A between Udhampur and Kud covering an area of approximately 181 km². Different thematic layers, for example lithology, a landuse and landcover map, geomorphology, a slope map, and a soil-texture map, were generated from these input data. By use of the US Soil Conservation Service curve number method, estimated runoff potential was classified into five levels—very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. Data integration was performed by use of the weighting rating technique, a conventional qualitative method, to give a runoff potential index value. The runoff potential index values were used to delineate the runoff potential zones, namely low, moderate, high, and very high. Annual spatial soil loss estimation was computed using the Morgan–Morgan–Finney mathematical model in conjunction with remote sensing data and GIS techniques. Greater soil erosion was found to occur in the northwestern part of the catchment area. When average soil loss from the catchment area was calculated it was found that a maximum average soil loss of more than 20 t ha⁻¹ occurred in 31 km² of the catchment area.     

Total mercury and monomethylmercury in water, sediments, and hydrophytes from the rivers, estuary, and bay along the Bohai Sea coast, northeastern China

Mercury contamination in aquatic environments is of worldwide concern because of its high biomagnification factor in food chains and long-range transport. The rivers, estuary and the bay along the northwestern Bohai Sea coast, northeastern China have been heavily contaminated by Hg due to long-term Zn smelting and chlor-alkali production. This work investigated the distributions of total Hg (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) in the water, sediment and hydrophytes from this area. Concentrations of THg in sediment (0.5–64 mg kg⁻¹) and water (39–2700 ng L⁻¹) were elevated by 1–3 orders of magnitude compared to background concentrations, which induced high concentrations of MMHg in these media. The highest concentration of MMHg in sediment reached 35 μg kg⁻¹, which was comparable to that in the Hg mining area, Wanshan, China, and the highest MMHg concentration of 3.0 ng L⁻¹ in the water sample exceeded the MMHg Chinese drinking water guideline of 1.0 ng L⁻¹. Concentrations of THg in a sediment profile from Jinzhou Bay were found to be consistent with annual Hg emission flux from a local Zn smelter (r = 0.74, p < 0.01), indicating that Hg contamination was mainly caused by Zn smelting locally. For some freshwater hydrophytes, concentrations of THg and MMHg ranged from 5.2 to 100 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.15 to 12 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. Compared to sediment, concentrations of THg in hydrophytes were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower but MMHg was comparable or higher, indicating that the bioaccumulation in plants was distinct for the two Hg species studied. The data suggest that a significant load of Hg has been released into the northwestern coastal region of the Bohai Sea.