岫岩软玉（透闪石玉）的稳定同位素研究

通过岫岩软玉的氢、氧、硅、硫同位素分析,探讨了岫岩软玉的成矿溶液特征和硅的来源.岫岩软玉的δD值为-70‰～-76‰,δ18O值为8.1‰～13.3‰,位于变质水的区域,故其形成于变质热液中.岫岩软玉的δ30Si值为-0.2‰～0.5‰,和变质岩的δ30Si值有交叠,而和大理岩的δ30Si值范围相差较大,故岫岩软玉中的硅主要来源于变质热液,同时也有大理岩中硅质条带和燧石结核的混入.与岫岩软玉共生的黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的δ34S值为8.2‰～18.0‰,表明成矿溶液中的硫并非来源于地幔,而是来源于变质岩,也反映了岫岩软玉的变质成因.     

华北蓟县中元古界剖面中燧石条带的形成机制——硼硅同位素证据

天津蓟县中新元古界海相沉积碳酸盐岩建造中分布大量燧石条带,特别是雾迷山组燧石条带与白云岩互层密集产出,沉积韵律非常明显,记录了其形成时海洋的化学和生物等信息,但关于其成因和形成机制还存在不同的认识。我们对蓟县中元古界剖面中碳酸盐岩的硼同位素和燧石条带的硅氧同位素进行了系统研究。燧石条带的 δ 30 Si NBS 28 值为0. 6‰~3. 3‰,平均2. 2‰,较热水化学沉积硅质岩的 δ 30 Si NBS 28 值显著偏高,与浅海生物沉积硅质岩的硅同位素组成相近。燧石条带的 δ 18 O V SMOW 值为21. 7‰~27. 8‰,平均25. 5‰,较热液成因硅质岩的值明显偏高,而与常温海相硅质岩的 δ 18 O值相似。蓟县剖面白云岩和灰岩等碳酸盐岩的 δ 11 B SRM 951 值为0‰~11. 0‰之间,平均4. 8‰,较现代海相碳酸盐的值明显偏低。高于庄组至雾迷山组燧石条带白云岩的 δ 11 B值普遍高于白云岩和灰岩的值,在3. 3‰~12. 9‰之间,平均8. 4‰。在酸性条件下富集重硼同位素的B(OH) 3掺入碳酸盐的比例增加,可导致其 δ 11 B值升高。这表明燧石条带白云岩可能形成于局部酸性水环境。结合碳酸盐和SiO 2溶解/沉淀与pH之间相互关系,提出蓟县剖面中的燧石条带是一种具有时代特征的同沉积的生物化学沉积硅质岩。中元古代海水中SiO 2浓度高,基本呈饱和状态,Mg/Ca比值高,生物活动已成为影响海洋环境的重要因素。在生物活动繁盛期大量有机质沉积于海底,导致海水-沉积物界面附近pH值大幅下降(pH＜7. 8),白云石等碳酸盐溶解度升高,难以沉淀;与此相反,SiO 2溶解度降低,达到过饱和,大量沉淀形成燧石条带/透镜体。生物活动羸弱期,海底pH值升高恢复到正常水平,SiO 2溶解度升高,碳酸盐溶解度降低,形成白云岩等碳酸盐沉淀。生物活动的周期性变化,则形成白云岩与燧石互层的条带状韵律层。燧石条带白云岩的硼同位素组成反映的是局部流体的 δ 11 B和pH值,不适合用来反演海水的硼同位素组成。     

西藏斯弄多低硫化型浅成低温热液Ag Pb Zn矿床：Si H O同位素的示踪应用

拉萨地块南木林盆地林子宗群火山机构内发育有斯弄多隐爆角砾岩型、热液脉型Ag-Pb-Zn矿床,该矿床金属矿物为闪锌矿、方铅矿,少量黄铜矿和辉银矿,蚀变矿物为绢云母、伊利石、玉髓、蒙脱石、碧玉、方解石、菱锰矿和菱铁矿,符合低硫型浅成低温热液矿床的基本特征。本次研究对陆相火山岩中热泉喷口的硅质条带及穿切矿体石英脉进行了Si、H、O同位素测试,结果表明:(1)硅质条带的石英单矿物δ~(30)Si_(NBS-28)为-1.2‰~-0.4‰,记录有热水沉积Si同位素地球化学特征,为古热泉硅华成因;(2)受后期火山热液作用改造的热水沉积硅质条带全岩δ~(30)Si_(NBS-28)为-0.2‰~+0.3‰,显示火山岩与热水沉积岩混合特征;(3)穿切矿体石英脉δ~(30) Si_(NBS-28)值为-0.8‰~-0.1‰,与热水沉积硅质条带石英单矿物Si同位素组成一致,显示低温成因高Δ30Si同位素分馏值特征;(4)石英脉和硅质条带全岩的流体包裹体氢氧同位素特征显示大气水与火山岩发生了水-岩交换作用的"氧同位素漂移"现象,说明成矿流体在火山岩地层中经历了长期的循环作用。因此,Si-H-O稳定同位素指示:矿区内仍保留有古热泉喷口,表明矿区自古新世火山岩喷发和成矿后,剥蚀程度低,"缺位"寻找低硫化浅成低温热液型Au-Ag矿床的勘查潜力较大,低δ~(30)Si_(NBS-28)值石英脉和硅化是重要找矿标志。     

前寒武纪条带状硅铁建造的形成机制与地球早期的大气和海洋

前寒武纪条带状硅铁建造(BIFs)是地球早期特有的化学沉积建造类型,记录了当时大气和海洋的化学成分、氧化还原状态及演化。本文系统测定了华北地台条带状硅铁建造的硫硅氧同位素组成。不同时代和不同类型条带状硅铁建造中石英的硅同位素组成非常相似,强烈亏损30Si,δ30SiNBS-28大部分位于-2.0‰～-0.3‰之间,平均-0.8‰;硅铁建造中石英的δ18OV-SMOW相对较高,8.1‰～21.5‰,平均13.9‰;二者均与现代海底黑烟囱、泉华及热水沉积硅质岩的硅氧同位素组成相似。在同一样品中,磁铁矿条带中石英的δ30SiNBS-28普遍低于相邻硅质条带中石英的值,而δ18OV-SMOW刚好相反,反映了硅铁建造沉积时的初始特征。BIFs中硫化物的δ34SV-CDT变化范围很大,-22.0‰～+11.8‰,但大部分集中分布在0值附近。Δ33S=-0.89‰～+1.2‰,显示出了明显的硫同位素非质量分馏特征,说明当时大气氧浓度很低。与火山活动关系密切的Algoma型硅铁建造的Δ33S多为负值,而远离火山活动中心的Superior型硅铁建造的Δ33S多为正值。提出无论是Algoma型,还是Superior型BIFs都是由海底热液喷气作用形成的。富含溶解硅和铁的热水溶液喷发到在海底以后,由于温度突然下降,硅酸H4SiO4在海水中达到过饱和状态,导致SiO2首先沉淀,形成硅质层;随着热水溶液与海水的不断混合,温度不断降低,Eh值不断升高,Fe2+逐渐被氧化生成Fe3+随后沉淀,形成富铁层。一套硅铁韵律层代表了一次大的海底喷气活动;海底热液喷气的周期性活动形成了规律性的硅铁韵律层。BIFs的广泛分布和硫同位素非质量分馏效应的普遍存在,表明当时大气氧水平很低,可能不足现在氧水平的1‰;火山和海底喷气活动非常强烈,海水温度较高,呈酸性,pH值在3.0～5.5之间;海洋中可溶解硅H4SiO4和Fe2+的浓度很高;而可溶硫酸盐的浓度极低,1mM。早元古代(1.8Ga)以后海洋硫酸盐浓度升高,由富铁海洋转化为富硫酸盐的海洋,是造成BIFs消失的根本原因。大规模火山喷发和海底喷气活动对海洋的成分和氧化还原状态影响很大,使海洋的氧化时间较大气至少推迟了6亿年。     

河南舞阳经山寺铁矿床C-O-Si同位素成矿物质来源示踪

河南经山寺铁矿位于华北板块南缘,矿体形态为似层状、透镜状,铁建造以条带状铁矿石为主,含有少量的块状矿石,其顶底板围岩及矿体夹层主要为太华群铁山庙组大理岩。为探讨矿床成矿物质来源,对铁矿床进行碳、氧、硅同位素特征进行分析和研究,研究结果表明,矿化样品方解石的碳、氧同位素组成为δ13CV-PDB=-5.2‰~-1.4‰,δ18OV-SMOW=8.5‰~16.9‰,围岩大理岩样品方解石的碳、氧同位素组成为δ13CV-PDB=-1.0‰~1.6‰,δ18OV-SMOW=20.3‰~23.4‰,说明在成矿流体与围岩发生了水-岩反应,且流体与围岩发生了同位素交换,碳同位素组成主要由海相沉积碳酸盐岩经溶解作用提供的,且受中低温蚀变作用的影响,δ18OH2O组成值变化范围较大,指示热液体系可能为岩浆水和海水的混合热液。石英辉石磁铁矿矿石中石英的硅同位素组成为δ30SiNBS-28=-1.9‰~-0.4‰,围岩浅粒岩中硅同位素组成为δ30SiNBS-28=0‰,表明条带状铁建造中硅质来源于火山喷气作用,在变质成矿作用过程中硅同位素发生了动力学分馏作用,条带状铁建造中硅质沉淀造成δ30Si显示负值,综合分析认为,经山寺铁矿应属前寒武纪海底火山-沉积环境中热水化学沉积产物。     

福建李坊重晶石矿床中硅质岩硅、氧同位素组成及成因意义

福建李坊大型重晶石矿床围岩中发育层状硅质岩,为了研究硅质岩的成因,本文对14件硅质岩样品进行了硅、氧同位素分析。结果表明:δ(~(30)Si)分布范围为-0.3×10~(-3)～+0.1×10~(-3),平均值为-0.1×10~(-3);δ(~(18)O)分布范围为10.6×10-3～18.9×10-3,平均值为14.7×10~(-3)。基于该层状硅质岩的δ(~(30)Si)和δ(~(18)O)分布范围特征,结合野外地质调查研究工作的认识,该硅质岩应为原生沉积成因,二氧化硅来源于热水沉积;根据燧石-海水氧同位素地质温度计估算石英的形成温度为100.2℃—198.7℃,平均值为146.0℃,即该硅质岩形成于热水沉积,暗示李坊重晶石矿床形成于热水沉积作用。     

南秦岭志留系铅锌矿床中硅质岩岩石学及地球化学

南秦岭泥盆系内产出的众多矿床中含有层纹条带状硅质岩-硅质板岩,对其成因的研究有助于查明矿床成因和确定区域找矿方向.研究表明,硅质岩化学成分纯净,SiO2含量多在90%以上.硅质岩中大部分微量元素含量低于地壳克拉克值,但富集Zn、Pb、As、Sb、Ag;硅质岩的Fe-Mn-(Cu+Ni+Co)×10图解表明硅质岩具热水沉积性质.硅质岩与矿石两者的稀土元素特点相似,具有ΣREE低(44.52×10-6)、轻重稀土分异较明显(LREE/HREE=6.51)、北美页岩标准化配分曲线呈平缓趋势、铈负异常不明显(δCe值为0.97)和铕正异常明显(δEu值为1.42)的特点;硅质岩的δ30Si为-0.5‰～0.0‰,δ18O为17.8‰～19.9‰,硅、氧同位素组成及形成温度(84～101℃)也暗示它为海底热水沉积成因.     

塔里木盆地西北缘埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪转折期黑色岩系中硅质岩成因及其环境指示意义

埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪转折期是地质历史上的关键期,全球范围内普遍发育一套黑色岩系,包括硅质岩、泥岩和白云岩。在这套黑色岩系中下部,发育了不同厚度的硅质岩,尤其是在塔里木盆地西北缘,黑白燧石条带韵律性互层且硅质岩分布变化大,其成因对寒武系玉尔吐斯组优质烃源岩形成环境具有重要指示意义。本文以塔西北地区新柯地1井这套黑色岩系中硅质岩为研究对象,运用岩芯观察、镜下薄片鉴定、主微量元素和稀土元素分析,研究硅质岩与有机质的成因及其二者之间的共生机理,硅质岩较高的Ti、V、Y、Ba等元素含量、较低的δ30Si值(1. 2‰~0. 7‰)、明显的Ce负异常说明其硅质流体为热液来源,但是硅质岩不是热液脉体侵入形成,而是富含硅质的流体与冰冷的海水混合沉积而成,硅质岩沉积受温度、pH值、有机质等因素共同控制,有机质的存在可以促进硅质沉淀。同时系统地研究了黑白燧石条带韵律性互层的成因,白色层由纯的微晶石英组成,而黑色层由碎屑碳质颗粒、石英颗粒和碳质纹层组成,认为是微生物席活动的结果,硅质岩中黑白燧石层受冰期和间冰期控制。硅质岩中较高的Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)比值和较低的Lan/Cen比值代表受陆源影响的大陆边缘沉积环境,结合古气候、海平面变化等信息,认为塔西北地区寒武系玉尔吐斯组硅质岩以及硅质页岩沉积于局限海湾或潟湖环境,为正确认识硅质页岩的形成环境和烃源岩的评价预测提供理论指导。     

胶北地体荆山群大理岩碳氧同位素地球化学特征及其对Lomagundi-Jatuli事件的指示

古元古代大气圈快速大量充氧,地球表生系统发生一系列重要变化,其中之一是23～206Ga碳酸盐岩碳同位素正异常现象,称Lomagundi-Jatuli事件,颇受瞩目,成为当前国际研究前沿。胶北地体荆山群普遍经历高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质作用,其下部禄格庄组碳酸盐地层发育。本文研究了山后地区荆山群禄格庄组26件大理岩和7件白云质石英岩样品,获得δ~(13)C_(carb)值在-08～+34‰(V-PDB),平均+14‰,其中大理岩δ~(13)C平均值为+16‰,白云质石英岩δ~(13)C平均值为+09‰。氧同位素值变化于93‰～202‰(V-SMOW),平均140‰。样品碳-氧同位素值之间具有很好的正相关性,且有13件样品Mn/Sr比值大于6,说明高角闪岩相的变质作用可能使δ~(13)C_(carb)下降了3‰～5‰,原始沉积碳酸盐的δ~(13)C_(carb)值高达+84‰,明显正异常,是全球性Lomagundi-Jatuli事件的响应。     

辽西凌源雾迷山组碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征研究

辽西凌源雾迷山组碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素和Mn/Sr比值数据反映了碳酸盐岩的原始沉积特征.δ13CPDB数值范围-2‰～2‰,δ18OPDB数值范围为-10‰～-4‰,其平均值分别为0.15‰,-6.2‰,碳同位素组成具有旋回性变化特征.在雾迷山组一段中上部,δ13C表现出明显的正漂移,可能为藻类的大量繁殖、有机碳增加所引起.δ18O的增加为气候变冷和冰川作用的结果.在δ13C为负值的层段,δ18O数值较高.碳氧同位素组成的这种特征可能与海平面变化有关.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.