浅议古板块构造单元划分原则

板块构造理论是古板块分区的基础。古板块构造分区和命名必须有明确的时空概念。按照威尔逊旋回，大洋俯冲阶段的构造分带最复杂、最明显，应该以该阶段作为分区的时间区间，一级构造单元是岩石图板块，以大洋型蛇绿混杂岩带作为分区界线；二级构造单元以地壳性质作为分区原则，可分为过渡壳和陆壳，地壳性质依据蛇绿岩（套）、沉积建造、岩浆岩组合特征来综合判别；三级构造单元是在二级构造区内以沉积岩、火山岩、岩浆岩建造的显著差异为分区原则，如岛弧弧盆带内分为弧前隆起、弧前盆地、岛弧带、弧间盆地、弧后盆地，在陆壳区内分为稳定陆壳区及活动陆壳区。四级构造单元是在三级构造区内以构造形态或局部地质特征作为分区原则，分为复背斜、复向斜、断褶带、岩浆岩带、蛇绿混杂岩带等。     

新疆东准噶尔塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉古缝合线的确定

本文通过构造分析及岩石学、地球化学研究,证实塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉存在一条蛇绿混杂岩带,表现为在构造变形的砂泥质基质中分布若干个洋脊型和洋岛型的蛇绿岩碎块。该带两侧地壳厚度明显不同,大陆边缘增生方向相反,该带还是一条早古生代的生物群落界线,早石炭世两侧岛弧有较大的纬度差异(20°以上)。因此,塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉蛇绿混杂岩带是古准噶尔大洋闭合的残骸,代表了西伯利亚板块和塔里木板块碰撞的缝合线构造带。     

华北板块和塔里木板块之关系

华北板块和塔里木板块在中国大陆岩石圈的形成和演化中占有突出地位，关于它们的界线和关系的，长期以来是含糊不清的。本文提出在内蒙古阿拉善北部，新近发现的恩格尔乌苏蛇绿混杂带是华北板块和塔里木板块的缝合带，蛇绿混杂带主要由源自古大洋壳的岩石碎块及活动与被动大陆边缘的沉岩混合组成，可区分为构造包体和基质。缝合带向东北延伸到蒙古镜内，向西可能与阿尔金大断裂相连。以恩格尔乌苏蛇绿混杂带为界，阿拉善南北两分别属     

蛇绿混杂岩的基质组成及其构造内涵：以东古特提斯为例

蛇绿岩是恢复大洋演化最直接的证据，是识别板块汇聚边界的一级地质学标志。相比于蛇绿岩，蛇绿混杂岩的基质记录了更多关于大洋板块演化的信息。为了深入理解蛇绿混杂岩基质组成的构造内涵，我们选择了位于越南北部—中国滇东南地区的古特提斯哀牢山- Song Ma(马江)- Song Chay(斋江)缝合带开展研究。本文综合了前人有关该带蛇绿混杂岩基质碎屑锆石U- Pb定年和Hf同位素分析的结果，认为哀牢山- Song Ma- Song Chay蛇绿混杂岩基质具有强烈的横向不均一性，可以划分为M1、M2、M3和Song Chay 单元。其中，M1位于哀牢山- Song Ma蛇绿混杂岩中部，构成了哀牢山蛇绿混杂岩的主体，具有440 Ma和960 Ma的特征碎屑锆石年龄峰值，结合其Hf同位素特征，我们认为M1的物源为印支板块。M2位于哀牢山- Song Ma蛇绿混杂岩的NW部，显示出单一的260 Ma左右的碎屑锆石年龄峰值，结合其Hf同位素特征，我们认为M2主要来自于华南板块上的峨眉山大火成岩省。M3位于哀牢山- Song Ma蛇绿混杂岩的SE部，碎屑锆石年龄结果显示出250 Ma的主要峰值以及370 Ma和780 Ma的次要峰值，结合其Hf同位素特征，我们认为M3的主要物源为印支板块的弧岩浆岩，少量来自华南板块。Song Chay蛇绿混杂岩基质中的碎屑锆石主要是来自作为被动陆缘的华南板块，只有很少一部分来自上覆的印支板块。上述蛇绿混杂岩组成的横向不均一性，指示了洋盆关闭过程中物源的变化。更重要的是，基质中鲜明的俯冲板块(华南)被动陆缘的信息，使我们推断古特提斯东部在某一阶段或某一部位表现为有限洋盆，其对我们理解东古特提斯板块拼合过程具有重要意义。     

于田县幅、伯力克幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

发现其曼于特早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带和二叠纪普鲁-阿羌裂谷型火山岩带。确定苏巴什蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代为石炭纪-中二叠世。查明阿尔金断裂延人西昆仑表现为转换断层的性质。认为其曼于特蛇绿混杂岩与库地蛇绿岩相当，代表震旦纪-早古生代原特提斯多岛洋内亲塔里木板块的小洋盆；苏巴什蛇绿混杂岩带归属于晚古生代古特提斯沟-弧-盆体系，为弧后陆缘小洋盆消减的产物，该盆地于中二叠世末褶皱，代表晚古生代弧-陆碰撞后的大陆增生；晚二叠世-三叠纪沉积及巴颜喀拉山群奠基于特提斯洋盆之上，在接受大量陆缘碎屑沉积的同时向北侧的古生代增生造山带之下俯冲，形成了昆仑山最南侧、规模最大的晚三叠世-侏罗纪二长花岗岩带，并最终实现洋-陆转化。     

华南中部中新元古代造山带构造演化探讨

华南中部中新元古代造山带可以划分为5个地质构造单元：乐平-歙县构造混杂岩亚带、万年海相-滨海相沉积-火山沉积建造、赣东北蛇绿混杂岩亚带、怀玉火山-火山碎屑岩系、东乡-龙游混杂岩亚带。通过对不同构造单元形成大地构造环境分析，认为它们分别形成于火山弧-弧后盆地、弧间盆地、大洋岛弧、洋中脊、火山岛弧、弧前盆地等大地构造环境；华南中部中新元古代造山带属陆-弧-弧-陆碰撞造山带，发育在汇聚型板块边缘地带，古洋盆为一个多岛洋体系。中元古代末期(约1024Ma)古华南多岛洋开始关闭，大约在850Ma左右，整个古华南多岛洋最终关闭。     

青藏高原区域地质调查中几个重大科学问题的思考

在世纪之交，中国地质调查局部署的青藏高原近百幅1：25万区域地质调查填图，取得了一系列重要新发现、新进展、新成果，神秘的青藏高原地质构造、结构、组成、演化等问题得到了进一步的认识和理解。喜马拉雅奠基于5．5亿年左右的泛非造山事件基底上，历经奥陶纪至泥盆纪台地沉积，并于石炭纪末转化为印度板块北缘的弧后伸展裂陷带；雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩带曾是特提斯大洋南侧与冈底斯古岛弧带相对应的中生代弧后扩张盆地；冈底斯带曾经历了晚古生代岛弧造山作用；班公湖-怒江带两侧大量地质特征重大差异表明，班公湖-怒江带是冈瓦纳大陆北界，是印度(滇藏)地层区和华南(羌塘-三江)地层区的分界，是新元古代Rodinia超大陆解体后显生宙特提斯大洋俯冲、消减、碰撞，最后消亡的遗迹。     

班公湖—双湖—怒江—昌宁—孟连对接带时空结构——特提斯大洋地质及演化问题

班公湖—双湖—怒江（中北段）—昌宁—孟连对接带广泛出露特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲消减过程中产生的不同时代、不同构造环境、不同变质程度、不同变形样式的洋板块构造地层系统、增生混杂的构造—岩石组合体，可识别出增生的远洋沉积岩、海沟浊积岩、古生代—中生代蛇绿岩、蛇绿混杂岩、洋岛-海山消减增生楔、洋底沉积增生杂岩，基底残块以及以蓝片岩、榴辉岩为代表的高压—超高压变质岩带，记录了青藏高原原古特提斯大洋形成演化的地质信息。班公湖—双湖—怒江—昌宁—孟连对接带是青藏高原中部一条重要的原古特提斯大洋自北向南后退式俯冲消亡的巨型增生杂岩带，构筑了冈瓦纳大陆与劳亚-泛华夏大陆分界带。     

北山-巴丹吉林地区石炭纪-二叠纪构造古地理及其演化

通过对北山-巴丹吉林地区石炭纪-二叠纪的沉积、古生物、岩浆岩、混杂岩、火山岩等的调查研究,认为北山-巴丹吉林地区的构造古地理为由哈萨克斯坦板块、塔里木板块和华北板块3个板块和牛圈子洋(对应红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩带)、恩格尔乌苏洋(对应恩格尔乌苏蛇绿混杂岩带)2个大洋并存的格局。哈萨克斯坦板块主要包括黑鹰山-马鬃山区;塔里木板块包括石板泉-杭乌拉区;华北板块主要包括乌力吉区。黑鹰山-马鬃山区的构造古地理为黑鹰山弧后盆地和马鬃山岛弧;石板泉-杭乌拉区的构造古地理为被动大陆边缘;乌力吉区的构造古地理为乌力吉北岛弧和乌力吉弧后盆地。通过分析各构造古地理单元的特征和演化过程,认为塔里木板块和哈萨克斯坦板块拼合时间为晚石炭世,塔里木板块与华北板块的拼合时间大致为晚二叠世。     

于田县幅、伯力克幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

发现其曼于特早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带和二叠纪普鲁-阿羌裂谷型火山岩带.确定苏巴什蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代为石炭纪-中二叠世.查明阿尔金断裂延入西昆仑表现为转换断层的性质.认为其曼于特蛇绿混杂岩与库地蛇绿岩相当,代表震旦纪-早古生代原特提斯多岛洋内亲塔里木板块的小洋盆;苏巴什蛇绿混杂岩带归属于晚古生代古特提斯沟-弧-盆体系,为弧后陆缘小洋盆消减的产物,该盆地于中二叠世末褶皱,代表晚古生代弧-陆碰撞后的大陆增生;晚二叠世-三叠纪沉积及巴颜喀拉山群奠基于特提斯洋盆之上,在接受大量陆缘碎屑沉积的同时向北侧的古生代增生造山带之下俯冲,形成了昆仑山最南侧、规模最大的晚三叠世-侏罗纪二长花岗岩带,并最终实现洋-陆转化.     

Past and present geotectonic position of Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sulawesi with its peculiar K-shaped pattern is situated in an area where the Eurasian, Indian—Australian and Pacific plates interact and collide.Complex geological processess in this area resulted in the transformation of a normal island-arc structure into an inverted one, deformation of an already tectonized belt, sweeping of fragments against unrelated terrain, thrusting of oceanic and mantle material over the island arc, closing of deep-sea basins behind the arc, trapping of old oceanic crust caused by the rolling up of an island arc, formation of a marginal basin by the spreading of the sea floor behind the arc, development of small subduction zones with reverse polarities etc.Small deep-sea basins surrounding Sulawesi such as the Gulf of Bone and the Gulf of Gorontalo originally formed the arc—trench gap of the Sulawesi island arc.The Banda Sea is considered as an oceanic crust trapped by the bending of the east—west trending Banda arc due to the northward drift of Australia combined with the westward movement of the Pacific plate. Similarly the Sulawesi Sea consists of an old Pacific crust trapped by the westward bending of the Sulawesi island arc, caused by the spearheading westward thrust along the Sorong transform-fault system, in which later a minor spreading center became active in its central part. The Molucca Sea comprises tectonic mélange in which presumably a small spreading center developed between the two colliding arcs of northern Sulawesi and western Halmahera. While the Benioff zones dip under the northern Sulawesi and Halmahera arcs in normal fashion, the mélange thrusts over them. The Strait of Makassar is a marginal basin which was brought into existence by the spreading of the sea floor between Kalimantan and Sulawesi.The evolution of Sulawesi started in Miocene time or even earlier when 800 km east of Kalimantan a north—south trending east-facing island arc came into existence, originating from a spreading center located in the Pacific Ocean. Volcanism and plutonism accompanied this subduction process.Collision between Sulawesi and the Australian—New Guinea plate which occurred in early Pliocene time severely transformed Sulawesi into an island with its convex side turned towards the continent, at the same time causing obduction of ophiolite in the eastern arc of this island.The movement of the Pacific plate continued and gradually pushed Sulawesi towards the Asian continent, resulting in the closing of the sea between Kalimantan and Sulawesi islands separated by small straits and deep seas resembling the complicated pattern of the Philippine Archipelago, in which the original double island-arc structure can no longer be recognized.     

青藏高原中的古特提斯体制与增生造山作用

青藏高原古特提斯体系的特征表现为古特提斯洋盆中多条状地体的存在,多俯冲、多岛弧增生体系的形成和多地体汇聚、碰撞造山的动力学环境,其构架包括4条代表古特提斯洋壳残片的蛇绿岩或蛇绿混杂岩(昆南-阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带、金沙江-哀牢山-松马蛇绿岩带、羌中-澜沧江-昌宁-孟连蛇绿岩带和松多蛇绿岩带)、5条火山岩浆岛弧带(布尔汗布达岛弧岩浆带、义敦火山岩浆岛弧带、江达-绿春火山岛弧带、东达山-云县火山岛弧带和左贡-临沧岛弧-碰撞岩浆带)、4个陆块或地体(松潘-甘孜地体、羌北-昌都-思茅地体、羌南-保山地体)、3条洋壳深俯冲形成的高压-超高压变质带(金沙江得荣高压变质带、龙木错-双湖高压变质带、松多高(超)压变质带),以及5条弧前增生楔或增生杂岩(西秦岭增生楔、巴颜喀拉-松潘-甘孜增生楔、金沙江增生楔、双湖-聂荣-吉塘-临沧增生楔、松多增生杂岩)。古特提斯洋盆的俯冲增生造山作用普遍存在于青藏高原古特提斯复合造山体中,构成与多条古特提斯蛇绿岩带(缝合带)相伴随的俯冲增生杂岩带(链)。古特提斯俯冲增生杂岩带包括由弧前强烈变形的沉积增生楔、以及高压变质岩、岛弧岩浆岩、蛇绿岩和外来岩块组成的混杂体,代表在洋盆俯冲过程中的活动陆缘的地壳增生。     

Fragments of oceanic islands in accretion–collision areas of Gorny Altai and Salair, southern Siberia, Russia: early stages of continental crustal growth of the Siberian continent in Vendian–Early Cambrian time

The Altai-Salair area in southern Siberia is a Caledonian folded area containing fragments of Vendian–Early Cambrian island arcs. In the Vendian–Early Cambrian, an extended system of island arcs existed near the Paleo-Asian Ocean/Siberian continent boundary and was located in an open ocean realm. In the present-day structural pattern of southern Siberia, the fragments of Vendian–Early Cambrian ophiolites, island arcs and paleo-oceanic islands occur in the accretion–collision zones. We recognized that the accretion–collision zones were mainly composed of the rock units, which were formed within an island-arc system or were incorporated in it during the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean under the island arc or the Siberian continent. This system consists of accretionary wedge, fore-arc basin, primitive island arc and normal island arc. The accretionary wedges contain the oceanic island fragments which consist of OIB basalts and siliceous—carbonate cover including top and slope facies sediments. Oceanic islands submerged into the subduction zone and, later were incorporated into an accretionary wedge. Collision of oceanic islands and island arcs in subduction zones resulted in reverse currents in the accretionary wedge and exhumation of high-pressure rocks. Our studies of the Gorny Altai and Salair accretionary wedges showed that the remnants of oceanic crust are mainly oceanic islands and ophiolites. Therefore, it is important to recognize paleo-islands in folded areas. The study of paleo- islands is important for understanding the evolution of accretionary wedges and exhumation of subducted high-pressure rocks.     

Post-collisional crustal extension setting and VHMS mineralization in the Jinshajiang orogenic belt, southwestern China

The Jinshajiang orogenic belt (JOB) of southwestern China, located along the eastern margin of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, includes a collage of continental blocks joined by Paleozoic ophiolitic sutures and Permian volcanic arcs. Three major tectonic stages are recognized based on the volcanic–sedimentary sequence and geochemistry of volcanic rocks in the belt. Westward subduction of the Paleozoic Jinshajiang oceanic plate at the end of Permian resulted in the formation of the Chubarong–Dongzhulin intra-oceanic arc and Jamda–Weixi volcanic arc on the eastern margin of the Changdu continental block. Collision between the volcanic arcs and the Yangtze continent block during Early–Middle Triassic caused the closing of the Jinshajiang oceanic basin and the eruption of high-Si and -Al potassic rhyolitic rocks along the Permian volcanic arc. Slab breakoff or mountain-root delamination under this orogenic belt led to post-collisional crustal extension at the end of the Triassic, forming a series of rift basins on this continental margin arc. Significant potential for VHMS deposits occurs in the submarine volcanic districts of the JOB. Mesozoic VHMS deposits occur in the post-collisional extension environment and cluster in the Late Triassic rift basins.     

Dzhida island-arc system in the Paleoasian Ocean: structure and main stages of Vendian-Paleozoic geodynamic evolution

We propose a model of the geodynamic evolution of the Dzhida island-arc system of the Paleoasian Ocean margin which records transformation of an oceanic basin into an accretion-collision orogenic belt. The system includes several Vendian-Paleozoic complexes that represent a mature oceanic island arc with an accretionary prism, oceanic islands, marginal and remnant seas, and Early Ordovician collisional granitoids. We have revealed a number of subunits (sedimentary sequences and igneous complexes) in the complexes and reconstructed their geodynamic settings. The tectonic evolution of the Dzhida island-arc system comprises five stages: (1) ocean opening (Late Riphean); (2) subduction and initiation of an island arc (Vendian-Early Cambrian); (3) subduction and development of a mature island arc (Middle-Late Cambrian); (4) accretion and formation of local collision zones and remnant basins (Early Ordovician-Devonian); and (5) postcollisional strike-slip faulting (Carboniferous-Permian).     

Magma in forearcs: implication for ophiolite generation

Forearc areas (“non-volcanic” arcs) of contemporary island arcs at convergent plate boundaries contain magmatic rocks. Geological evidence, seismic profiles, heat flow data, density considerations and petrological and geochemical arguments suggest that a forearc tholeiitic association (FAT) (containing high-Mg calc-alkaline andesites) is present in “non-volcanic” arcs at some stage of island-arc development. The fractionated, as well as primitive magma, is unable to penetrate low-density sediments and underplates thick piles of unconsolidated accreting rocks. The underplating causes upwelling. The occurrence of magma in forearcs provides an alternative interpretation for the tectonic setting of some ophiolitic masses. Rather than “ocean-ridge formation” and later “obduction” it offers an autochthonous (island-arc bound and geologically-substantiated) interpretation for the ophiolite suite.     

西南三江地区造山演化过程及成矿时空分布

三江地区单凭“一次造山”是难以圆满解释的,在此试以“多次造山”和“多期成矿”的思路作出合理的说明。晚古生代－中生代早期为多岛海造山阶段,羌塘弧、江达弧和临沧弧应为前锋弧,其后由一系列弧 后盆地和岛弧或残余弧（微大陆）组成。中生代中一晚期为陆内俯冲造山阶段,推测金沙江带、哀牢山带和龙门山－锦屏山带为俯冲主边界,从而形成该区燕山期重熔型花岗岩带,并控制相应矿产的分布特性。新生代陆内转换造山阶段造成具特征的构造－岩浆－成矿带,具有生成大型或超大型矿床的潜力。     

松潘-甘孜造山带义敦岛弧中段三叠纪火山-沉积盆地的演化

通过对三叠纪义敦岛弧中段83条剖面和沉积等厚线的综合分析研究,将其划分为义敦弧后前陆盆地、义敦火山弧、昌台-禾尼弧间盆地群、沙鲁里火山岩浆弧、雄龙西-金厂沟弧前盆地群5个次级的构造古地理单元。其中弧后盆地主要有上麻绒和义敦2个沉积中心,义敦火山弧可进一步细分出果德、根隆、郎格、哈逮4个次级火山穹隆,弧间盆地群有拿它盆地、曲登盆地、夏塞盆地、哈日盆地,沙鲁里火山岩浆弧可进一步细分为木合沟和口娘公玛2个次级火山穹隆,弧前盆地有雄龙西盆地、莫坝盆地、金厂沟盆地等8个次级火山-沉积盆地。认为义敦岛弧的演化主要受理塘缝合带演化的控制,也受金沙江缝合带演化的影响,总体上在三叠纪经历了夭折裂陷槽→不成熟岛弧→成熟岛弧→残余盆地的演化历程。     

西南三江地区造山演化过程及成矿时空分布

三江地区单凭“一次造山”是难以圆满解释的。本文试以“多次造山”多期成矿”的思路作出合理说明。晚古生代－中生代早期多岛海造山阶段,羌塘弧、江达弧和临沧弧应为前锋弧,其后由一系列弧后盆地和岛弧或残余弧（或微大陆）组成。中生代中－晚期为陆内俯冲造山阶段,推测金沙江带、哀牢山带和龙门山－锦屏山带为俯冲主边界,从而形成本区燕山期重熔型花岗岩带,控制相应矿产的分布特征。新生代陆内转换造山阶段,造成特征的构造－岩浆－成矿带,具有生成大型或超大型矿床的潜力。     

中国西南特提斯构造演化—幔柱构造控制

基于对中国西南特提斯巨型造山系的时空结构和构造－岩浆事件分析研究提出．泥盆－石炭纪时期出现于昌都－思茅陆块两侧的热幔柱导致了金沙江洋和澜沧江洋成对打开，热幔柱岩浆作用沿洋脊产出苦橄玄武岩和洋岛玄武岩，并造成区域地球化学异常。二叠纪末期出现于昌都－思茅－印支中央陆块下的冷幔柱导致了两大洋向该陆块下俯冲消减，陆块两缘发育沟－弧－盆体系，构成冷幔柱的洋壳板片在２００Ｍａ时期堆积沉落，诱发板块后继俯冲，产生滞后型孤火山－岩浆岩。发育于冈瓦纳大陆北缘的德干热幔柱在株罗纪导致怒江洋和雅鲁藏布江洋相继打开，在白垩纪末期（６６Ｍａ）形成德干玄武岩省。发育于劳亚大陆南缘的峨眉热幔柱在二叠纪，导致峨眉火成岩省的形成，在早中三叠世使甘孜－理塘断裂带扩张成洋。冷幔柱的持续发生，决定了雅鲁藏布江洋和甘孜－理塘向昌都－思茅陆块方向的俯冲消减，以及来自冈瓦纳大陆和劳亚大陆陆块分别向昌都－思茅陆块南北两侧拚贴和碰撞。